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l h w w
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Steps for Warping: Front to Back
Make a guide string
Mu u
u u 6" y
. t mk
mm
u
.
Wind the warp
w u
; Fu 1.
Choices
. w m
. a ,
.
. w - ,
,
. K
yu m m
u .
. w my ( x)
y s 6.
ips
Wind with even but loose tensionthe threads
u ju u m
m .
Do not overlap threads on the pegs.
If the total number of threads or their thickness
mk m (m u
),
m qu .
Count the threads
cu .
i yu u ,
my
um yu u. t u yu u
, u
. Yu k k
u y -
um (,
y); p 8, . 5. o yu u y my , -
u , um,
.
Secure the warp chain
t u m Fu 2,
3. (Yu u
. i
u , u
u.)
Mu m m
yu m u 10" y
u k
m k
; p 6, 5.
Mk k ( m qu
k) y y
y y.
1
2
1. Each trip from the first peg to the last peg and then back to the
first peg produces two warp threads.
3
4
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
5
6
Chain the warp
cu
m : Mk
u u
. pu u
( p 3, 4). cu,
u u yu
-k k . h
my . Mk
u k k xmy
. cu
y .
Sley the reed
Yu y m ( k
m) u
. t yu
, mk
mu m
. t:
. F u s 2 2,
k m
( yu y m, yu
u k
m m).
sy qu y yu
m k. i yu y
,
k m.
. F mu u s 2,
k y
, k
. rm k,
m , y,
m . r u
y. (t k
m.)
Tread the loom
rm k y .
Mk u yu u
. d y x
qu um
. s ,
k m yu
-, m yu -
, m . bk
u 12"
. a , k
k ( p 7, 5).
M m! d u y u k m. t
k u k
m.
Beam the warp
w
k u m , uy u
k () m. b
, k
m u uy
k ( Fu 4, 4). d
y u ; ju mk
u m .
a m,
(m , u yu
y ;
yu u mu
). t my
u
u 2" m
choke
= cutting line
8
2. Tie the cross, the end, and the first half of the surgeons knot
that will become the choke tie.
7
Steps for Warping: Front to Back
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
. pu my . n
m u k y
u .
*M m. b
m,
. w
m ,
u my .** r m * **
u m
y 2"
k 2" (u
2 u) y. K
m , u m * **, u
u m.
ips
The warp should go onto the beam at exactly
. i u
, u y . t
y y c-m
u k m .
pu m mk u14"
. t m
y.
The warp must be wound very tightly so that
uu .
a u u m, u
2" y my (
u m u m k u
k k yu ).
Maintain the divisions between the warp
m y
yu u: m u, m
, m .
To clear any tangles, pick up a section of warp
, u y ,
um
u m m
m.
ie onto the front apron rod
s , k 14" u
, m u
( k ),
qu k .
cu y u, k m
u, . w yu
k u,
qu k. vy m: d mk
k . i yu , u k,
y ,
u . i,
m k, ,
k m
k, m u k
(k u, ),
k. n
mk k m y. t mk
.
9
3. To chain a warp, make a loop and pull another loop through it. Pull the next
loop through with the other hand and continue.
4. To tie the warp onto the back apron rod,
pass two warp groups over the rod and tie a
square knot on top of the two groups. Leave
the original overhand knots in place.
Steps for Warping: Front to Back
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
castle
shafts
heddlereed
beater
warp
breastbeam
front back
frontfoot-rest
backfoot-rest
backbeam
warpbeam
clothbeam
shed
heddle
treadle
5. To tie a square knot, wrap the right yarn around the left
yarn; then wrap the left yarn around the right yarn.
6. To tie a surgeons knot, wrap the right yarn around the left
yarn two times; then wrap the left yarn around the right yarn.
7. To tie an overhand knot,
make a loop and put the tail
of the yarn through the loop.
8. To finger crochet a counting thread, make a larks head knot around the first group of
threads. Pull a loop of the two-thread tail through the first loop around the second group
of threads. With the tail behind each group of threads, pull up successive loops to enclose
each group. When the chain is not needed, pulling on the tail will release the chain.
