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Latin AmericaHighlightsUnit IV, Section 2
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Objectives
•Define the historical and cultural importance of the Maya, Aztec, and Inca
peoples.•Determine the impact of the Spanish on
the development of post-Columbia Latin America.
•Outline the modern challenges facing the Latin American region including illegal drugs, immigration, deforestation, etc.
•Determine the steps taken to preserve indigenous peoples.
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Geographic Features
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The Amazon River
•4000 miles long▫Beginning in the Andes Mountains▫1,100 tributaries
•1 to 6 miles wide▫Up to 20 miles wide during flooding
•Largest river by volume▫25% of freshwater that is ocean bound
•Effects nearly 200 miles of ocean water•Once flowed into the Pacific Ocean
▫History of changing course
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The Amazonian Rainforest
• 2.7 million square miles• More than half of the
remain rainforests• 40,000 species of plants,
2.5 million species of insects, 300 mammal species, 900 species of reps. and amph. & 205 bird species
• 170 different Amazonian indigenous languages+
• Dense forest of broad leafed trees▫10 minutes till rainfall
reaches the forest floor
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Rio Grande River
•1,896 miles long▫Flows from Colorado to the Gulf of Mexico▫Spanish for “Big River”
•Heavy consumption/use down to 20% of historic output▫Farming irrigation▫Hydroelectric power dams
•Natural border between the US and Mexico▫Border/immigration security
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Atacama Desert• 600 miles long
▫Lies between Pacific Ocean & the Andes Mt.
• .59 inches of rain annually▫Little to no significant rainfall
from 1570-1971▫2011 rare snow storm (31
inches)▫Most precipitation comes from
ocean fog• Used for mining, off-road
sports, and Mars rover training
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The Andes
•4,000 miles long, heights of up to 13,000 ft▫Highest peak, Aconcagua (22,841 ft high)
•Created by the collision of the Nazca & South American plate▫Active seismically (earthquakes &
volcanoes)•Home to Lake Titicaca
▫12,507 feet above sea level
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Caribbean Islands• Named for the Carib Indians • 700 islands
▫2% inhabitable• Sub/Tropical climate
▫Wet & dry seasons• Most inhabitants are descendents of African slaves
▫Mixture of cultures▫Creole & Voodoo
• Cuba, the Dominican Republic, & Haiti largest by population
• Major hub for tourism
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Historical Outline
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The Maya
•Yucatan Peninsula•250-900 C.E.
▫Classical Period•City-State System
▫Small kingdoms•Urban Planning
▫Open plazas & cisterns▫Royal/religious complexes, observatories, &
ball courts▫Pyramid temples
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…Continued•Only known writing system in Mesoamerica
▫Hieroglyphs•Expert mathematicians and astronomers•Polytheistic faith
▫Some use of human sacrifice•Agriculture based on maize
▫Exploitive of natural food sources•Decline Theories
▫Over population, invasion, revolt, or trade collapse
▫Disaster, disease, or climate change
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The Aztec• 14th thru 16th century C.E.• Empire based in Tenochtitlan
▫ Influence through trade and military campaign▫System of tribute states▫Highly trained warrior class▫Zenith in 1519
• Economy▫Land owned by noble classes
Rented or serf farmed▫Monetary system based on cacao bean or cotton
cloth
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…Continued• Agriculture based on
chinampas construction▫Small plots of land constructed
in marshes/lakes▫Maize, squash, pumpkin,
beans, turkey, and dogs• Religion
▫Similar use of human sacrifice in worship as Maya
▫Pantheon of gods and goddess Fierce and often times blood
thirsty
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Montezuma II•1466-1520•9th Ruler of Tenochtitlan (1502-1520)•Family
▫Queens Tlapalizquixochtzin & Teotlalco▫Daughter Dona Isabel become head of New
Spanish Nobility•Monitored Spanish explorations since 1517•1519
▫Welcomed Spanish into the capital Honored guests for months
▫Pressured by nobles to exile Spanish Aztec revolt after the Massacre in the Great
Temple, no true cause known
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…Continued
•Montezuma eventually held prisoner by the Spanish▫Safety measure against further attacks
• July 1, 1520▫Montezuma killed
Murdered by the Spanish or by his own people•Replaced by his brother Cuitlahuac
▫Died of smallpox•Empire passes from his nephew then his sons
▫Nephew killed by the Spanish▫Sons murdered by their own courtiers
•Empire finally collapses in 1521
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The Inca
