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This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 612345.
MAPPING – Managing Alternatives for Privacy, Property and Internet Governance
Nikolaus Forgó
Institute for Legal Informatics
Leibniz University Hanover
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Institut für Rechtsinformatik
// Institute for Legal
Informatics
research center since1979
1983: first institute for IT law in Germany
2014: more than 50 employees
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IRI – Research
Frameworks
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IRI – Research Projects
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IRI – Foci of Research
Telecommunications Intellectual Property Data Protection /
Data Security
IT Security
Surveillance
Law Enforcement
Intelligence
Banking
GeoData
Cloud Computing
Clinical Research / Clinical Trials
Big Data Patients Rights
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Klepnutím lze upravit styl předlohy nadpisů. Klepnutím lze upravit styl
předlohy nadpisů.
THE MAPPING PROJECT
A brief outline of
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MAPPING at a Glance
Project coordionator: University of Groningen
14 participating institutions
Funding: EU FP 7 – SiS – 2013 – 1
• with a total cost of € 4.642.522,20
Project duration: 01/03/2014 – 28/02/2018
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Project goals
Three focus areas: IG, Privacy and IPR
Coordination and Support Action (CSA) project
with a focus on dialogue and participation
• „research meets practice“ approach
• Different events such as round tables, working groups
or conferences
• Stakeholder‘s knowledge will be utilised for research
Final goal: Provide a road map to shape the EU‘s
technological future
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Klepnutím lze upravit styl předlohy nadpisů. Klepnutím lze upravit styl
předlohy nadpisů.
IG, PRIVACY AND IPR
PRINCIPLE TOPICS
The focus areas:
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Internet Governance (IG)
Internet Governance Stream (RUG)
Digitial transition and IG • Internet Magna Carta vs. liberal approach
Cybercrime, Cybersecurity and fundamental rights • In a globalised world, the need for security and surveillance are
similarly global
• Treaty on surveillance, such as the Convention on Cybercrime?
Parallel Internet? • A part of the Internet
• with some additional safe-guards built-in
• which is subject to the jurisdiction of the EU
• which is not subject to the jurisdiction of any security or service agencies
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Privacy
Privacy
Security Economy
Privacy-Economy-Security (Research/Activities co-ordinated by IRI, LUH) Details on our work in the next part of the presentation.
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Intellectual Property Rights
Dangers and risks to IPRs in the context of the digital transition • loss of control over protected works in digital environments?
Current policies of IPRs protection and the risk on chilling effects on innovation • Property logic possibly outdated?
• „Open Innovation“ as a smart and flexible alternative?
Fragmented IPR regimes and territoriality • The global character of the internet complicates the protection
of IPR
• Within the EU, there is also a fragmentation by national boundaries, harmonisation might be necessary
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Klepnutím lze upravit styl předlohy nadpisů. Klepnutím lze upravit styl
předlohy nadpisů.
PRIVACY, SECURITY,
ECONOMY
First Findings
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The First Consultations
MAPPING Extra-ordinary Assembly (Rome
2014)
MAPPING Expert-Consultations (Focus
Groups, Hanover et. al. 2014)
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This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 612345.
EGA Statements:
Privacy - Economy
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It‘s the economy, stupid
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US vs. EU
4 particularly relevant fields of ecommerce:
• Search Engines
• Social Networks
• Retail
• Payment Services
Dominiation of US firms
• More liberal and harmonised framework
• Homogenous, big market
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Question: • How can we maintain our standards and stay competitive?
Needs: • “Harmonised framework and application of it”
• “Enforcement also against US competitors”
• “Increase technical knowledge in regulatory bodies”
• “Not to get lost in details when creating new framework (“we are already lagging behind”)”
• “Letting go discussion on “theoretical problems” and focus an the issues relevant in practice”
• “Create harmonised approaches of different authorities in charge (e.g. finance regulation and DPA)”
• “Understand the even the EU will not be able to ban business models / technologies as long as they remain successful everywhere else”
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Status-quo as seen by
invited Experts
Statements/Issues raised:
• “It is questionable whether Google’s success stems from a better legal framework alone”
• “US dominance results from a large home market leading to financial strength”
• “DPAs can significantly obstruct market entry (when focussing on issues created by an inefficient (outdated?) law)”
• “High costs for compliance can form significant obstacles for market entry of SME / start-ups”
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Status-quo as seen by
invited Experts
Statements/Issues raised (cont’d):
• “SME need enhanced support: law shall not be misused to keep competitors out of the market”
• “Certification may be a way out”
• “Issue: lack of case law, as companies avoid to bring cases in front of court”
• “Focus will need to shift to Asia as well (not only the transatlantic relation)”
• “Data protection law is a cost-factor”:
• This is ok to achieve high standards
• But the money is not well invested, if standards practically do not rise because the law does not address the right issues
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Status-quo as seen by
invited Experts
Statements/Issues raised(cont’d): • Advertising European standards may fail due to lack of
significance on the world market (regarding personal data)
• We should not forget: after all, users will choose the product which suits them best
• This product does not necessarily need to be the one with the highest privacy standards
• User may not be able to identify the best product in terms of privacy anyway (usability is way easier to assess then privacy standards)
• If innovation is hampered in Europe, products from outside Europe will continue to dominate the market
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Reality Check
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„Recent“ Development:
Upcoming legal framework
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Rat, 24./25. 10. 2013
It is important to foster the trust of citizens and businesses in the digital economy. The timely adoption of a strong EU General Data Protection framework and the Cyber-security Directive is essential
for the completion of the Digital Single Market by 2015.
