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Marine reserve spacing and fishery yield: practical designs offer optimal solutions.
Crow White, Bruce Kendall, Dave Siegel, and Chris Costello University of California – Santa Barbara
![Page 2: Marine reserve spacing and fishery yield: practical designs offer optimal solutions. Crow White, Bruce Kendall, Dave Siegel, and Chris Costello University](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d595503460f94a398c7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2 = # reserves at a given site
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Larval export
No Fishin
g
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Research Question:
To maximize larval export (and fishery yield) should reserves be… …few and large,
When is larval export maximized?
…or many and small?
SLOSS debate
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Reaction Diffusion model
Adults move and reproduce simultaneously
Larvae mature into adults instantaneously
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Real coastal fish & invert population dynamics Adults are sessile, reproducing seasonally (e.g. Brouwer et al. 2003, Lowe et al. 2003, Parsons et al. 2003)
Larvae disperse, mature after 1+ yrs (e.g. Dethier et al. 2003, Grantham et al. 2003)
Larva settlement success inversely proportional to adult density at settlement location (post-dispersal density dependence) (e.g. Lorenzen and Enberg 2002, Steele and Forrester 2002)
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sy'all
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An integro-difference model describing coastal fish population dynamics:
Adult abundance at location x during time-step t+1
Number of adults
harvested
Natural mortality of adults that
escaped being harvested
Fecundity
Larval survival
Larval dispersal (Gaussian)(Siegel et al. 2003)
Larval recruitment at x
Number of larvae that successfully recruit to location x
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Incorporating Density Dependence
Post-dispersal: )Hc(Ao
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FEW LARGE RESERVES
SEVERAL SMALL RESERVES
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FEW LARGE RESERVES
SEVERAL SMALL RESERVES
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Scale bar = 100 km
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Scale bar = 100 km
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Scale bar = 100 km
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0 500 1000 15000
10
20
30
40
50Optimal Reserve Spacing
Distance between reserve centers [km]
Mea
n H
arv
est
Den
sity
[#
fis
h/k
m]
Reserve = 10% of the coastline
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0 500 1000 15000
10
20
30
40
50Optimal Reserve Spacing
Distance between reserve centers [km]
Mea
n H
arv
est
Den
sity
[#
fis
h/k
m]
Reserve = 10% of the coastline
20%
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0 500 1000 15000
10
20
30
40
50Optimal Reserve Spacing
Distance between reserve centers [km]
Mea
n H
arv
est
Den
sity
[#
fis
h/k
m]
Reserve = 10% of the coastline
20%
30%
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0 500 1000 15000
10
20
30
40
50Optimal Reserve Spacing
Distance between reserve centers [km]
Mea
n H
arv
est
Den
sity
[#
fis
h/k
m]
Reserve = 10% of the coastline
20%
30%
40%
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0 500 1000 15000
10
20
30
40
50Optimal Reserve Spacing
Distance between reserve centers [km]
Mea
n H
arv
est
Den
sity
[#
fis
h/k
m]
Reserve = 10% of the coastline
20%
30%
40%
50%
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CHANNEL ISLANDS MARINE PROTECTED AREAS
~20% coastline into 10 no-take reserves
All < 15 km wide
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0 500 1000 15000
10
20
30
40
50Optimal Reserve Spacing
Distance between reserve centers [km]
Mea
n H
arv
est
Den
sity
[#
fis
h/k
m]
Reserve = 20% of the coastline
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0 500 1000 15000
10
20
30
40
50Optimal Reserve Spacing
Distance between reserve centers [km]
Mea
n H
arv
est
Den
sity
[#
fis
h/k
m]
Reserve = 10% of the coastline
20%
30%
40%
50%
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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.90
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45When is Yield Fully Maximized?
% Coastline Dedicated to Reserve Status
Me
an Y
ield
[#
/km
], g
iven
Op
tim
al
Res
erv
e S
pac
ing
10% escapement
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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.90
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45When is Yield Fully Maximized?
% Coastline Dedicated to Reserve Status
Me
an Y
ield
[#
/km
], g
iven
Op
tim
al
Res
erv
e S
pac
ing
10% escapement
20%
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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.90
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45When is Yield Fully Maximized?
