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Level II Agricultural Business Operations
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What is a crop rotation?........ is the practice of growing a series of
different types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons..........
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Developed by Charles “Turnip” Townshend in 18th Century
Based on Wheat, Turnips, Barley, Clover
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Benefits◦ Nutrients◦ Organic matter◦ Pest Control◦ Disease control◦ Optimum use of land◦ Incorporate organic manures◦ Spread workload
Disadvantages◦ Soil Structure ◦ Machinery Requirements
Wheat after Break crop vs Wheat after Wheat
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Choice of crop and variety
Management of crop
Marketing of crop
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Is there a demand?◦ Price / Profitability◦ Ease of marketing
Is your land and climate suitable?◦ Soil type◦ Temperature, sunlight, precipitation
Do you have / can you plant a suitable mix of crops for a suitable rotation?◦ E.g. WOSR could be difficult without WB
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Do you have the labour?◦ interest◦ expertise◦ seasonality of demand for labour
Do you have the machinery and buildings?◦ ownership◦ access
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Is it in demand?Yes Is it high quality? Variety dependent. Is it high-yielding? Variety dependent. Does it require a high chemical input?
◦ disease resistance◦ pest resistance◦ competitiveness against weeds
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Site◦ location (near/far)◦ soil type (light/heavy)◦ surrounding crops (e.g. maincrop potatoes/early
potatoes) Place in rotation
◦ diseases and pests◦ soil fertility and structure◦ timeliness
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Seedbed preparation◦ pH◦ cultivations◦ tilth◦ compaction
Sowing◦ date◦ rate◦ depth
Seed rate, ok! Date, depth, tilth, compaction?
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Fertilisers Nutrient Management Planning
◦Major Nutrients eg. N, P, K
◦Micronutrients
◦Use of organic manures
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◦Yield & Profitability
◦Cost/benefit
◦Soil type
◦Previous cropping
◦Timing
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Weed control◦ field History◦ competitiveness of crop/weeds◦ sowing date vs seed rate◦ previous cropping◦ cultivations◦ mechanical weeding◦ Herbicide mode of action
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Disease control◦ Improve crop condition
◦ Varietal resistance
◦ Order of rotation
◦ Reducing need for chemical treatment
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Wheat after Wheat?
Wheat after Maize?
Wheat after Barley?
OSR after Cabbage?
Volunteer Potatoes?
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Wheat after Wheat? Take All
Wheat after Maize? Fusarium
Wheat after Barley? Take All
OSR after Cabbage? Club Root
Volunteer Potatoes? Blight
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Pest control
◦ soil type◦ previous cropping◦ weather◦ crop growth and development◦ pest populations◦ chemicals (seed treatments, sprays, environment)
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Rotation allows better utilisation of resources
◦ Labour
◦ Machinery
◦ Drying
◦ Storage
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Spreading risk Meeting Specification
◦ moisture content◦ storage duration◦ end user◦ facilities
Storage◦ price◦ facilities
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Contracts◦ quantity◦ quality◦ environmental standards◦ minimum price◦ bonuses
Open market◦ price volatility
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Options
◦ insurance against price volatility
Pool marketing
◦ delegation of marketing decisions
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Choice of crop and variety◦ Choose crop and variety to suit farm conditions◦ Chose crop to make best use of resources
Management of Crop◦ Plan rotation to reduce pests, weeds & diseases◦ Plan rotation to maximise nutritional benefit
Marketing of Crop◦ Choose crops with a ready market◦ Choose crops which spread risk◦ Use local / speciality markets