9. The parts of a loom.
Steps for Warping: Front to Back
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
Make a guide string
Mu u
u u 6" y
. t mk
mm
u
.
Wind the warp
w u
m
; Fu 1. (t mk
uu
m .)
Choices
. w m
. a ,
.
. w - ,
,
. K
yu m m
u .
ips
Wind with even but loose tensionthe threads
u ju u m
m .
Do not overlap threads on the pegs.
If the total number of threads or their thickness
mk m (
m u
),
m qu .
Count the threads
cu y -
u u
(
p 5, 9).
Secure the warp chain
t u m Fu 2,
7. t k ( u
u qu k; p
4, 9) . i y y y, k
y.
Chain the warp
cu
m : Mk
u u
. pu u
( p 3, 8). cu,
u u yu
, m m
.
Spread the warp in the raddle
a k m. p
k . su
k m k
m ( uu yu m
m y ;
k u y
start
top peg
bottom peg
1
2
1. Each trip from the bottom peg to the top peg and then back to
the bottom peg produces two warp threads.
3
4
5
Steps for Warping: Back to Front
6
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
m u 1"). p uy
uu . a
m,
(
u
). w u
m,
u ,
m, m.
t m
k yu
. rm u
.
U m -
u , u
y
, qu
y yu j. su y
u . w
my u
u , u
m.
ip
i m k m yu m
u m yu k yu m,
y u m: t
m m
k m. w k
k m ,
mk
k,
mk
k. r ,
u k
m y. t k
y m .
Variation
Yu y
m ( k , uy
, y k
). w
u
u , k , k,
m, u k
,
m .
Beam the warp
d : ru yu m
m . t
u
u 2" . pu my
.
(n m u .)
K k
,
m. i k,
u my . w
m,
y 2" k
2" y.cu, m u
m.
M
y yu u : m
u, m , m
. w u u
k
( u m
u u u 10").
= cutting line
2. Tie the four arms of the cross and chain the warp from the
warping board beginning at the bottom peg.
7
Steps for Warping: Back to Front
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
ips
As it is beamed, the warp will tend to spread
u . t
y, u
u u .
t , y y
c-m u k m
. pu m
mk u 14"
. t
m y.
The warp must be wound very tightly on m
uu . t u my
2" k yu ,
u m u
m k u k.
To clear any tangles, pick up a section of warp
, u y ,
um
u m m
m.
Tread the loomcu um qu
yu mk u yu
u. d y x
qu um
. s m,
yu m
yu -, m
yu -, m
.
ip
i yu
k
, k yu
k y . i yu u
s 6, y
j k m u
m k.
Sley the reed
t yu , mk
mu m
.
t y qu y yu .
ie onto the front apron rod
s , k 14"
u , m
u ( Fu 6),
y qu k .
cu y u, k m
u, . w yu
k u,
qu k .
ips
Very important: Do not make the knots tight.
i yu , u k, y
,
u . i, m
qu k,
, k
m k, m u
k (k u, ),
k. n
, mk k
m y. t mk
.
Tying on in small groups makes it possible to
u y y
m .
8
9
10
3. To chain a warp, make a loop and pull another loop through it. Pull the next
loop through with the other hand and continue.
Steps for Warping: Back to Front
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
castle
shafts
heddlereed
beater
warp
breastbeam
front back
frontfoot-rest
backfoot-rest
backbeam
warpbeam
clothbeam
shed
heddle
treadle
6. To tie the warp onto the front apron rod, pass
two warp groups over the rod and tie the first
half of a square knot. After all groups are tied,
tie the second half of each square knot snug, nottight.
5. Make a larks head knot around the first group of threads. Pull a loop
of the two-thread tail through the first loop around the second group
of threads. With the tail behind each group, pull up successive loops to
enclose each one. Pull on the tail to release the chain.
4. To tie a square knot, wrap the right yarn around the left
yarn; then wrap the left yarn around the right yarn.
7. The parts of a loom.
Steps for Warping: Back to Front
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
j u mm qum. i y k priorities for what to buyespecially since
qum x. (i m
m u, u yu
m loom
k . . . .)
s, yu y ? ey k
yu m, u my
. Yu
least 100 heddles on each shaftthe wider
, m
heddles yu .
