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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIADEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA
ISSN 2289-4691
INFORMAL SECTOR WORK FORCE SURVEY REPORT
Jabatan Perangkaan
M A L A Y S I A
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LAPORAN PENYIASATAN GUNA TENAGA
SEKTOR INFORMAL
INFORMAL SECTOR WORK FORCE SURVEY REPORT
MALAYSIA
2012
JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA
JUN
JUNE 2013
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i
KATA PENGANTAR
Laporan Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga Sektor Informal Malaysia, 2012 membentangkan profil guna
tenaga sektor informal berdasarkan penyiasatan yang telah dijalankan pada bulan Julai hingga
Disember 2012. Laporan ini memuatkan statistik berkenaan taburan dan komposisi guna tenaga
dalam sektor informal di Malaysia. Maklumat tersebut berguna bagi mengukur guna tenaga di
sektor informal dan sumbangan sektor ini kepada ekonomi negara, seterusnya digunakan
sebagai input untuk menyediakan anggaran Keluaran Dalam Negeri Kasar (KDNK).
Maklumat penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut jantina, taraf pekerjaan,
pekerjaan dan industri merupakan sebahagian perangkaan penting yang dipersembahkan
dalam laporan ini. Diharapkan maklumat yang dibentangkan dalam laporan ini dapat
membantu perancang dan penyelidik dalam mengkaji ciri-ciri guna tenaga dalam sektor
informal.
Jabatan merakamkan penghargaan di atas kerjasama yang diberikan oleh semua pihak yang
telah menyumbang kepada penyediaan laporan ini. Sebarang cadangan untuk menambah baik
laporan ini pada masa akan datang amatlah dihargai.
DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN
Ketua Perangkawan Malaysia
Jun 2013
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ii
PREFACE
The Informal Sector Work Force Survey Report, Malaysia, 2012 presents the profile of informal
sector employment through the Informal Sector Work Force Survey which was conducted from
July to December 2012. This report presents the statistics on composition and distribution of
employment in the informal sector in Malaysia. The information is useful to measure the
informal sector employment and the contribution of this sector to the economy and
subsequently used as input to provide the estimates of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Information on employed persons in the informal sector by sex, status in employment,
occupation and industry are part of the vital statistics presented in this report. It is hoped that
the information presented in this report will assist both planners and researches in studying the
characteristics of employment in the informal sector.
The Department acknowledges and appreciates the co-operation given by all parties who have
contributed towards the preparation of this report. All suggestions towards improving future
report are highly appreciated.
DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN
Chief Statistician, Malaysia
June 2013
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iii
1. Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut
strata dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by stratum
and sex, Malaysia, 2012
9
2. Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut kumpulan
umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Number of employed persons in the informal sector by age group and sex,
Malaysia, 2012
10
3. Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut
kumpulan etnik dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by ethnic
group and sex, Malaysia, 2012
11
4. Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut pekerjaan
dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Number of employed persons in the informal sector by occupation and sex,
Malaysia, 2012
12
5. Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut industri dan
jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Number of employed persons in the informal sector by industry and sex, Malaysia,
2012
13
KATA PENGANTAR PREFACE
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
JADUAL TABLES
KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
Muka surat Page
i
1
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iv
6. Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut
taraf pekerjaan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by status in
employment and sex, Malaysia, 2012
15
7. Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut
pencapaian pendidikan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by
educational attainment and sex, Malaysia, 2012
16
8. Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut
sijil tertinggi diperoleh dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by highest
certificate obtained and sex, Malaysia, 2012
17
9. Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut negeri dan
jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Number of employed persons in the informal sector by state and sex,
Malaysia, 2012
18
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
JADUAL RALAT PIAWAI RELATIF RELATIVE STANDARD ERROR TABLES
19
41
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RINGKASAN PENEMUAN
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
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RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
1
1. PENDAHULUAN INTRODUCTION
Laporan ini membentangkan perangkaan
guna tenaga sektor informal yang
diperoleh daripada Penyiasatan Guna
Tenaga Sektor Informal 2012. Penyiasatan
ini telah dijalankan secara bersepadu
dengan Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh yang
meliputi kawasan bandar dan luar bandar
bagi semua negeri di Malaysia.
This report presents statistics of
employed persons in the informal sector
based on information collected from the
Informal Sector Work Force Survey, 2012.
This survey has been carried out in
integration with the Labour Force Survey,
encompassing both urban and rural
areas for all the states in Malaysia.
