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Management of Cardiac Diseases
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For every ECG, comment on…
• Rate
• Rhythm
• Intervals
• QRS complex
• ST-T wave changes
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50M- Asymptomatic but BP 160/95
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ECG interpretation
• Rate: 90-95 beats per minute
• Rhythm: Sinus rhythm
• Intervals: PR, QRS, QT intervals all normal
• QRS complex:
– No pathologic Q waves
– QRS complex is too big/tall
• S in V2 + R in V5 >35 mm
• ST-T wave changes: None
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ECG Interpretation
• Summary of ECG?
Left ventricular hypertrophy
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Hypertension
• Defined as blood pressure >140/90
• In all patients diagnosed with hypertension:
– Look for target organ damage
• ECG (for LVH)
• Urinalysis (for proteinuria) and creatinine
– Look for other cardiovascular risk factors
• Fasting glucose/ Hemoglobin A1C for diabetes
• Lipid profile
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Management of Hypertension
• What is the target BP?
–<130/80 for patients with diabetes
–<140/90 for all other patients
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Management of Hypertension• Lifestyle changes for all patients
– Exercise 30-60 min for at least 4 days a
week
– Limit alcohol (no more than 2 drinks /
day)
– Low salt <1.5 grams / day
– Reduce stress
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Hypertension: Drugs• What drugs you use depends on if
the patient has other diseases (co-
morbidities)Comorbidity 1st choice drugs to
usePast history MI ACE inhibitor and beta
blockersPast history stroke ACE inhibitor +/- thiazide
diureticDiabetes ACE inhibitor first, then
calcium channel blocker (CCB) or diuretic
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Hypertension: Drugs
• What if the patient has no other diseases?
A) Isolated systolic hypertension
(Systolic BP >140 but diastolic BP normal
<90)
– Use Thiazide diuretic or Calcium channel blocker
– If BP still high on one of these drugs, then
combine the 2 classes (use diuretic and CCB)
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Hypertension: Drugs
• B) Systolic and Diastolic Hypertension
• Start with
– Thiazide diuretic or
– ACE inhibitor or
– Calcium channel blocker (CCB) or
– Beta blocker (BB) or
– Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)
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Hypertension: Drugs
• If BP still not <140/90 on one of these drugs,
then combine them. Best combinations are:
– Thiazide diuretic + ACE inhibitor
– Thiazide diuretic + CCB
– ACE inhibitor + CCB
• If BP still not <140/90 on 2 drugs, add a 3rd
class
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Hypertension: Drugs
• General advice:
– Combining drugs is often more effective than increasing
one drug to its maximum dose
– Don’t combine BB and CCB (risk of complete heart
block)
– Don’t combine ACEI and ARB (risk of hyperkalemia)
– Don’t choose BB first in patients >60 years old
(ok if used in combination, or if used because patient has
comorbidity that should be treated with BB)
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Examples of Drugs in Each Class
Drug Class Drug name Typical doses
Thiazide Diuretic Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5-25 mg daily
Chlorthalidone 12.5-25 mg daily
ACE inhibitor Ramipril 2.5-10mg daily
Perindopril 4-8 mg daily
Enalapril 2.5-20 mg BID
Lisinopril 10-40mg daily
Fosinopril 10-40mg daily
CCB Amlodipine 2.5-10mg daily
Felodipine 2.5-10mg daily
Nifedipine (extended release)
30-90mg daily
Diltiazem (extended release)
180-420mg daily
Verapamil (extended release)
120-360mg daily*Start with a dose at the lower end of the dose range
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Examples of Drugs in Each Class
Drug Class Drug name Typical doses
Beta Blockers Metoprolol 25-100mg BID
Atenolol 25-100mg daily
Bisoprolol 2.5-10mg daily
Propranolol 40-120 mg BID
Labetalol 100-400mg BID
ARB Losartan 25-100mg daily
Telmisartan 20-80mg daily
Candesartan 8-32mg daily
Valsartan 80-320mg daily
Irbesartan 150-300mg daily
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70F with DM presents with chest pain
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ECG Interpretation
• Rate: 60 beats per minute
• Rhythm: Sinus rhythm
• Intervals: PR, QRS, QT intervals all normal
• QRS complex:
– Pathologic (big) Q waves III, aVF
– QRS complexes normal size
• ST-T wave changes:
– ST elevation II, III, aVF
– ST depression and T wave inversion aVL
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ECG Interpretation
• Summary of ECG?