Yu m y m reed. d
j qu z, u yu
u
. (The Weavers Companion, i,
2001, 1415, x .) t, 10- 12-
( 8- yu u
k y).
Yu u
warping board (or reel)doorknobs are not a
y uu. c
uy, k y x
m.
t m k , yu raddle.
t u u m.
a " m uu
, (s bk F,
6-9). Lease sticks y
you warp from back to frontsmooth at sticks
y u m
k .
Yu u boat shuttles
mmum z bobbins
stick shuttles ( u
12"). F m jyu , u
u y u
fy .
a bobbin winder mu. e
y u . (pu yu
y .)
a loom bench ju
y m
. i y yu u
.
Yu umbrella swift yu u y
m k. Yu
y m yu
y m . Ball
cone winders , u y
yu y .
What Equipment Do I Really Need?Excerpted from November/December 2004, Page 14
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
a loom m
u
k .
t warp
y m . a
.
t weft z
y . a k u ;
k a shot.
Winding a warp y
mu
. Uuy y
mu
. t
m y .
The threading cross x m y
u y k
u
: /u
u/ . i
y m
m m ,
m
k m m .
a warping board qu m y
uy m
mm
m. w
u mu y
u . w
mm u 18 y
.
a warping reel u . sm ;
x u u
u m
m k . sm
z; z
x u u m
k . r
mm
u ( ,
m).
a swift x u
k y
u y
. a
mu m
u k
m
u . o y
Weaving erms
O u my.n y m y m m u ( yu k yu k m), u
dierent sources use the same words for dierent thingsor dierent words for
m . t mk m , uuy y
u , k , yu y
k m . t y mu, m
u qum.
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
qu k
; k y
. a
y k m
u
.
a spool rack m z
m u my
. Mu uu
m m m
m
u
.
a cone holder m mu
u m m. a y,
k,
u u u
m m
.
a choke, choke tie, y m
around all of the threads in the warpusually
.
Lease sticks k
. ty
. t
m
k, k
y.
a raddle
y
(14"1" ). gu
, u
m u k m. t
um
m y
m. (r u
m u
m
u .)
a raddle cross m y u
m (
m u ). t um u qu um
.
t heddles , y , ,
. e
y u
. (bu y,
mm .)
t shafts m .
w ,
u . (Harness
mm u yym ,
u y m
mu .)
e k u shed. t
m y
.
t breast beam z
m y . t
m
y m.
t cloth beam (uuy) y
(mm
m) m
u.
t back beam z
k m u
y m.
t warp beam (uuy) y
(mm
m) k m
u.
Beaming the warp
m. t y uuy
uy k.
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
Warping sticks m
u 18" k, " ,
.
Sectional warp beams m
u m
, uuy 12" . t
u y.
w u y,
tension box
y
.
Apron rods uy m ,
m, m, mm y
, m y . t
m m
m
m, , y.
Tying on uuy y
m u
.
t threading
u .
t u reed,
m
y . r z
by length and by the number of spacescalled
dentsper inch (i.e., 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18,
.). t
.
t beater m . i m y u
u u
. t
m
m k .
Sleying the reed
u . t
um um
m
densityor sett of the warp.
t sett um
inchusually abbreviated as epi. t
is the number of weft picks per inchusually
ppi.
a reed hook sley hook m,
, m u
u u .
Reed holders u k
y
m.
a threading hook ( heddle hook)
m
u
u u .
t treadles
mk m u /
m qu y uu.
t tie-up mu
/ y mk
qu y uu.
t treadling ( ,
qu)
, ..,
m.
t weave structure
u
, .., interlacement. i y
y, uu .
tm y y
. Tromp as writ m
m
( as drawn in). i
1-2-3-4; m
, yu
m , 1-2-3-4.
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
Boat shuttles ( k k )
qu
bobbin ( ) u
. t u , u u
y u
.
Stick shuttles
uuy
m u u.
t u mu u m
u u y
x k. t u
mu ju muy.
a end-feed shuttle u
u (k u
). t u
ju
u.
