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Nature of Knowledge
Man is a credulous animal, and must believe in something. In the absence of
good grounds for belief, he will be satisfied with bad ones.
-Bertrand Russell
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Truth
Belief
Justification
Is it justified true belief?
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Truth
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Belief
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Running from -10 to +10… Christopher Columbus ‘discovered’ America in 1492 If A is bigger than B, and B is bigger than C, then A is
bigger than C Human beings are descended from apes Murder is wrong Aliens have visited the earth at some point All metals expand when heated Is is possible to construct a square with the same area
as a given circle Humans have an immortal soul
Where do you stand on the continuum?
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Usually done via one of the Ways of Knowing
(Emotion, Reason, Sense Perception, Language, Faith, Intuition, Memory, Imagination)
If asked how you know: I saw it Someone told me I worked it out It’s obvious It feels right I remember it I have faith
Justification
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Reliability – how often does this justification work?
Discuss this in overview: When you say you know something, you are taking responsibility for its being true.
Acceptable vs Unacceptable justifications
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What is the difference? Is there one?
Distinction – Knowledge and
Information
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By Acquaintance – first hand based on
perceptual experience
Practical – skills based knowledge, know how
By Description – second hand knowledge which comes in the from of language…knowledge that.
Types of knowledge
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Primary form of knowing
Answer 1 of these in overview: Could someone who has never visited NYC know
more about it than one who lives there? Could a male doctor know more about childbirth
than a woman who has had children? If you have never gone without food, how might
that affect your attitude towards the 900,000 people who go hungry regularly today?
Acquaintance
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Description depends on acquaintance Acquaintance spills beyond description – can
you describe the taste of chocolate or garlic to one who has never tasted them? Or love, or hate?
Description colors acquaintance – Acquaintance fades with time, and description
fills it in. Journals, photos, etc
Acquaintance and Description
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Practical Knowledge
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Doing and explaining – can you? Theory and practice – when does theory help,
or hinder? Example in overview Analysis paralysis – How can you think and hit
a baseball at the same time? How does too much information hinder a college choice?
Assessing know how – how do we?
Aspects of practical