Male Genital Injuries
Direct trauma to the groin can cause severe pain and dysfunction to the testes and penis
swelling and hemorrage inside the scrotal sac may occur
assessment and follow-up self assessments for pain and swelling should be periodically performed and if necessary referral to physician
blunt trauma can cause contusion , hematoma , torsion , dislocation or rupture of the testicle.
commonly caused by a knee , foot or elbow to the groin
leads to a nauseating , painful condition - immediate internal hemorrhage, effusion and or muscle spasm
Scrotal injuries
testicular spasm can be relieved by placing individual on his back and flex knees to chest
Rx- after pain subsides the area should be iced - cold compress
Tinea cruris ( jock itch)
common fungal infection involving the genitalia , seen more commonly in men than women.
perspiration accumulates - this is augmented by wearing tight clothing such as a athletic supporter , tight shorts and or spandex - all encourage fungal growth
s/s - small patched of scaling or diffuse thick and dark lesions, weeping vesicles or pustules on the margin of inflammation , severe itching.
Rx- with topical anti-fungal medications groin area should be kept clean and dry
with loose absorbent clothing worn
Hepatitis B most common hepatitis transmitted via blood or blood products,
seaman , vaginal secretions and saliva incubation period 45 - 160 days usually attacks the liver, severely
impairing the function early signs include flu like symptoms,
fatigue , loss of appetite
progressive signs include severe fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting , diarrhea, general muscle and joint pain , fever , abdominal pain and dark urine
most notable yellowing of the whites of the eyes and a yellowish or jaundiced skin appearance
Rx- currently no cure for hepatitis B bed rest and adequate fluid intake immunization is available for individuals
possibly exposed to Hepatitis B
AIDS
results from a viral infection human immun deficiency virus(HIV)
HIV transmitted in blood , semen and vaginal secretions
in sports the risk of AIDS is rare, although AIDS was recently reported in a body builder who injected steroids with a contaminated needle
in boxing , football, wrestling where participants may have a bloody nose , or lacerations close contact may pose a health risk
individual's uniforms that become saturated with blood must be change before returning to competition
S/S vary depending on the degree to which the immune system is impaired
persistent fever or night sweats, unexplained weight loss and loss of appetite, extreme fatigue , white spots or blemishes in the mouth , persistent dry cough , persistent diarrhea , easy bruising or atypical bleeding from any body opening, blotches or bumps under the skin ,persistent severe headaches.
there is no effective cure or vaccine for AIDS
Preventing the Spread of Infectious Diseases in Athletic Therapy Room.
Hygiene hands should be washed with soap and
warm water before & after treating each athlete
hands should be washed after the removal of latex gloves
if bleeding occurs the individual's participation stopped and the wound cleaned and dressed before return to play
skin exposed to blood or other body fluids should be cleaned with soap and water
after participation athletes should shower before treatment
Protective Equipment latex gloves should be readily available
and worn for all staff when handling blood or other body fluid
in handling heavy bleeding - double gloving is recommended
use of mask or eye guards when blood could be splashed or spurted
CPR microshields and resuscitation bags should be used when ever possible
Cleaning and Caring for Equipment disinfect all surfaces in athletic therapy room
with antiseptic ( javex 1:10 solution) following any exposure to blood etc
all tables and work space cleaned on regular daily basis
use sharps container - plastic , leak proof and puncture resistant clearly marked
all solid products should be handled only with gloves on and places in leak proof bags
soiled linens and towels should be handled with gloves and placed in leak proof bag and washed separately from regular laundry in hot water for 25 minutes
Asthma caused by constriction of the bronchial
smooth muscles , causing narrowing of the airway.
wheezing is a common sign and results from air squeezing past the narrow airways
increased workload leads to fatigue acute attacks may occur spontaneously
but are often provoked by a viral infection
a large amount of mucus is produce and breathing becomes difficult
anxiety, panic wheezing , sweating , rapid heart rate and labouring to breath
individuals with asthma usually carry medication once attack subsides the lungs return to normal
Exercise induced Asthma
affects up to 90% of asthmatics develops 6-8 minutes after strenuous
activity and between 65-85% of maximum workload
-factors that contribute are air conditions (cold air , low humidity and polluants)
duration and type of exercise , physical condition and respiratory infections
S/S include chest pain , chest tightness , burning sensations , wheezing , a dry cough , lack of energy and shortness of breath
medications are used to treat this
Asthmatics who are physically fit and free of significant airway obstructions respond well to exercise.
exercise should be preceded with a warm-up and warm down
Diarrhea
common troublesome disorder characterized by abnormally loose ,
watery stools this is due to food residue rushing through
the large intestine before it has sufficient time to absorb the remaining water
prolonged diarrhea can lead to dehydration and depletion of electrolytes
diarrhea may respond to drugs like -Imodium etc
eliminating food that trigger bowel irritation , lactose intolerance
hydration before and during exercise eating low fibre diet 24 hours before
competition
Constipation
infrequent or incomplete bowel movements
may indicate more serious underlying conditions
Causes- lack of fibre in diet, improper bowel habits, emotional stress, diabetes, laxative abuse
increase exercise - hydration and fibre in diet
Diabetes mellitus
chronic systemic disorder characterized by near or absolute lack of the hormone insulin, insulin resistance or both
Insulin is secreted by the pancreas , and is needed to transfer glucose from the blood to skeletal and cardiac muscles
insulin promotes glucose storage in muscles and liver in form of glycogen
Type I onset prior to age of 30 in people who are
not typically obese and is associated with an absolute deficiency of insulin
effects of exercise on metabolic state are more pronounce and management of exercise related problems are more difficult
Type II onset after age of 30 nearly 70-80% of affected people obese associated with significant resistance to
insulin's actions diet usually sufficient to control factors affecting severity and frequency of
diabetes: heredity, female,stress, and diet high in
carbos and fat
Control of diabetes rest on a balance of glucose levels, insulin production, diet and exercise
Alterations in this equilibrium can lead to two separate conditions
Diabetic Coma and Insulin Shock
Hyperglycemia abnormally high levels of glucose in the
blood , can lead to diabetic coma glucose not able to enter cells leads to cell dehydration because of the
increase osmotic pressure excess glucose is passed into kidneys and
secreted in the urine, drawing large amounts of water and electrolytes
leads to weakness , fatigue, increased thirst
body shifts from carbohydrate metabolism to fat for energy
this produces an excess of ketoacids (resulting from acidosis)
Acetone - produced in fat metabolism is blown off in expiration
fruity or sweet smelling breath if condition not rectified with insulin
injection - further dehydration and ketoacidosis can depress brain function
individual becomes confused , drowsy and may lapse into diabetic coma
coma is a serious condition and needs immediate medical attention
Insulin Shock exercise lowers blood sugar level hence it must be counterbalanced with
increase food intake or decreased amounts of insulin
if blood levels fall below normal -hypoglycemia or insulin shock results
S/S are rapid in onset and include , dizziness , aggressive behaviour, intense hunger fainting , pale , cold and clammy skin and profuse perspiration , salivation and drooling
since glucose levels are low treatment includes getting sugar into the system
honey , table sugar,orange juice or soda place sugar under the tongue in an
unconscious person , it will be absorbed into the system
recovery is usually rapid , however physical performance and judgement may be impaired even after glucose level is returned to normal
If in doubt as to the condition you can give sugar to both - if recovery is not rapid then hyperglycermia is the problem and get to hospital ASAP
Exercise and Diabetes prior to any exercise program a physician
should be consulted normal blood glucose levels measured
and documented strenuous exercise is contraindicated for
some diabetics blood glucose self monitoring makes
determining levels much easier