•1438-1572•2500 miles long, encompassing 10 million
people▫Largest empire on Earth at the time
•Cuzco▫Capital of the empire▫Founded by Emperor Pachacuti
Instituted emperor worship Furthered worship of sun god Inti Began Incan lust for gold
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Continued•Land Management
▫Common land held in thirds Divided between the emperor, the gods, and the
people▫An emperors land followed him after death
A new ruler needed to gain his own possessions•No writing
▫Quipu system of knotted/colored rope•Agriculture based around corn, the potato,
and llama/alpaca herds•Highly advanced highway system
▫1500 miles long w/ rest areas▫Messages took one week to travel from end to
end
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Atahualpa
•1502-1533•Son of King Huayna Capac
▫Kingdom divided in 1526 after his death▫Bloody civil war between Atahualpa and his
brother Huascar•Victory achieved in 1532•Spanish land on the West Coast of SA in
1532▫Not an initial concern to the Inca▫Atahualpa outwitted by the Spanish and
captured
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…Continued• Held for ransom
▫Aware of Spanish love of gold▫Filled half a room with gold; two rooms with
silver Wealth poured in from across the empire Loss of cultural artistic pieces
• Continued to rule while in prison▫Commanded no attempt to rescue him
• Rumor of an army approaching to rescue him▫Spanish panicked and strangled Atahualpa
• Line of puppet kings established by the Spanish▫Royal Inca line ended in 1572
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Spanish Conquest•Columbus lands in 1492
▫Followed by three other voyages•1500’s
▫Expansion of Spanish incursions across the region (Conquistadors)
▫Conquest of native tribes and civilizations Aztecs fall in 1521 The Inca collapse in 1572
▫Advanced weapons, armor, and use of horses
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Spanish Explorers• Ponce de Leon (1474-1521)
▫First governor of Puerto Rico/Searched for the Fountain of Youth
• Vazquez de Coronado (1510-1554)▫Lead expedition from Mexico City to
modern Kansas/Searched for the Seven Cities of Gold
• Hernan Cortes (1485-1547)▫Lead successful expedition against the
Aztecs• Francisco Pizarro (1471-1541)
▫Successfully conquered the Inca▫Assisted by his brothers Juan, Gonzalo,
& Hernando
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The Columbian Exchange•Disease
▫Smallpox, measles, influenza, & typhus
▫Returned to Europe with syphilis• Influence of and forced
conversion of Catholicism•Native Exploitation
▫Slave labor of native populations Encomiendas- Royal grants to
enslave natives▫Pillaging of gold for imperial
coffers▫Loss of native culture
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New Spain•Native populations decimated by disease,
warfare, and forced labor•Caste system
▫European intermarriage between races leads to a social hierarchy
▫Location of birth and lineage established one’s place
▫Mestizo (mixed/half-breed) citizens taxed by Spanish crown
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New Spain•Native populations decimated by disease,
warfare, and forced labor•Caste system
▫European intermarriage between races leads to a social hierarchy
▫Location of birth and lineage established one’s place
▫Mestizo (mixed/half-breed) citizens taxed by Spanish crown
•Expansion of industry and urban centers across the New World
•Firm hold by Spanish crown by the 17th century
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Other European Influences• Portugal
▫ Brazil• The Dutch
▫ Dutch West Indies (Carib Islands) Aruba & the Dutch Antilles
• Britain ▫ British West Indies (Carib Islands)
Jamaica & the Bahamas ▫ Belize
• France▫ French West Indies (Carib Islands)
Haiti & Martinique▫ French Guiana
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The Modern Age• Haitian Revolution, 1791-1803
▫Slave uprising against French colonials▫Led by Toussaint l’Overture
• Brazil▫Established separate monarchy in 1822
• The Spanish New World▫Little respect for Creole rights/Americans not
Spaniards▫Economic limitations▫Successes of other continental revolts▫Pushes for independence throughout the 19th
century
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…Continued
• The Monroe Doctrine▫American support for hemispheric independence▫No longer would Europe be allowed to colonize the
West• Haven for escaped Nazi officials after WWII
▫App. 9,000 • Territorial independence gained throughout the
region after WWII▫Allegiances to the British and Dutch monarchy still
strong• European control still maintained over Caribbean
Islands
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Argentina & the Perons
• Juan Peron (1895-1974)▫Trained for a military career▫Traveled to Italy to observe rise of Fascism▫Returned to Argentina in 1941
Part of the United Officers Group coup Became a leading member of the new Argentina
▫Elected president in 1946 Instituted the “Third Way”, neither capitalist or