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This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 612345.
EGA Statements:
Security - Economy
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Field of tension: • Unregulated / unfiltered internet
vs.
• Higher Security Standards
Closer co-operation between authorities and ISPs needed?
Should IT security be stronger enforced by authorities? Or is that counter-productive? • this may hamper to the flow of information on incidents from
the private sector to authorities
• possible inflexibility (counter-innovative)
• lack of necessary dynamics?
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Status-quo as seen by
invited Experts
Statements/Issues raised:
• “lack of knowledge (no reporting obligations / too
little voluntary reports)”
• “costs”
• “Increase of political awareness needed: DDOS
rule the headlines, but cyber espionage is the true
threat that causes the immense damage”
• “Closer control of networks is needed. This must
not be confused with surveillance.”
• “European approaches are promising to be more
effective than national approaches”
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Status-quo as seen by
invited Experts
Statements/Issues raised (cont’d):
• “Data security officers as compulsory institution
independently of (existing) data protection
officers?”
• “Highly skilled personal needed”
cost issue for SMEs
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Status-quo as seen by
invited Experts
Statements/Issues raised (cont’d):
• “SMEs tend to lack awareness”
• “SMEs tend to avoid the costs for IT security”
• “This is likely to be a miscalculation”
• “The ‘capital’ of SMEs often is their innovative knowledge”
• “Not necessarily new technologies, but rather innovative re-
use of existing technologies and processes”
• “This in particular requires secrecy (if not patentable)”
• “Even where innovation is patentable, these patents are not
necessarily enforceable”
• ‘meta-knowledge’ (strategies, bids in tendering
procedures,…) may be as valuable as technological
innovation as such”
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Statements/Issues raised (cont’d):
• “Human element is the most vulnerable element
in data security”
• This requires
• “Creating awareness through training”
• “Understanding the threats and their nature”
• “Understanding that, although hardly assessable,
financial damage (both direct and indirect) of cyber-
espionage / cyber-criminality is immense and can
threaten existence of the company itself”
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Conclusion
• It is important and necessary to raise awareness
• There is a need to improve enforcement
• A homogeneous framework is required
• Certification as a solution to be discussed
• Lack of technical knowledge can be an
obstacle need for training / independent
auditors
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Reality Check
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Art. 30, Commission‘s
Proposal
appropriate technical and organisational measures
a level of security appropriate to the risks represented by the processing
having regard to the state of the art and the costs of their implementation
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Art. 30, LIBE
taking into account the results of a data protection impact assessment pursuant to Article 33
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This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 612345.
Focus Groups Statements:
Privacy - Economy
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Statements/Issues raised:
• Social Networks
• How to create awareness?
• How to bridge possible differential
knowledge/understanding depending on
age/background/education?
• Is informed consent still the state of the art tool?
• Can large privacy policies provide the necessary
understanding?
• Alternative models? Certification?
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Statements/Issues raised (cont’d):
• Principles of Data Protection Law
• is the concept of general interdiction with exceptional allowances (Verbot mit Erlaubnisvorbehalt) still meeting the social approach of the 21st century?
• Should we abandon the 1-0-approach and protect non-personal data better in certain cases?
– allegedly anonymised data may turn out to still allow “identification”
– Big Data applications may cause severe threats even though the data is used statistically (esp. in preparation of automated decision making)
– “data protection threat prevention” law needed?
– “data traffic regulations” (independently of personal data) needed?
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Statements/Issues raised (cont’d):
• Principles of Data Protection Law - Possible Innovations:
• is the concept of identifiability still leading to the desired distinctions?
• should we not rather protect “identities”?
• do we need to distinguish between data processing, the result of which is perceived by humans, and such that is not?
– e.g. email in spam filter that is NOT spam and passes through (unnoticed by everybody except the legitimate recipient)
– e.g. license plates (APNR) that do NOT produce a match under the conditions of BVerfG decision 1 BvR 2074/05 und 1 BvR 1254/07
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Statements/Issues raised (cont’d):
• Lack of parity in data protection environments
• lack of transparency
• lack “financial parity” of individual consumers and
companies addressing global markets (as opposed to IP
law, which has more elements of a “b2b”-law)
• lack of jurisprudence (only very few cases lead to court
decisions)
• DP authorities appear to
– lack capacities
– lack technical expertise
– lack efficient enforcement instruments
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This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 612345.
Focus Groups Statements:
Security - Economy
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Statements/Issues raised:
• “IT security is not absolutely controllable”
• it is a field of risk minimisation
• law should take that into account
• currently law resembles “strict liability”
(Gefährdungshaftung, meaning liability independent of
personal failure)
• the ideas of highly-secure fire walls (“Landesfirewall”),
as were favoured in the 1990s, have proven unrealistic:
sealing off networks tends to lead to a loss of the
desired functionality/interoperability
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Statements/Issues raised:
• Discrepancy of security needs and usuability/
“willingness”
• user tend to create work-arounds/shadow-IT
infrastructure
• BYOD
• “Decision-makers tend to propagate data security, but
fail to stick to the principles enacted if this results into
them not being able to use the tools they wish to use.”
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This project has received funding
from the European Union’s
Seventh Framework Programme for research,
technological development and demonstration
under grant agreement no 612345.