Tabby u m
, uuy
, (
umm ). ty mm u
yym .
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
auy: t m ! t
18 m u
. t
, y .
t m m k m-um ,
u k m m
. M, yu y
about whether or not the threading is correct
yu u .
t . o
yu u yu u .
a : Yu m
u . ey
, y my
- u .
h y y
.
Wind the new warpw m um
. i k
um uy. i yu m
x yu , yu
k m m, yu
. t k u 20" m
(p ).
ie One On:
Basics You Need to Know
. t k . p k
. b . t k
. r
. sk k u
. M k
. bm
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
ake the new warp to the loomcu
k m. p k
u m m
yu y
(p ).
ie the ends togethers yu -
yu -, k
m
(p ). i uuy k u my
my
. t
k (p ). dm k yu k y
, m uuy u 1" .
cu, y k u
m (u y muy).
l mu k jy
; u y.
ake knots throughreed and heddlesw k (p ), m
k. pk u
k u my; k
u k . rm
k u m k
u 1" m . t k
u u (u 1" ) m
m u j k u
. d m
m x (p ). w
k u (p ), u
m k m u 1"
. t j m u
m y u .
Beam the warpw k u ,
u (p ). t
u m u k . pk
y u m
ju yu y . i yu u y m
k, k u u y
u. w
, uu
, yu y !
Some tipsa k y
m u k u y . i
uky. b u yu
mm k yu y.
a 15- , xm,
k m y y
h s.
a k ju u u uky.
t k u, u
mu m yu
y y m.
i yu y k yu
m , k
k uy y
yu m . Yu
m k
k m
!
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
Fulled Wool Scarves
Multiple Projects on the same TreadingMadelyn van der Hoogt
t
, h s,
g, pk. b y
m (k
u y), quy
mk m k y
. Yu
my y
my. w yu ,
yu y u.
ying on warpsYu m k u m-
um
, y . t y
y- , ,
so it takes very little timemuch less than
C m uu y mk quk easy holiday gifts. Change weft colors for dierent looks on the same warp , ! smy yu ju
. t j y
mxmum u k u . t u -
uy , k, uy, m, .
. a g k my -
, u uqu
.
. a u
mk m u u
.
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
u k y . F
m
y , b
c, Handwoven, nm/dm
2007, 1415.
t
m um
yu . ck um
uy. i y yu y , yu k yu
m m yu .
cu
m m .
p k u
m .
t, k
( yu ,
yu -), m
k. r x m u
u . t k
xy m
y . ey , m
m.
w k , m
k
m k
uu u y
. b u m
u k . g
m u
j k u . tu
k u k
, j m u u
. a , yu
uu.
Fulling Shetland yarnss y .
t u mk y y u ,
k.
w m
y m uuy,
m , uzzy, y y.
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
. w 10 . . a . . t
-.
w 84 g
( ) 5 y . Uyu m
m Fu 1
pj -
-g.
a 6" u-
mu u ,
65"
Fu 1
. i u
mm i
: 5-1-4-3-2-1; 5-3-6-1-2-3. i
y
u k
k y k
k 1
3. bu y
( u
ufy ),
z mk
. tk u-
yu u ;
u
u. w
u
12" .
rm m
m u
6"
. p
: F m
mx ,
u 6 ,
4 y
( 1
- k u u
). t
u u
, -
u m ,
u k.
t
t
o o, 15-16,
m .
t : t u
u u ,
(i u y
u
k j). M ,
, m mu
ou p. a 4-mu
, k u-
y mu. w
u 6", m
y . r
quz u x . ly y. tm 34".
1
23
4
5
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 12 2 23 3 3
44410x
floating selvedge
weft colorwarp color
1. d
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
Weave structure for scarvesp .
Equipment4- m, 9" ; 10- ; 1
u; y ; .
YarnsWrp: 2-y (1,800 y/), 420 y
(334 z), g
18, pk .
Wft: 2-y (1,800 y/), 167 y(112 z) , g
20, pum .
Yarn sourcesh s y h d
m m . (s
. .m.)
Warp order and length84 (u 2 ) 5 y
( 6" k-u, 42" m ;
m u ). a 80" .