communist Limited civil liberties Aided by his popular wife, Eva (1919-1952) Exiled to Madrid but returned to become
president again in 1973
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Cuba•Native inhabitants known as the
Arawak Indians•Spanish settlement begins in
1511•1800’s saw the rise of a booming
sugar cane industry▫West African slave labor
• Independence▫1867-1878, Civil unrest & war▫Slavery abolished in 1886▫Spanish rule ends in 1898
Us involvement after the Maine sinks in Havana
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…Continued•US influence during the early half of the
20th century▫The Platt Amendment
Allowed the US to militarily intervene if deemed necessary
▫US backed dictatorship of Batista 1940-1944, 1952-1959
•Rise of the Communist party▫Revolution from 1953-1959▫Rise of Castro, pull back of the US▫Tensions during the Cold War
Cuban Missile Crisis•Relaxing tensions under the Obama
administration
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Mexico•Early empires of Maya and Aztecs•Conquest by the Spanish from 1517-1521•1808- Occupied by France after Napoleon
ousts the Spanish monarch• 1810- Father Hidalgo calls for Mexican
independence•1821- Plan of Iguala separates Mexico from
Spain▫August 1821, Treaty of Cordoba
•Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna▫President of Mexico▫Fought to maintain Texas ▫Mexican American War
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Continued…• November 20, 1910
▫Mexican Revolution to overthrow established dictatorship
• WWI▫Remains neutral▫Goaded by Germany to enter the war
• 1946▫First civilian president since 1911 elected
• 1985▫Mexico City earthquake▫10,000 dead
• Today▫Facing issues with drug/cartel wars▫ Immigration and economic issues
Tensions with the US
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The Issues of Today
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Agriculture•Diverse climate regions
allow for varied agricultural opportunities▫Tropics- Nuts, avocados,
pineapples, cocoa, & coffee, cotton, rice
▫Temperate Zones- Corn, soy beans, cattle ranching
▫Higher Latitudes- Potatoes, quinoa, llamas, sheep, alpacas, vicunas
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Urbanization
• Massive urban growth over the last half century▫By 2050 90% of population will be urban
• Questions of providing proper housing▫Build out or up?
• Social division apparent in social fabric▫ Inequality and dangerous cities
• Largest urban centers▫Rio/Sao Paolo- 45 million▫Mexico City- 28 million▫Bogota- 15 million▫Buenos Aires- 13 million▫Lima- 10 million
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Regional Development• Goes hand-in-hand with urbanization• Problems
▫Massive poverty/improper housing▫ Informal economy
Lack of welfare Lack of opportunities
▫Territorial claims of organized crime rings• Benefits
▫Active and young population▫Region reaching a point of transition
Willingness to develop and improve
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Deforestation
• Removal of forests through cutting or slash and burning practices
• Main reason: agricultural needs▫Cattle ranching
• Issues▫Lack of trees causes erosion and
loss of soil layers▫Loss of natural habitat ▫Endangerment of
native/marketable tree species▫Release of greenhouse gases
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Disaster Preparedness• Risks
▫Earthquakes, hurricanes, & volcanic activity • Issues
▫ Improper construction Weak/non-zoned buildings Improper techniques and practices
▫Providing for/aiding victims of events• Recent Disasters
▫Mexico City earthquake (1985)▫Montserrat volcanic eruption (1997), Plymouth
abandoned ▫Haitian earthquake (2010), 250,000 dead
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Immigration & Drug Wars
• Immigration▫Refugee crisis from central America
Fleeing drug wars, intolerant governments Looking for a better life
▫Tensions between the US and Mexico• Drugs
▫Government backing of drug cartels Power and influence Corruption Monetary influencer
▫Violence Kidnappings, murders, gun violence, & human trafficking
▫American aid and support
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Preserving the Indigenous• Decline in indigenous culture after
Columbus• Eek out an existence at the edge of society
▫ Shanty towns/slums▫ Primitive villages
• Governmental protection of “Lost Tribes”▫ Little to no contact with outside world▫ Loss of native homelands due to drug wars,
deforestation, etc.▫ Coming into conflict with local villages over
supplies and needs• Political activism and pushing against
“elite” white society ▫ Preserving native culture▫ Fighting for rights
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Pope Francis
•Born 1936, Buenos Aires, Argentina▫Jorge Mario Bergoglio
•Entered priesthood in 1969▫Ordained as Cardinal in 2001▫Elected pope March 13, 2013 (First SA
Pope)•The “People’s Pope”
▫Less formal/ritualistic than predecessors▫Massive crowd appeal▫Ushered in changing approaches to the
Church