Download - Management of Fractures
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Management of FRACTURE
By: Ms.S Peter
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MANAGEMENT OF
FRACTURE
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RICE Rest Ice Compression Elevation Nursing responsibilities.??
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Diagnostic Studies for Fracture• X-ray examinations: - location and extent of fractures/trauma, may
reveal pre-existing and yet undiagnosed fracture(s).• Bone scans, tomograms, computed tomography (CT)/magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) scans: Visualizes fractures, bleeding, and soft-tissue damage; differentiates between stress/trauma fractures and bone neoplasms.
• Arteriograms: May be done when occult vascular damage is suspected.• Complete blood count (CBC): Hematocrit (Hct) (signifying hemorrhage
at the fracture site or at distant organs in multiple trauma). Increased white blood cell (WBC) count is a normal stress response after trauma.
• Urine creatinine (Cr) clearance: Muscle trauma increases load of Cr for renal clearance.
• Coagulation profile: Alterations may occur because of blood loss, multiple transfusions, or liver injury.
NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES ??????
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Hold
Exercise
Reduce
Principle Of Treatment of #
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Outline
Clos
ed F
ract
ure
Reduce
Closed Reduction
Mechanical Traction
Open Reduction
Hold
Sustained Traction
Cast Splintage
Functional Bracing
Internal Fixation
External Fixation
Exercise
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Operative
Open reduction
Mechanical Traction
Non-operative
Closed reduction
Reduction
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Closed reductionSuitable for–Minimally displaced fractures–Most fractures in children– Fractures that are likely to be stable after
reduction• Most effective when the periosteum and
muscles on one side of fracture remain intact• Under anesthesia and muscle relaxation, a
threefold maneuver applied:
• Preparing pat/family….. Pre-post care
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Non Operative
• Sustained traction• Cast Splintage• Functional Bracing
Operative• Internal Fixation• External Fixation
Hold
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HOLD To prevent
displacement
To promote soft-tissue healing
To alleviate pain by some restriction of
movement
To allow free movement of the unaffected parts
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Traction • Traction is applied to limb distal to the fracture• To exert continuous pull along the long axis of the
boneIndications • spiral fractures of long bone shafts:– Shaft of femur– Tibia– Lower humerus
• Methods– Traction by gravity– Balanced traction– Fixed traction
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Mechanical Traction • Some fractures (eg . fracture of femoral shaft)
are difficult to reduce by manipulation because of powerful muscle pull
• However, they can be reduced by sustained muscle mechanical traction; also serves to hold the fracture until it starts to unite
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Traction by Gravity
Thomas Splint
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Cast Splintage
• POP• Fiber Glass• 3-D Cortex casts (Polimer)• Velcro bandage
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INTERNAL FIXATION
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Indication
1. Fracture that cannot be reduced except by operation
2. Fracture that are inherently unstable and
prone to displacement after reduction
3.Fracture that unite poorly and slowly• fracture of the femoral neck
4.Pathological fracture• Bone disease may prevent
healing
5.Multiple fracture• Where early fixation reduced
the risk of general complication
6.Fracture in patient who present severe nursing
difficulty
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Depending on site and type of # the fixation is used ----• Plate & screws – long bones• Locking plate – Comminuted osteoporotic #• Intramedullary nail- Long bone -- # near the middle
of shaft • Compression screw plate - # neck of femur, femur
head• Trans fixation of screws – small detached fragments – • Krischner wire – bony fragments of # of small bones
in hand /foot• Tension band wiring – patella or
olecranon ,,,,metaphyseal
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• Metals used ---- non corrosive ---• Chromium, nickel, molybdenum , alloy of
chromium, molybdenum and nickel , Titanium
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Advantages
Precise reduction
• ORIF-open reduction and internal fixation
Immediate stability
• Hold the fracture securely
Early movement
• no ‘fracture disease‘
• like edema, stiffness, etc
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Complications
Infection
Non-union
Implant failure
Re-fracture
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InfectionRisk of infection depends on:1)The patient devitalized tissue, dirty wound, unfit patient2)The surgeon thorough training, surgical dexterity and adequate assistant are all essential3)The facilities aseptic routine• The infection should be rapidly controlled
by intravenous antibiotic• If infection cannot be controlled, the
implant should be replaced with some form of external fixation
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NON-UNION
Factors associated with the occurrence of delayed union and nonunion • the severity of the fracture, • the location of the fracture,• the nature of the blood supply to the bone, • the extent of soft tissue damage and its
interposition, • bone loss,• air contact • contamination, whether a tumor is involved
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Systemic factors for delayed or nonunion• smoking, • alcoholism, • age,• chronic illness (e.g. diabetes mellitus),• malnutrition, • use of medications (e.g. NSAIDs and steroids
Nonunion may increase due to the treatment itself involving :• inadequate reduction,• poor stabilization,• distraction, • damage to the blood supply, or • postoperative infection.
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EXTERNAL FIXATION
• Fracture with soft tissue involvement• Severe comminuted and unstable # • Fracture of pelvis• # with nerve and vascular involvement• Infected #• United #
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Advantages
technically quick and easy to perform
no soft tissue stripping;
ease of removing hardware;
risk of infection at the site of the fracture is
minimal
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Management of Open FracturesA break in skin and underlying soft tissues leading directly to communicating with the fracture
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Treatment- Outline
Irrigation
Debridement: Skin, Fat, Muscle, Bone
Wound closure
Analgesic + Antibiotic + Antitetanus (AAA): IV, IM
Fracture stabilization
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Open # : Fracture Stabilization
• A window is made in the plaster over the wound for dressing
Immobilization in a plaster
• Eg. open fracture of tibiaSkeletal traction
• Can be easily applied• Readily reduced and adjusted• Wound can be assessed for dressing• Excellent stability
External fixator
• Rarely usedInternal fixator
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Aftercare
The limb is elevated & it's
circulation carefully
monitored
Antibiotic cover
If the wound has been left open, it is inspected after 2-3 days & covered
appropriately
Physiotherapy and
rehabilitation
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COMPLICATION OF FRACTURE
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General Complications
• Shock• Diffuse coagulopathy
• Respiratory dysfunction
• Crush syndrome• Venous thrombosis &
Pulmonary embolism• Fat embolism• Tetanus
Nurse’s responsibilities ?????
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Closed Fracture First Aid --- Immediate– initial • Airway, Breathing and Circulation• Splint the fracture • Look for other associated injuries• Check distal circulation – is distal circulation
satisfactory? • Check neurology – are the nerve intact?• AMPLE history- Allergies, Medications, Past
medical history, Last meal, Events • Radiographs – 2 views, 2sides, 2 joints, 2 times.
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First aid• immobilization• Control hemorrhage • Control pain– morphine -- • Care of wounds
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General Resuscitation
Manipulation (improve position of fragments)
Splintage (hold fragments together until unite)
Exercise & weight-bearing
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THANK YOU ALL ….