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Confidential
LightHouseProduction of radio-isotopes with a
super-conducting electron accelerator
Patrick de Jager – Director New Business
October 2017
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Radio-isotopes with medical application
The accelerator
The exposure cell
30 October 2017
Slide 2
Confidential
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Radio-isotopes with medical application
The accelerator
The exposure cell
30 October 2017
Slide 3
Confidential
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Periodic table of elementsWhat is an isotope?
Source: Wikipedia
30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 4
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SPECT (Single Photon Emission
Computed Tomography) with radioactive
Tc-99m
Brachytherapy of prostate cancer
with radioactive I-125
Diagnostic and therapeutic medical applications
Source: Ref 15, 51
30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 5
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30 October 2017
Slide 6
SPECT CT image of left vertricle of the heart
Developed by
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Types of radio-isotopes and demand
Isotope Worldwide
demand
[Ci/year]
Cd-109 10
Cu-67 3,000
F-18 150,000
I-123 2,000
I-125 1,000
I-131 22,000
Ir-192 28,000
P-32 10
Pd-103 3,000
Re-86 8,000
Re-188 18,000
Ru-82 30
Sm-153 14,000
Sr-189 800
Tc-99m 600,000
Tl-201 3,000
Y-90 2,600
Demand of commonly used radio-isotopes is mainly
Tc-99m (Technetium)
Other significant demand from F-18 (Fluor), Ir-192
(Iridium), I-131 (iodine) and Re-188 (Rhenium)
30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 7
Cd-109
Cu-67
F-18
I-123
I-125
I-131
Ir-192
P-32
Pd-103
Re-186
Re-188
Ru-82
Sm-153
Sr-89
Tc-99m
Tl-201
Y-90
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SPECT scan
High levels of Tc-99m in pelvis and axilla (red)
showing areas of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Tc-99m
injected6 hr half-life
SPECT scannerdetects gamma photon emitted
by decay of Tc-99m
Generatortransport to hospital
decay of Mo-99 to Tc-99m
Mo-9966 hr half-life
30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 8
Radio-isotopes are needed for cardiology or cancer
diagnosis and treatment of 60 million people annually
Reliability is of prime importance.
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30 October 2017
Slide 9
Confidential
Current production process with 50 year old reactors
Uranium target
production
Reactor
irradiation
Uranium target
processingGenerator
Radio-
Pharmacy /
Hospital
Reactor Mo-99/Tc-99m production
Non-
proliferation
50 year old
reactors
Nuclear
waste
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1. 3.2 Alternative production flows
Reactor
Electron
accelerator
Proton
accelerator
Deuteron
accelerator
HEU
LEU
Molybdenum
e,g target
p,n target
direct
D,n target
U-235
U-235
Mo-98
U-235 or
Th-232
Mo-100
U-235 or
Th-232
Mo-100
Mo-100
U-235
Mo-100
Mo-99
Mo-99
Mo-99
Mo-99
Mo-99
Mo-99
Mo-99
Mo-99
Mo-99
Tc-99m
Tc-99m
Tc-99m
Tc-99m
Tc-99m
Source: Ref 19,33, 152
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
(n,f)
(n,f)
(n,g)
(g,f)
(g,n)
(n,f)
(n,2n)
(p,2n)
(n,f)
(n,2n)
reaction
p=proton, n=neutron, f=fritting, g=gamma photon No fission
Fission based process
30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 10
Zr-96 Mo-99K (alpha,n)Alpha
acceleratorAlpha beam Tc-99m
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Production physics
Use of 35-60 MeV electrons to make very hard X-rays via Bremsstrahlung radiation
At higher energy unwanted reaction can happen resulting in Zircon-89 and Yttrium-
87 when using natural Molybdenum. These contaminants are not present when
using enriched Mo-100 targets
Mo-100 Mo-99
n
(g,n)
Source: Ref 1, 16, 23, 108, 109
30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 11
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30 October 2017
Slide 12
Confidential
Production process with accelerator using EUV-FEL modules
Uranium target
production
Reactor
irradiation
Uranium target
processingGenerator
Radio-
Pharmacy /
Hospital
Reactor Mo-99/Tc-99m production
Mo-100 target
production
Accelerator
irradiation
Mo-100 target
processingGenerator
Radio-
Pharmacy /
Hospital
Accelerator Mo-99/Tc-99m production
Accelerator &
Mo-100 target processing
(ASML)
Non-
proliferation
50 year old
reactors
Nuclear
waste
Not radio-
active
Innovative
acceleratorNegligible
waste
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30 October 2017
Slide 13
Confidential
Production process with accelerator using EUV-FEL modules
Uranium target
production
Reactor
irradiation
Uranium target
processing
Reactor Mo-99/Tc-99m production
Mo-100 target
production
Accelerator
irradiation
Mo-100 target
processing
Accelerator Mo-99/Tc-99m production
Accelerator &
Mo-100 target processing
(ASML)
Non-
proliferation
50 year old
reactors
Nuclear
waste
Not radio-
active
Innovative
acceleratorNegligible
waste
Generator
Radio-
Pharmacy /
Hospital
No cost for
nuclear waste
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ASML has involved many partners in feasibility study “Production of radio-isotopes with an electron accelerator”
Mo-100 target
production
Accelerator
irradiation
Mo-100 target
processingGenerator
Radio-
Pharmacy /
Hospital
