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Mark D. Baker
What have we learned from RHIC?
Mark D. BakerChemistry Department
Thanks to: W. Busza, Axel Drees, J. Katzy, B. Lugo,
P. Steinberg, N. Xu, F. Wolfs BSA Lecture Committee
Particle Data Group http://ParticleAdventure.org/
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Mark D. Baker
Some of the people
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Mark D. Baker
Where they come from • BNL
– Chemistry, Collider-Accelerator, Physics
• >1000 people from around the world– Brazil, Canada, China, Croatia, Denmark, France,
Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Taiwan, UK, US
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Mark D. Baker
What is the universe made of?&
What holds it together?
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Mark D. Baker
What is the universe made of?
Placeholder
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Mark D. Baker
What holds it together?:The Fundamental Forces
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Mark D. Baker
Let’s smash some atoms!
+ -
-
u
u u u u u
d
u d u du du d
proton
proton
pion ()
uud
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Mark D. Baker
If you can’t smash it, heat it!
Temperature
Plasma
+
---
-+
Pressure
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Mark D. Baker
Sideways slide - How much heat?
Placeholder
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Mark D. Baker
Heat is also a window back in time
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Mark D. Baker
How do we get to 2 trillion oK?
Collide Gold nuclei at 99.99% of the speed of light
But: Will these fast violent collisions teach us anything?
10-23 seconds, 10-38 liters
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Mark D. Baker
The plan of attack
• Collide gold nuclei at high energy– Collider, detectors, computers
• Understand the collision dynamics– Collective motion, equilibrium– Temperature, density
• Learn about the strong interaction– Quark-Gluon Plasma– Confinement
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Mark D. Baker
Where?
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Mark D. Baker
Inside the tunnel
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Mark D. Baker
STARSTAR
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Mark D. Baker
RHIC Computing Facility
The detectors can take 7 Gigabytes of data / minute!
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Mark D. Baker
First Collisions
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Mark D. Baker
Timeline
CollisionsDelivered
Star & Phobos
Brahms & Phenix
|-----June------|-----July------|----August----|--September--|---October---|---November--| 2000
sNN = 130 GeV
Au-Au
|-December--|--January---|--February--|----March----|-----April-----|
(PHOBOS)
(STAR) (PHENIX)
1st Collisions
Papers (PHENIX)(BRAHMS)(PHOBOS)
(STAR)
Title:
Creator:qcdisplay2.2 Contact [email protected]:This EPS picture was not savedwith a preview included in it.Comment:This EPS picture will print to aPostScript printer, but not toother types of printers.
Papers
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Mark D. Baker
Looking for collective effects...
Is Gold+Gold > 197 * Proton+Proton?
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Mark D. Baker
AuAu @ RHIC is something new!
PHOBOS
CERN/SPS
Energy/nucleon (GeV)
Produced Particles/Participating Nucleon Pair
ppPHENIX
BRAHMSprelim.
PRL 85 (2000) 3100
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Mark D. Baker
How many produced particles?
Measured # in ahead-on collision:
4100±410
(Simulation)
PHOBOS Preliminary
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Mark D. Baker
Elliptic Flow: A collective effect
dN/d(R ) = N0 (1 + 2V1cos (R) + 2V2cos (2(R)) + ... )
Elliptic flow
Beam’s eye view of anon-central collision:
Asymmetric particle distribution:
Particles prefer to be “in-
plane”
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Mark D. Baker
Elliptic Flow Expectations
Hydrodynamic model
V2
Normalized Multiplicity
midrapidity : || < 1.0
Preliminary
Particle asymmetry
No collective motion
Hydrodynamic “Flow”
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Mark D. Baker
Elliptic Flow
Hydrodynamic model
V2
Normalized Multiplicity
midrapidity : || < 1.0
Preliminary
PRL 86 (2001) 402Particle asymmetry
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Mark D. Baker
Collective motion largest at RHIC
STAR, PRL 86 (2001) 402
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Mark D. Baker
It even makes sense in detail
Huovinen, Kolb, Heinz
Particle asymmetry
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Mark D. Baker
Plan of attack - where are we?
• Collide gold nuclei at high energy– Collider, detectors, computers
• Understand the collision dynamics– Collective motion, equilibrium
– Temperature, density• Learn about the strong interaction
– Quark-Gluon Plasma
– Confinement
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Mark D. Baker
We see the conditions at freezeout(a lower limit to the maximum Temperature)
FreezeoutHottest period
RT
1
Expansion cooling
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Mark D. Baker
Separating Temperature & Expansion
2
2
22
3
c
vmT
N
E
Compare produced particles with different masses!
2
2
. 3c
vmTTeff
Effective Temperature
mass
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Mark D. Baker
1.7 1012 oK
RHIC shows rapid expansion& a high temperature
!3
2
c
vEffectiveTemperature(GeV)
CERN NA49
STAR Preliminary
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Mark D. Baker
Another thermometer
In an equilibrium system, twoparameters are sufficient to predict the “chemical” mix:
(# pions) / (# protons)(# kaons) / (# pions)(# anti-protons)/(# protons) et cetera.
Temperature (T)and “net amount of matter” (B)
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Mark D. Baker
Temperature from particle ratios
T = (2.2+0.2) 1012 oK-
STAR Preliminary
23
64
1,5,7
)/( 1. hhK
pp / 2.
KK / 4.
/ 3.
hK / 5. *0
/ 6./ 7. p
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Mark D. Baker
Temperature at Freezeout
• Chemical: T = (2.2+0.2) 1012 oK• Kinetic: T = (1.7+0.4) 1012 oK
• We did reach ~ 2 trillion K!
--
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Mark D. Baker
The yields are compared to predictions by Hijing.The SPS data values from NA44, NA49 are plotted as reference.The ~3 measurement converted to y using the accepted mean pt.
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Mark D. Baker
What happens before freeze-out?•Energetic particles come from quark or gluon “jets”.•They interact with the dense medium, but can’t thermalize.•Jet energy loss (“quenching”) is predicted.•Jet quenching measures the density early in the collision.
pion
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Mark D. Baker
Jet quenching at RHIC?
Neutral pionsCentral collisions
No quenching
Number
Transverse Momentum (GeV/c)
Neutral pions Peripheral collisions
Quenching
Transverse Momentum (GeV/c)
Preliminary
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Mark D. Baker
More on jet quenching
Details need to be understood before conclusions can be drawn.
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Mark D. Baker
Summary
• We’ve learned a lot about the system– We have reached ~2 trillion degrees K– The system is expanding rapidly.– It was probably even hotter and denser
• Possible first evidence of jet quenching!– Should lead to a measure of the density
• No conclusions yet about the strong force.
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Mark D. Baker
Outlook
• More analysis• More data (x100 next run)
– Allows new early time probes
• More variety of data– Energy and species scan
• Detector Upgrades
It’s going to get even better!
Stay tuned for news about the strong force!