Download - Lecture13 oct23-bb(1)
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Lecture 13
General Circulation
Jet streamEl Nino and La
Nina
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Hadley cell Thermal cell
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Hadley cellLight, variable winds at the equator are
known as DoldrumsSimilarly, little wind at 30o N and S is
known as the Horse Latitudes
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Polar cell Thermal cell
What is difference between two convergent Lows: ITCZ and subpolar Low?
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Ferrel cell Dynamic cell
Ferrel cell is not successful in explaining the westerlies aloft.
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Scales of Atmospheric Motions
Time and space scale of atmospheric motions
Global scale 5000 km
Synoptic scale 2000 km
Mesoscale 20 km
Microscale 2m
Typical size
Typical life span
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Where is dominated by high pressure in winter between land
and ocean? Why?
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Fig. 7-26, p. 190
Observed surface pressure winterSemi-permanent pressure areas
and seasonal pressure areas
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Observed surface pressure January
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Semi-perman
entPacific
High
Semi-perman
ent Bermuda
High
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Observed surface pressure January
Semi-permane
nt Aleutian
Low
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Semi-permane
nt Icelandic
Low
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Observed surface pressure January
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Seasonal pressure
areas:Siberian High
Seasonal pressure
areas:Canadian High
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Fig. 7-26, p. 190
Observed surface pressure summerSemi-permanent pressure areas
and seasonal pressure areas
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at the center of a surface low, the air converges, and then must rise
at the center of a surface high, the air diverges, and must come from aloft due to sinking motion
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H L
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Global precipitation pattern
Produced by the general circulation
Zonal distribution of precipitation:
0oN---low pressure cloudy
30oN---high pressure sunny
45-60oN---low pressure cloudy
Polar latitudes---high pressure clear
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Weather associated with The Pacific and Bermuda Highs
Pacific High (1) moves northward during summer produced strong subsidence inversion on eastern side (2) during winter, it moves south allowing polar fronts to bring precipitation to SW US
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Bermuda High transports moist, warm subtropical air to US and southern Canada This air can be unstable
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Weather associated with The Pacific and Bermuda Highs
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Jet Steams
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Jet streamsA part of the general circulation
Polar Jet Situated at about 10 km AGL over the polar front (30-70oN)
Subtropical Jet Situated above the subtropical highs at about 13 km AGL(20-50oN)
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Jet streamsWind speed > 60 knots (111
km/h / 69 mph)
1 knot = 1.151 miles per hour
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often have troughs and ridges generally have a maximum (jet streak) in the base of the trough transport heat pole ward (cold air south and warm air north)
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Jet stream waves
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Jet stream formationPolar Jet
Large temperatureGradient at surface
45oN
5 km
EQ
2
4
6
8
10
0
NP
700 mb
500 mb
Tropopause
200 mb
Warm Cold
km
PGF
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Jet stream formationPolar Jet
Q: How is the
subtropical jet
formed? 21
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Which position is fast?
A B
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Jet stream formationSubtropical Jet
-formed on pole ward side of Hadley cell-created largely through the conservation of angular momentum
-angular momentum = mVrm=massV=velocityr=radius
-conservation of angular momentum
1r
2r
1m
2m
1V
2V1 1 1 2 2 2 constantmV r m V r
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El Nino and La Nina
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Coastal Upwelling
• Coastal divergence results in upwelling as cold water rises to replace surface water
brings cold water from deep ocean to the surface
cold, nutrient-rich water rises to replace the surface water (good for fishing)
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Walker Circulation East-west circulations caused by continent and topography
Typical Walker Circulationrising air is over the western Pacific, and sinking
air is over the eastern Pacific
PGF
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Circulation during an El Nino
Abnormal Walker Circulation El Nino year occurs with an abnormal Walker circulation
PGF
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El Nino refers to eastern movement of warm water from the western equatorial Pacific to
the eastern equatorial Pacific
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The animation of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies to the right shows the unusual warming that occurred during the 97-98 event.
Note that an anomaly is a departure from some "normal" value. An anomaly can be either positive (warm) or negative (cold)
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El Nino related to the abnormal Walker circulationSpanish name for a little boy
during certain years, the coastal waters near Peru were abnormally warm, causing unfavorable fishing conditions. This would occur during the Christmas period
occur every 3-7 years, lasting about one year
La Nina related to the strong Walker circulation Spanish name for a little girl
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Previous El Niño Years1902-1903 1905-1906 1911-1912 1914-1915
1918-1919 1923-1924 1925-1926 1930-1931
1932-1933 1939-1940 1941-1942 1951-1952
1953-1954 1957-1958 1965-1966 1969-1970
1972-1973 1976-1977 1982-1983 1986-1987
1991-1992 1994-1995 1997-1998 2002-2003
2009-
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Fig. 7-32, p. 196
Sea surface temperature (SST) in a normal year
Low pressure dominates the western Pacific over warm water, and high pressure dominates the eastern Pacific over cold water.
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Fig. 7-32, p. 196
SST in an El Nino yearduring an El Nino year, the SSTs in the eastern Pacific become more warmer
than in a normal yearhigh pressure shifts from the eastern Pacific to the western Pacific low pressure shifts from the western Pacific to the eastern Pacific this shift in surface pressure is called El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
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El Nino can have a dramatic effect on weather around the world, creates both
precipitation and temperature anomalies. These changes are referred
to as the teleconnections
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ONIOceanic Nino Index
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Nino Region 3.4
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Oceanic Niño Index (ONI)
• The ONI is based on SST departures from average in the Niño 3.4 region, and is a principal measure for monitoring, assessing, and predicting ENSO.
• Defined as the three-month running-mean SST departures in the Niño 3.4 region. Departures are based on a set of improved homogeneous historical SST analyses (Extended Reconstructed SST – ERSST.v3b). The SST reconstruction methodology is described in Smith et al., 2008, J. Climate, vol. 21, 2283-2296.)
• NOAA’s operational definitions of El Niño and La Niña are keyed to the ONI index.
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NOAA Operational Definitions for El Niño and La Niña
El Niño: characterized by a positive ONI greater than or equal to +0.5°C.
La Niña: characterized by a negative ONI less than or equal to -0.5°C.
By historical standards, to be classified as a full-fledged El Niño or La Niña episode, these thresholds must be exceeded for a period of at least 5 consecutive overlapping 3-month seasons.
CPC considers El Niño or La Niña conditions to occur when the monthly Niño3.4 OISST departures meet or exceed +/- 0.5°C along with consistent atmospheric features. These anomalies must also be forecasted to persist for 3 consecutive months.
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ONI (oC): Evolution since 1950
El Niño
La Niña
neutral
The most recent ONI value (August – October 2011) is -0.4oC.