Technical results of the feasibility study have been reviewed with all parties
30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 14
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Accelerator
Electron
source
Mo-100
exposure chamber
Processing
chamber
Conclusions feasibility study
Electron accelerator is feasible production method for Mo-99/Tc-99m
Commercial feasibility• Full cost 30% lower than with
nuclear reactor (NRG modelling)
• Investment of 65 MEuro per
beamline depreciated in 20 year
• Financing by consortium
Technical feasibility• Production volume
of 2 beamlines similar
to HFR: 200.000 6d-Ci/yr
• Existing generators can be
used
• Accelerator using modules of
ASML FEL
• Production of other radio-
isotopes is possible
Durability• Installation intrinsically safe
• Minimal nuclear waste generated
since production with electron
accelerator is very specific
• Modelling shows quality of
Mo-99 meeting requirements
Social importance• Medical need: Supply
guaranteed in consortium with
Generator Manufacturer(s)
• Employment: Potential
continuation of employment
with consortium including build
and operations of facility
Political importance• Investments are 4x lower
for production of radio-
isotopes with electron
accelerator than for
nuclear reactor
• Location of electron
accelerator and production
of radio-isotopes open for
discussion and depending
on consortium members
Next steps• Experimental
verification
• Create consortium
with Generator
Manufacturer(s)
• Start of production
possible by 2020
30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 15
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Radio-isotopes with medical application
The accelerator
The exposure cell
30 October 2017
Slide 16
Confidential
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Technical feasibility
Accelerator using modules of ASML Free Electron Laser
Accelerator
Electron
source
Mo-100
exposure chamber
Processing
chamber
52 m
10 m
“Kicker”
Beam splitter
• Components in isotope accelerator are the same as designed for EUV-FEL
• Laser induced injector generates beam of 30 mA
• Super-conducting linear accelerator accelerates electrons to 60 MeV
• “Kicker” beam splitter and transport optics split the beam such that Molybdenum target is exposed from both sides Developed by
30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 17
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Isotope beamline
RF cavity (1)
InjectorSolenoid
Initial Beam
shaper
Screen
30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 18
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RF gravity (sections)
30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 19
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Isotope beamline
Deflector
Screen
RF cavity (5)
Sectorbend
Quadrupole
30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 20
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Isotope beamline
Sector bend
Quadrupole
Sector bend
30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 21
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Radio-isotopes with medical application
The accelerator
The exposure cell
30 October 2017
Slide 22
Confidential
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The yield challenge
Three conflicting challenges
have to be addressed
simultaneously in the design
of the exposure cell
The Thermal Challenge• Beam of > 1MW deposited in
Molybdenum
• Molybdenum should not melt
• Maximum cooling 30 W/mm2
• Design drives towards:
• Lower beampower
• More Molybdenum
• Enlarge Mo surface
The Specific Activity Challenge• Loading state-of-art generator with
certain capacity of Mo-99 requires
minimal Specific Activity
• SA should be >130 Ci/gram (End
of Exposure)
• Design drives towards:
• Longer exposure
• Less Molybdenum
The Yield Challenge• Sufficient production of Mo-
99 should be realized to
justify investments
• A beamlines should produce
100.000 Ci/yr (6d EoP)
• Design drives towards:
• Shorter exposure
• Higher beam power
30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 23
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Technical feasibility
Production volume of 2 beamlines similar to HFR
Electron beam
Two beamlines can produce
200.000 6d-Ci/year End of Processing
• Compare to HFR capacity of
170.000 6d-Ci /year End of Processing
Simulation results by NRG and RuG• Central 20 mm of disks :
762.612 Ci/yr End of Exposure @ 130 Ci/gr
Outer part of 30 mm of disks:
170.169 Ci/yr End of Exposure @ 37 Ci/gr
• Two beamlines of 30 mA at 60 MeV
• Ratio of activity between “End of Exposure”
and “6days End of Processing” is <7.5
• Mo-100 target of 30x30x56 mm3 with 50%
filling produced by 3D-printing
30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 24
Mo-100 target 3D printed
100 micron features
Developed by
Developed by
Developed by
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Isotope beamline
Transport lineProcess cell
Sample
chamber
Helium pumps
30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 25
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Isotope line
68m
16m
3,5m
Developed by
Picture generated by Rob Lansbergen
30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 26
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30 October 2017
Confidential
Slide 27
LightHouseIsotopes