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Lesson 9: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Reward and Punishment
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From last lesson
The two types of reinforcement are distinguished as being either ‘positive’ or ‘negative’. What do the concepts ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ refer to within these terms?
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The answer……..
Within these terms, ‘positive’ refers to the addition of something good, whereas ‘negative’ refers to the ‘removal’ of something bad
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Shaping
Shaping – a strategy in which a reinforcer is given for any response that successively approximates and ultimately leads to the final desired response
Used to train behaviours that are unlikely to occur spontaneously
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Token Economies
The consistent use of Operant conditioning to alter behaviour over time
Use of tokens as rewards that can be ‘cashed in’ for bigger rewards later
Schools Prisons
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Punishment – Undesirable effects of punishment
Can effect the relationship – The punisher may be disliked, or stop speaking to the punisher
Punishment can be perceived as attention and have the opposite effect
Punishment does not teach desirable behaviour
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Punishment – Maximising effectiveness
It should be presented immediately following this undesirable behavior.
Punishment should be aimed at behaviour and not personality
Once the punishment has started the punisher should not back down.
Should be combined with positive reinforcement