Download - Learning- Session 4
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LEARNING1
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What is Learning
?
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Learning
Its a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as
a result of experience.
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Theories of Learning
a) Classical conditioning by Ivan Pavlov
b) Operant conditioning by B.F Skinner
c) Social learning theory
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Classical conditioning
A type of conditioning in which the stimulus produces a
response which is not expected in the normal case.
Definition : A type of conditioning in which an individual
responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce
such a response
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Experiment of Pavlov
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Meat\Food is an unconditioned stimulus.
Bell is an conditioned stimulus.
Salvation on seeing the food is unconditioned response.
Salvation on ringing the bell is conditioned response.
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Operant conditioning
A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behaviour
leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
Ex :- Recognition for students for their class performance.
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Behaviorism : proposed by Skinner and operant conditioning
is part of it.
It argues that behaviour follows stimuli in a relatively
unthinking manner.
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Social Learning Theory
People can learn through the experience of other people or
by self experience. It is an extension of operant conditioning.
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Four processes that determine the influence of model on the
Individual :-
a) Attentional process
b) Retention
c) Motor reproductiond) Reinforcement process
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Attentional : When the model is attractive, important to us .
Retention : How well individual recollects the model.
Motor reproduction : After observing the model it must be
converted to doing.
Reinforcement : Individuals are motivated to exhibit the
modeled behaviour if positive incentives or rewards are
provided. 12
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Shaping Behaviour
It is the systematically reinforcing each successive step that
moves an individual closer to the desired response.
Ways to shape behaviour
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction 13
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Positive reinforcementResponse with something pleasant.
Negative reinforcementResponse by the termination or withdrawal
of something unpleasant.
Punishment : Unpleasant response to eliminate an undesirable
Behaviour.
Extinction : Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a
behaviour.
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Schedules of reinforcement
a) Continuous b) Intermittent
a) Continuous : Reinforcing a desired behaviour each time it
is demonstrated.
b) Intermittent : Reinforcing a desired behaviour often enough
to make the behaviour worth repeating
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Intermittent-Two types
Fixed ratio schedule : Initiating a reward after a fixed
number or constant no of responses.
Variable ratio schedule : Varying the reward relative to the
behaviour of the individual.
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ReinforcementTwo types
a) Fixed interval : Reinforcement or rewards are provided at
regular intervals.
b) Variable interval schedule : Reinforcements are distributed
in a unpredicted manner.
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OB Mod
Organizational Behavior Modification (OB Mod)
The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in
the work setting .
Five step problem solving model
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a) Identifiy critical behaviors
b) Develop base line data
c) Identify behavioral consequences
d) Develop and implement an intervention strategy
e) Evaluate performance improvement
Example : Case of Emery Air Freight.
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OB mod can be used to reduce absenteeism, lateness
and accident rates
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Conclusion
Learning is important for organizational effectiveness
Shaping behaviour through reinforcements can improveindividuals performance and vital for behavioral change
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To accomplish great things, we must not only act, but also
dream; not only plan, but also believe.
- Anatole France22