Warp and weft spacingWrp: 10 (1/ 10- ).
w : 825".
Wft: 10 . w (mu
u m): 65" ;
12" .
Finished dimensionsamu u 6" x 58"
3 12" .
Project at a Glance
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l h w w
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14/2 alpaca/silk
80% alpaca, 20% silk
3,472 yd/lb; 18, 20, 24
22/2 nialin
60% cotton, 40% linen
2,740 yd/lb; 15, 20, 24
22/2 cottolin
60% cotton, 40% linen
3,000 yd/lb; 15, 20, 24
18/2 wool/ silk
50% wool, 50% silk
5,040 yd/lb; 20, 24, 30
10/2 merino/Tencel
50% merino, 50% Tencel
2,800 yd/lb; 12, 15, 18
75% yak, 25% bamboo
1,440 yd/lb; 8, 10, 12
Blends
30/2 silk, 7,850 yd/lb; 24, 32, 40
20/2 silk, 5,000 yd/lb; 20, 25, 30
2-ply silk, 1,725 yd/lb; 12, 15, 18
Silk
20/2 cotton, 8,400 yd/lb
30, 36, 48
16/2 cotton, 6,720 yd/lb; 24, 30, 36
10/2 pearl cotton, 4,200 yd/lb; 20, 24, 28
10/4 cotton, 2,100 yd/lb; 12, 15, 18
5/2 pearl cotton, 2,100 yd/lb; 12, 16, 18
3/2 pearl cotton, 1,260 yd/lb; 10, 12, 15
Cotton
10/2 rayon, 4,200 yd/lb; 20, 24, 28
10/2 bamboo, 4,200 yd/lb; 20, 24, 30
5/2 Tencel, 2,100 yd/lb; 12, 16, 18
5/2 bamboo, 2,100 yd/lb; 12, 15, 18
rayon chenille, 1,450 yd/lb; 12, 15, 18
Rayon Tencel Bamboo
20/2 wool
5,600 yd/lb; 20, 24, 30
18/2 wool5,040 yd/lb; 20, 24, 30
12/2 wool
2,980 yd/lb; 12, 15, 20
2-ply Shetland wool
1,800 yd/lb; 12, 15, 20
3-ply fingering-weight wool
2,800 yd/lb; 15, 18, 20
100% 2-ply spelsau wool
1,245 yd/lb; 10, 12, 15
8/3 wool
1,490 yd/lb; 10, 12, 15
Wool
8/1 linen
2,400 yd/lb; 15, 20, 24
tow linen singles
4,300 yd/lb; 20, 24, 28
16/2 linen
2,400 yd/lb; 15, 20, 24
20/1 linen
6,000 yd/lb; 24, 30, 36
14/2 linen
2,100 yd/lb; 12, 16, 20
10/2 linen
1,600 yd/lb; 10, 15, 18
8/3 linen
800 yd/lb; 8, 10, 12
8/4 linen
600 yd/lb; 8, 10, 12
8/5 linen
480 yd/lb; 6, 8, 10
Linen
21 Lr Hw t W wth Weaving Today 2011 interweave press llc. all rights reserved. not to be rep rinted.
Numbers after yd/lb indicate
ends per inch (open for lace,
medium for plain weave, close
for twill). These will vary
according to desired fabric hand.
Yarn samples shown here areHandwoven Editors choice
the yarns we love to use!
Build your stash! Take this guide toyour local yarn store to help you
choose new yarns to love plusidentify weavers all-time favorites.
A Weavers Guide to Yarn
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7/31/2019 Learn How to Weave With Weaving Today
22/22
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l h w w
w tm, w lm, M
Determining yardage
Count systemThere are several methods for designating yarn
size from which yardage per standard weight can be derived. The
system most used for spun yarns is the countsystem. It is based
on the number of yards in a pound of a single standard strand.
Size 1 is the lowest count. Here are the yardages for size 1 of
some common fibers:
To find the yardage of a yarn of a higher count than size 1 (finer),
multiply the count times the yardage of size 1. For a size 20 (20/1)
cotton: 840 20 = 16,800 yd/lb
To find the yardage of a plied yarn, multiply the count times the
yardage of size 1 and divide by the number of plies. For example, for
20/2 cotton: 840 x 20 divided by 2 = 8,400 yd/lb.