Inferior ST elevation myocardial
infarction
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Inferior and Right sided MI
• 30-50% of Inferior MI’s also involve
the right ventricle
• Typically supplied by the same artery
(right coronary artery)
• Always check right sided leads when
you see an inferior MI
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Check right sided leads in inferior MI
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ECG changes in ST elevation MI (STEMI)
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ECG changes in Non ST elevation MI (NSTEMI)
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STEMI vs NSTEMI• STEMI: • Entire thickness of the muscle wall is
necrosed• Complete blockage of blood vessel
• NSTEMI:• Only part of the
thickness of the
muscle wall is necrosed
• Partial blockage of
vessel
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Management
• Goals of medical therapy:
– Reduce pain
– Prevent further thrombosis
• Antiplatelet agents
• Anticoagulants
– Prevent arrhythmia
– Prevent ventricular remodelling (slows
progression of scarring and ventricular
dilation)
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Medications: Pain• Nitrates– Vasodilation of coronary arteries
– Decrease preload (venous vasodilation)
– Decrease afterload (arterial vasodilation)
– Be careful of hypotension (especially with aortic stenosis, right ventricular MI)
• Morphine
• Avoid NSAIDS (e.g. ibuprofen, naproxen)– Increases risk of death, reinfarction, heart failure
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Medications: Antithrombotic• Aspirin
– 162-325mg Po chewed x 1 then 75mg-100mg daily
– Patient needs to take indefinitely
– Decreases mortality
– Give as soon as you suspect an MI
• Consider clopidogrel
– 300mg PO x 1 then 75mg daily for 1-12 months
– Small additional benefit
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Medications: Anticoagulants
• Heparin
– Decreases risk of death and re-infarction
– If using unfractionated heparin IV,
monitor PTT
– Duration is at least 48 hours
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Medications: Preventing arrythmia
• Beta blockers– Decreases mortality and ventricular arrythmias
– Start within 24 hours
– Contraindications
• Acute heart failure
• Heart block
• Asthma
• Hypotension
• No role for antiarrythmics such as lidocaine
• No role for calcium channel blockers
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Medications
• ACE inhibitors
– Especially beneficial in those with heart
failure
– Start within 24 hours
– Prevents left ventricular remodelling
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Reperfusion
• Especially important for STEMI’s to reopen blockage
• 2 options (if available)
A) Fibrinolytics• If symptoms started less than 24 hours ago
• Contraindications: Uncontrolled hypertension, stroke in last 3
months, previous intracranial hemorrhage
• For STEMI patients only
B) Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)• If symptoms started less than 12 hours ago
• If the “door to balloon” time can be less than 90 minutes
• For STEMI patients. Can consider for NSTEMI patients
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62M with previous MI. Now short of breath
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ECG Interpretation• Rate: 75 beats per minute
• Rhythm: Sinus rhythm
• Intervals:
– PR interval wide: First degree AV block
– QRS Wide: RBBB pattern
– QT interval normal
• QRS complex: No pathologic (big) Q waves, Normal size
QRS
• ST-T wave changes: T wave inversion III, aVF
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ECG Interpretation
• Summary of ECG?
Right bundle branch block
T wave inversion in inferior leads
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Causes of RBBB
• Structural heart disease
– Old MI, ischemia, inflammation,
• High right ventricular pressure
– Lung disease (Asthma, COPD, interstitial lung
disease)
– Pulmonary embolus
• Hypertension
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This is his Xray. What is the diagnosis?