Secara umumnya penduduk bekerja
dalam sektor informal ditakrifkan sebagai
penduduk bekerja didalam pertubuhan
yang mempunyai ciri-ciri berikut:
pertubuhan yang tidak berdaftar
dengan Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia
(SSM) atau mana-mana badan
professional, termasuk Pihak Berkuasa
Tempatan(PBT);
semua atau sekurang-kurangnya satu
barangan atau perkhidmatan yang
dikeluarkan oleh pertubuhan tersebut
adalah untuk jualan atau transaksi
barter; dan
saiz pertubuhan kurang daripada 10
orang dan tidak berdaftar dibawah
perundangan yang ditetapkan.
In general, employed persons in the
informal sector is defined as working
population in an establishment that have
the following criteria:
The establishment is not registered
with the Companies Commission of
Malaysia (CCM) or any other
professional bodies, including the
Local Authority (LA);
all or at least one goods or services
produced are meant for sale or barter
transactions; and
the size in term of employment is less
than 10 persons and not registered
under specific form of national
legislation.
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RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
2
2. GUNA TENAGA DALAM SEKTOR INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT IN THE INFORMAL SEKTOR
Pada 2012, bilangan guna tenaga di
Malaysia adalah seramai 12.7 juta orang.
Daripada jumlah tersebut, seramai 10.9
juta orang (85.8%) bekerja dalam sektor
bukan pertanian.
Bilangan guna tenaga dalam sektor
informal pula hanya mencatatkan
bilangan seramai 1.0 juta orang (8.2%)
daripada jumlah bekerja pada 2012.
In 2012, the number of employed persons
in Malaysia was 12.7 million persons. Of
these, a total of 10.9 million persons
(85.8%) were working in non agriculture
sector.
The number of employed persons in the
informal sector recorded 1.0 million
persons (8.2%) of the total employed in
2012.
Carta 1: Kerangka kerja guna tenaga sektor informal Chart 1: The informal sector work force framework
(000)
PENDUDUK UMUR BEKERJA WORKING AGE POPULATION
TENAGA BURUH LABOUR FORCE
BEKERJA EMPLOYED
12,723.2
SEKTOR KERAJAAN GOVERNMENT
SECTOR
SEKTOR FORMAL FORMAL SECTOR
AKTIVITI ISI RUMAH SEBAGAI MAJIKAN
ACTIVITIES OF
HOUSEHOLD AS EMPLOYERS
SEKTOR PERTANIAN AGRICULTURE SECTOR
SEKTOR BUKAN PERTANIAN NON-AGRICULTURE SECTOR
10,926.9
SEKTOR INFORMAL INFORMAL SECTOR
1,044.0
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RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
3
2.1 Strata Dan Jantina
Stratum And Sex
Majoriti guna tenaga dalam sektor
informal di Malaysia berada di kawasan
bandar iaitu 656,800 orang (62.9%).
The majority of the employed persons in
the informal sector in Malaysia were
found in the urban areas i.e. 656,800
persons (62.9%).
Daripada jumlah tersebut bilangan guna
tenaga lelaki adalah seramai 382,000
orang iaitu 58.2 peratus daripada
penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal
di bandar. Guna tenaga perempuan
adalah seramai 274,800 orang (41.8%).
From that total, the number of male is
382,000 persons i.e. 58.2 per cent of the
employed persons in the informal sector
in the urban. Female recorded 274,800
persons (41.8%).
2.2 Negeri
State
Taburan guna tenaga di dalam sektor
informal mengikut negeri menunjukkan
Selangor mendahului dengan 14.2
peratus diikuti oleh Sabah 12.4 peratus.
Manakala negeri terendah dicatatkan
oleh W.P. Putrajaya iaitu 0.1 peratus.
The distribution of employed persons in
the informal sector by state indicates
that Selangor led by 14.2 per cent,
followed by Sabah at 12.4 per cent.
Mean while W.P. Putrajaya recorded the
lowest percentage at 0.1 percent.
Carta 2: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut strata dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 2: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by stratum and sex, Malaysia, 2012
152.4
234.7
274.8
382.0
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0
Bandar/Urban
Luar Bandar/Rural
Lelaki/Male
Perempuan/Female
(000)
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RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
4
2.3 Taraf Pekerjaan
Status In Employment
Golongan yang bekerja sendiri
mencatatkan dua pertiga daripada
jumlah keseluruhan sektor informal iaitu
sebanyak 67.3 peratus. Golongan pekerja
pula merekodkan peratusan kedua
tertinggi iaitu sebanyak 23.7 peratus.
Own account workers recorded two-
thirds of the total informal sector at 67.3
per cent whilst the employees recorded
the second highest i.e. 23.7 per cent.