Cotton, spun silk 840
Linen, hemp, jute, ramie 300
Woolen 256
Worsted 560
Knitting-yarn directorySuperfine (laceweight)
wpi yd/lb plain-weave setwool 3040 5,0006,000 1828
cotton 2568 2,0008,000 1540linen 2854 2,1004,200 1430
silk 30100 2,80017,000 1565bamboo, 3084 3,36012,600 1548Tencel, etc.
fine (fingering or sportweght)wool 1422 1,5002,800 814
cotton 1524 1,0002,000 812sock 1820 about 2,000 815
silk 1422 1,1002,000 812
DK (double knitting)wool 1116 9001,500 68blend s 1516 1,0001,250 810silk 14 1,500 810
bamboo, 1222 1,000 1012
Tencel, etc.
medium (worsted)wool 1012 6401,000 68
wl/blends 1013 8001,200 48
cotton 1013 630900 58
cot blends 1216 8401,000 79alpaca, 1218 1,2002,200 68
angora blends, etc.
bulkywool 610 250 46
wl/blends 610 280800 46
alpaca 78 490600 46
super bulkywool and 47 260420 4
wl/blends
Using wraps to determine sett
Wind the yarn around a ruler for one inch. Wind firmly
and evenly without stretching; dont overlap and
dont leave spaces. Count the number of wraps.
Balanced plain weavewraps per inch 2 = epi
Warp-faced plain weave wraps per inch 2 = epi
Weft-faced plain weave wraps per inch 3 = epi
Balanced 2/2 twill wraps per inch 23 = epi
To mix yarns, wrap the ruler with each yarn in the
proportion it will appear in the cloth. Wind more
than one inch and divide by the number of inches
you wind for an average of all the yarns.
Order of sley Dents per inchin the reed 6 8 10 12 15 20
0-0-1 2 3 3 4 5 7
0-1 3 4 5 6 7 12 100-1-1 4 5 7 8 10 13
0-1-1-1 412 6 7 12 9 1112 15
1 6 8 10 12 15 20
1-1-1-2 712 10 12 12 15 19 25
1-1-2 8 11 13 16 20 27
1-2 9 12 15 18 22 12 30
1-2-2 10 13 17 20 25 33
1-2-2-2 1012 14 17 12 21 26 35
2 21 16 20 24 30 40
2-2-2-3 1312 18 22 12 27 34 45
2-2-3 14 19 23 28 35 47
2-3 15 20 25 30 37 12 50
2-3-3 16 21 27 32 40 53
2-3-3-3 1612 22 27 12 33 41 553 18 24 30 36 45 60
3-3-3-4 1912 26 32 12 39 49 65
3-3-4 20 27 33 40 50 67
3-4 21 28 35 42 52 12 70
3-4-4 22 29 37 44 55 73
4 24 32 40 48 60 80
4-4-5 26 35 43 52 65 87
4-5-5 28 37 47 56 70 93
5 30 40 50 60 75 100
Sett (ends per inch)
ConversionsMeasurements (rounded off)
Linear
1 in = 2.54 cm
1 ft = 30.5 cm
1 yd = .91 m
10 cm = 4 in
1 m = 39 in, 1.09 yd
100 cm = 1 m
Weight
1 oz = 28.4 gm
1 lb = 454 gm
1 g = .035 oz
50 g = 1.75 oz, .11 lb
100 g = 3.5 oz, .22 lb
500 g = 17.6 oz, 1.1 lb
1,000 g = 2.2 lb, 1 kilo
To convert knitting-yarn
skeins to yd/lb
m/50 gmultiply by 8.3 to get m/lb
multiply by 9.14 to get yd/lb
m/100 g
multiply by 4.15 to get m/lb
multiply by 4.57 to get yd/lb
m/250 g
multiply by 1.66 to get m/lb
multiply by 1.83 to get yd/lb
A Weavers Guide to Yarn
Reed chart