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Causes of heart failure
• Develops after other diseases damage or weaken the
heart
• The ventricles become weak, dilated and do not pump
blood efficiently through the body (systolic failure)
• The ventricles become stiff and do not fill well
between heartbeats (diastolic failure)
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Causes of heart failure
• Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction
– Ischemia to heart muscle
• Hypertension
– Heart muscle must work harder
• Valvular heart disease
– Damaged valves causes heart to work harder
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Causes of heart failure
• Cardiomyopathy
– Damage to heart muscle from infection, alcohol, drugs,
thyrotoxicosis, lupus, or idiopathic (no cause found)
• Myocarditis
– Inflammation to heart muscle from viral infection or
autoimmune disease
• Congenital heart defects
– Healthy parts work harder
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New York Heart Association functional classification
Class Definition
I No symptoms
II Symptoms with ordinary activity
III Symptoms with less than ordinary activity
IV Symptoms at rest or with any minimal activity
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Drugs used in heart failureDRUG Mechanism of action For
patientAngiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Dilates blood vesselsDecreases blood pressureImproves blood flowDecreases work of heart
Live longerFeel better
Angiotension II receptor blockers (ARBs)
Same as ACE inhibitor Live longerFeel better
Beta Blockers Slows heart rateDecreases blood pressure
Live longer Feel better
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Drugs used in heart failureDRUG Mechanism of action For
patientDigoxin Increase heart muscle
contractionSlows heartbeat
Feel better
Diuretics Increases urinationPrevents fluid accumulation
Feel better
Hydralazine and nitrates
Dilates blood vessels Feel better
Aldosterone antagonist
Reverses scarring of heartPrevents fluid accumulation
Feel betterLive longer
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Treatment of acute heart failure
• Supplemental oxygen
• Loop diuretics (e.g. Furosemide)
– Give intravenously in acute heart failure
• Nitrates
– Nitroglycerin (either intravenous or with
patch) or
– Isosorbide dinitrate
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Treatment of chronic heart failure
• Educate patient
• Cardiovascular risk reduction
• Lifestyle modification (exercise, decrease stress)
• Limit salt (1-3 gms daily)
• Limit fluid (1.5-2 litres daily)
• Limit alcohol
• Treat cause (ie hypertension, ischemia)
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Chronic heart failure: All patients
• Diuretic therapy as needed for symptom relief
• Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
– Use ARB if patient cannot tolerate ACE inhibitor. Not both.
• Beta blocker
– Best ones to use are carvedilol, bisoprolol, or metoprolol
– May initially worsen symptoms, so start only once fluid
retention has been treated with diuretics
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Chronic heart failure: If NYHA III-IV
• Add digoxin
• Add hydralazine and nitrates
• Add spironolactone
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75F with palpitations
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ECG Interpretation
• Rate: 150 beats per minute
• Rhythm: Not sinus rhythm
– No p waves
– Irregular
• Intervals: QRS normal, QT normal
• QRS complex: No pathologic Q waves, Normal size
QRS
• ST-T wave changes: None
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ECG Interpretation
• Summary of ECG?
Atrial fibrillation
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Management of atrial fibrillation
• Example 1- 75 F with palpitations
– On examination, BP = 60/40, HR = 150
– She is diaphoretic and presyncopal
– Is this patient stable or unstable?
• Unstable
– How will you treat her?
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Management of atrial fibrillation
Unstable patients
– Urgent electrical cardioversion if
available
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Management of atrial fibrillation
• Synchronized cardioversion
– Start with 100 Joules of energy
– There is a risk of stroke with
cardioversion
• Start heparin before cardioversion
• If possible, anticoagulate for at least 4
weeks after
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Management of atrial fibrillation
• Example 2- 75 F with palpitations
– On examination, BP = 130/85, HR = 140
– She has no chest pain and feels well
otherwise
– Is this patient stable or unstable?
• Stable
– How will you treat her?
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Management of atrial fibrillation
For stable patients:
• Control the heart rate
a) Beta blockers or
b) Calcium channel blockers or/and
c) Digoxin
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Management of atrial fibrillation• Beta Blockers (BB)
• Acute: Can use IV
– E.g. Metoprolol 2.5-5mg IV. Can repeat
every 5 minutes to a maximum of 15 mg
over 15min
• Chronic:
–Aim for HR <80 at rest and <110 with
exercise
– E.g. Metoprolol start at 25mg BID (max
100mg BID)
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Management of atrial fibrillation
• Beta blockers
– Be careful of side effects:
• Low BP
• Worsening heart failure
• Bronchospasm (especially in asthma
patients)
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Management of atrial fibrillation
• Calcium channel blockers (CCB)
– Generally, do not combine with beta blockers
• Risk of complete heart block
– Options:
• Diltiazem start at 30mg QID (maximum 90mg QID)
• Verapamil start at 40mg QID (maximum 90mg QID)
• Amlodipine, Nicardipine, Felodipine, or Nifedipine
do not work to slow down HR
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Management of atrial fibrillation
• Digoxin
– Can be combined with BB or CCB
– Not as effective as BB or CCB
– Use if
• HR still not controlled with BB or CCB
• Cannot tolerate BB or CCB (e.g. heart
failure, low BP)
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Management of atrial fibrillation
• In example 2, you successfully
control the patient’s heart rate to 70
bpm at rest with metoprolol 50mg
BID.