% Coastline Dedicated to Reserve Status
Me
an Y
ield
[#
/km
], g
iven
Op
tim
al
Res
erv
e S
pac
ing
10% escapement
20%
30%
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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.90
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45When is Yield Fully Maximized?
% Coastline Dedicated to Reserve Status
Me
an Y
ield
[#
/km
], g
iven
Op
tim
al
Res
erv
e S
pac
ing
10% escapement
20%
30%
40%
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Summary 1. Post-dispersal density dependence generates larval
export.
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Summary 1. Post-dispersal density dependence generates larval
export.
2. Larval export varies with reserve size and spacing.
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Summary 1. Post-dispersal density dependence generates larval
export.
2. Larval export varies with reserve size and spacing.
3. Yield maximized via…
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Summary 1. Post-dispersal density dependence generates larval
export.
2. Larval export varies with reserve size and spacing.
3. Yield maximized via…
Less than ~15% coastline in reserves
…Any reserve spacing option.
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Summary 1. Post-dispersal density dependence generates larval
export.
2. Larval export varies with reserve size and spacing.
3. Yield maximized via…
Less than ~15% coastline in reserves
…Any reserve spacing option.SLOSS
![Page 32: Marine reserve spacing and fishery yield: practical designs offer optimal solutions. Crow White, Bruce Kendall, Dave Siegel, and Chris Costello University](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d595503460f94a398c7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Summary 1. Post-dispersal density dependence generates larval
export.
2. Larval export varies with reserve size and spacing.
3. Yield maximized via…
Less than ~15% coastline in reserves
…Any reserve spacing option.SLOSS
![Page 33: Marine reserve spacing and fishery yield: practical designs offer optimal solutions. Crow White, Bruce Kendall, Dave Siegel, and Chris Costello University](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d595503460f94a398c7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Summary 1. Post-dispersal density dependence generates larval
export.
2. Larval export varies with reserve size and spacing.
3. Yield maximized via…
Less than ~15% coastline in reserves
…Any reserve spacing option.
More than ~15% coastline in reserves
…Several small or few medium-sized reserves.
SLOSS
![Page 34: Marine reserve spacing and fishery yield: practical designs offer optimal solutions. Crow White, Bruce Kendall, Dave Siegel, and Chris Costello University](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d595503460f94a398c7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Summary 1. Post-dispersal density dependence generates larval
export.
2. Larval export varies with reserve size and spacing.
3. Yield maximized via…
Less than ~15% coastline in reserves
…Any reserve spacing option.
More than ~15% coastline in reserves
…Several small or few medium-sized reserves.
SLOSS
SLOSS
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Summary 1. Post-dispersal density dependence generates larval
export.
2. Larval export varies with reserve size and spacing.
3. Yield maximized via…
Less than ~15% coastline in reserves
…Any reserve spacing option.
More than ~15% coastline in reserves
…Several small or few medium-sized reserves.
SLOSS
SLOFMOSSSLOSS
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Summary 1. Post-dispersal density dependence generates larval
export.
2. Larval export varies with reserve size and spacing.
3. Yield maximized via…
Less than ~15% coastline in reserves
…Any reserve spacing option.
More than ~15% coastline in reserves
…Several small or few medium-sized reserves.
SLOSS
SLOFMOSSSLOSS
![Page 37: Marine reserve spacing and fishery yield: practical designs offer optimal solutions. Crow White, Bruce Kendall, Dave Siegel, and Chris Costello University](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649d595503460f94a398c7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Summary 1. Post-dispersal density dependence generates larval
export.
2. Larval export varies with reserve size and spacing.
3. Yield maximized via…
Less than ~15% coastline in reserves
…Any reserve spacing option.
More than ~15% coastline in reserves
…Several small or few medium-sized reserves.
SLOSS
SLOFMOSSSLOSS4. Yield may be maximized when reserves constitute
a large fraction of the coastline, and fishing elsewhere is intensive.
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University of California – Santa Barbara
National Science Foundation
THANK YOU!