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Lecture 14 - ESTUARIES
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Last Ice Age
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Classification of Estuaries - Geological
1. Coastal Plain Estuary(= Drowned River Estuary)
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Classification of Estuaries - Geological
1. Coastal Plain Estuary2. Bar Built Estuary
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Bar-built estuary
-sediment deposited by longshore currents
estuary
Longshore current
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Bar-built estuary
Sandy Hook, New Jersey
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Bar-built estuary
Sandy Hook, New Jersey
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Classification of Estuaries - Geological
1. Coastal Plain Estuary2. Bar Built Estuary3. Fjord
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Classification of Estuaries - Geological
1. Coastal Plain Estuary2. Bar Built Estuary3. Fjord4. Tectonic
San Andreas Fault
Hayward Fault
Calaveras Fault
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Tectonic Estuary
Earthquake causes blocks to shift
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Tectonic Estuary
Earthquake causes blocks to shift
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Tectonic Estuary
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Circulation Patterns of Estuaries
Salt Wedge
Partially Mixed
Mixed
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Estuary flow animations
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar05a_wedge.html
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Reverse Estuary
Rare freshwater inflowRestricted tidal mixing
Internal wind-driven mixing
High Salinity Lower salinity
Evaporation
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Factors influencing estuary circulation
River dischargeLow High
Maximum Minimum
Strong Weak
Weak Strong
Tidal mixing
Tidal currents
Water stratification
Well-mixed estuary Partially mixed estuary Salt wedge estuary
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San Francisco Bay - a salt wedge estuary
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Columbia R. - Oregon - a well mixed estuary
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Chesapeake Bay - partially mixed
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Colorado River mouth - a reverse estuary
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Reverse Estuary
Laguna Madre - Texas
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Physical Features of Estuaries
Salinity - Coriolis forces
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Physical Features of Estuaries
Salinity - Bottom vs Water column
MudBottom water
Salinity
Time
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Physical Features of Estuaries
Substrate -
Flocculation
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Physical Features of Estuaries
Substrate - Movement by Current
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Physical Features of Estuaries
Other features
TemperatureWaves and CurrentsTurbidityOxygen
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Turbidity – Rappahannock River
75 mg/l
>5 mg/l
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Diversity in Estuaries
Euryhaline
Stenohaline
1. Euryhaline-tolerate
salinites between 15 and 35 ppt
2. Stenohaline-tolerate
salinities above 25 ppt
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Diversity in Estuaries
Brackish water Animals-tolerate salinites between 5 and 18 ppt
Nereis Callinectes Hydrobia
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Diversity in Estuaries
Transitional Animals-pass through estuary
American eel
Atlantic salmon
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Diversity in Estuaries - Vegetation
Chaetomorpha Cladophora
EnteromorphaUlva
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Adaptations to Estuaries
Coping with salinity
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Adaptations to Estuaries
Coping with salinity
Internalsalinity
Environmental salinity
0 10 20 30 40
40
30
20
10
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Adaptations to Estuaries
Coping with salinity
Internalsalinity
Environmental salinity
0 10 20 30 40
40
30
20
10
Perfect osmoconformer
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Adaptations to Estuaries
Coping with salinity
Internalsalinity
Environmental salinity
0 10 20 30 40
40
30
20
10
Perfect osmoconformer
Perfect osmoregulator
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Adaptations to Estuaries
Coping with salinity
Internalsalinity
Environmental salinity
0 10 20 30 40
40
30
20
10
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Adaptations to Estuaries
Coping with salinity
Internalsalinity
Environmental salinity
0 10 20 30 40
40
30
20
10
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Adaptations to Estuaries
Coping with salinity
Internalsalinity
Environmental salinity
0 10 20 30 40
40
30
20
10
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Ecological Relationships
Primary Productivity
Algal mats
Benthic diatoms
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Ecological Relationships
Primary Productivity
Classification scheme for estuaries - based on primary productivity
EuropeanAmerican
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Estuarine Food web
From river and ocean
Detritus
Detritus feeders
BirdsLost
Salt marshLight
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Fish Lost
Algae
Grazers
Invertebrate Predators
Death
Microbial Decomposers Scavengers
Filter Feeders
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Estuarine Food web
From river and ocean
Detritus
Detritus feeders
BirdsLost
Salt marshLight
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Fish Lost
Algae
Grazers
Invertebrate Predators
Death
Microbial Decomposers Scavengers
Filter Feeders
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Allochthonous sources of Carbon
Salt Marsh - Importer or Exporter?
Factors Influencing the relationship of the salt marsh and estuary
1. Latitude
800
600
400
200
0
FloridaTexas Louisiana Georgia North Carolina
ChesapeakeBay
NewEngland
Dry
wt –
g/m
2 /yr
Turner, 1976
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Allochthonous sources of Carbon
Salt Marsh - Importer or Exporter?
Factors Influencing the relationship of the salt marsh and estuary
2. Nitrogen
N-fertilized
Control
M J J A S
700
400
0
Dry
wt –
g/m
2 /yr
Vince et al, 1981
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Allochthonous sources of Carbon
Salt Marsh - Importer or Exporter?
Factors Influencing the relationship of the salt marsh and estuary
2. Nitrogen
Sippiwisset Marsh
- 10 year nitrogen enrichment study
• increased above and below ground production
• increased N content in plants
• consumer populations
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Allochthonous sources of Carbon
Salt Marsh - Importer or Exporter?
Factors Influencing the relationship of the salt marsh and estuary
Others
• geomorphology
• oceanographic conditions
• marsh age
• primary productivity