• She is discharged from hospital
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Management of atrial fibrillation
• She comes back to hospital 6 months
later with right sided hemiparesis
• CT head confirms an ischemic stroke
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Management of atrial fibrillation
Quality assurance
• Why has this happened?
• Can you think of any strategies that
may have improved her care or
prevented this from happening?
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Management of atrial fibrillation
• Anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation
• Afib is associated with ischemic
strokes
– Clots may form in the left atrium
– These clots may embolize to the brain
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Management of atrial fibrillation
• Risk factors for stroke:
– Mitral stenosis (**high risk**)
– Previous stroke (**high risk**)
– Age >65
– Hypertension
– Heart failure
– Diabetes
– Female
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Management of atrial fibrillation• What can you do to reduce the risk of
stroke?
– Anticoagulants such as warfarin reduces
stroke risk by over 60%
– Aspirin 75-325 mg daily (used
indefinitely) reduces stroke risk by about
30%
• Can combine aspirin with clopidogrel to
further reduce stroke risk but this increases
risk of bleeding
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Management of atrial fibrillation
Summary: Chronic stable patients
• Rate control with BB, CCB, or Digoxin
• In any patient with any risk factor for stroke
• If available and can monitor, use warfarin
• If warfarin not available, start aspirin 75-325mg daily
• If at high risk of stroke (>1 risk factor, previous stroke, or
mitral valve stenosis) and warfarin not available, combine
aspirin and clopidogrel 75 mg/day if no bleeding problems
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Quiz
• A 50 year old man presents with
central chest pressure. ECG:
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Quiz
• Question 1:
What is the diagnosis?
A) Inferior ST elevation MI
B) Inferior non-ST elevation MI
C) Anterolateral ST elevation MI
D) Anterolateral non-ST elevation MI
E) Right sided ST elevation MI
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Quiz
• Question 1:
What is the diagnosis?
A) Inferior ST elevation MI
B) Inferior non-ST elevation MI
C) Anterolateral ST elevation MI
D) Anterolateral non-STE elevation MI
E) Right sided ST elevation MI
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Quiz
• Question 2 (same patient as question 1):
What medication should not be used to treat the
MI?
A) Metoprolol
B) Diltiazem
C) Aspirin
D) Clopidogrel
E) Morphine
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Quiz
• Question 2 (same patient as question 1):
What medication should not be used to treat the
MI?
A) Metoprolol
B) Diltiazem
C) Aspirin
D) Clopidogrel
E) Morphine
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Quiz
• Question 3
A 50 year old diabetic patient sees you in clinic for
control of his hypertension. What is his target BP?
A) 120/70
B) 125/75
C) 130/80
D) 135/85
E) 140/90
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Quiz
• Question 3
A 50 year old diabetic patient sees you in clinic for
control of his hypertension. What is his target BP?
A) 120/70
B) 125/75
C) 130/80
D) 135/85
E) 140/90
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Quiz
• Question 4 (same patient as Question 3):
His BP is 150/95. What medication class would you
use first to treat his hypertension?
A) ACE inhibitor
B) Beta blocker
C) Calcium channel blocker
D) Thiazide diuretic
E) Nitrate
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Quiz
• Question 4 (same patient as Question 3):
His BP is 150/95. What medication class would you
use first to treat his hypertension?
A) ACE inhibitor
B) Beta blocker
C) Calcium channel blocker
D) Thiazide diuretic
E) Nitrate
![Page 75: Management of Cardiac Diseases. For every ECG, comment on… Rate Rhythm Intervals QRS complex ST-T wave changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697bffb1a28abf838cc129a/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Quiz
• Question 5
A 55 year old man is very short of breath. Chest X ray
shows heart failure. What should you not start right away?
A) Loop diuretic (e.g. furosemide)
B) Nitrate
C) Oxygen
D) ACE inhibitor
E) Beta blocker
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Quiz
• Question 5
A 55 year old man is very short of breath. Chest X ray
shows heart failure. What should you not start right away?
A) Loop diuretic (e.g. furosemide)
B) Nitrate
C) Oxygen
D) ACE inhibitor
E) Beta blocker