Carta 4: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut taraf pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 4: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by status in employment, Malaysia, 2012
Carta 3: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja di dalam sektor informal mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 3: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by state, Malaysia, 2012
14.2
12.4
10.1 9.6 9.2 9.2
7.0 6.76.0 5.4
3.52.7 2.7
0.90.2 0.1
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
(%)
2.3%
23.7%
67.3%
6.7%Majikan Employer
Pekerja Employee
Bekerja sendiri Own account worker
Pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji Unpaid family worker
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RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
5
Pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji dan majikan
hanya mencatatkan masing-masing 6.7
peratus dan 2.3 peratus.
Unpaid family worker and employer
recorded 6.7 per cent and 2.3 per cent
respectively.
2.4 Industri
Industry
Taburan peratus mengikut industri
menunjukkan industri Pembinaan
menjadi penyumbang utama guna
tenaga sektor informal iaitu sebanyak
25.0 peratus diikuti oleh Industri
Perdagangan jual borong dan runcit,
pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan
motosikal (18.7%) dan Pembuatan
(15.5%).
Percentage distribution by industry
shows Construction industry is the main
contributor of employed persons in the
informal sector at 25.0 per cent,
followed by wholesale and retail trade,
repair of motor vehicles and
motorcycles (18.7%) and Manufacturing
(15.5%).
2.5 Pekerjaan
Occupation
Dalam konteks pekerjaan, dua kategori
pekerjaan dalam sektor informal
merekodkan peratusan melebihi 35.0
peratus iaitu Pekerja kemahiran dan
pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan
(36.3%) dan Pekerja perkhidmatan dan
jualan (35.6%).
In the context of occupation, two
categories of occupation recorded more
than 35.0 per cent of workers in the
informal sector, namely Craft and
related trades workers (36.3%) and
Service and sales workers (35.6%).
25.1
18.7 15.5
12.9 10.2
5.2 3.8 2.9 1.6 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
F G C I Q N H S P M E K J L R
Carta 5: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja di dalam sektor informal mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 5: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by industry, Malaysia, 2012
(%)
Nota/Note: Industri dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia 2008 seperti di muka surat 32 Industry is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Industrial Classification 2008 as described on page 32
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RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
6
Manakala Pekerjaan asas pula
mencatatkan peratusan ketiga tertinggi
iaitu sebanyak 14.4 peratus.
Elementary occupations recorded the
third highest percentage of 14.4 percent.
2.6 Kumpulan Umur
Age Group
Golongan umur 40-an merupakan
bilangan tertinggi yang terlibat di dalam
aktiviti sektor informal. Kumpulan umur
4044 mencatatkan bilangan seramai
132,400 orang dan kumpulan umur
4549, 142,800 orang. Saiz sektor
informal mulai mengucup pada
kumpulan umur 5054 tahun.
The 40s age group recorded the highest
number in the informal sector activities.
The 40-44 age group recorded 132,400
persons and the 4549 age group,
142,800 persons. The size of the informal
sector started to decline at the age of
5054 years.
Carta 6: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja di dalam sektor informal mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 6: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by occupation, Malaysia, 2012
35.5
110.0 119.8 122.1134.0 132.4 142.8
112.482.8
52.2
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64
(000)
Carta 7: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut kumpulan umur, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 7: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by age group, Malaysia, 2012
Kumpulan umur Age group
0.5
1.6
2.2
4.0
5.5
14.4
35.6
36.3
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja
pertukangan yang berkaitan Craft and related trades workers
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan Service and sales workers
Pekerjaan asas Elementary occupations
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang
Plant and machine operators and assemblers
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu
Technicians and associate professionals
Profesional Professionals
Pengurus Managers
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian Clerical support workers
(%)
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RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
7
Sebaliknya kumpulan terendah
dicatatkan oleh kumpulan umur 1519
tahun (35,500 orang). Penyertaan yang
rendah juga dicatitkan oleh kumpulan
umur 60-an.
On the other hand, the 1519 age group
recorded the lowest number of employed
persons in the informal sector (35,500
persons). Low participation was also
recorded for the 60s age group.
2.7 Warganegara Dan Kumpulan Etnik
Citizenship And Ethnic Group
Guna tenaga warganegara Malaysia
dalam sektor informal pada 2012
dianggarkan 87.5 peratus. Manakala,
bukan warganegara hanya mencatatkan
12.5 peratus .
Malaysian citizens employed persons in
the informal sector are estimated at 87.5
per cent in 2012 whilst non-citizens
registering only 12.5 per cent.
Dari perspektif komposisi etnik, 52.4
peratus terdiri daripada etnik Melayu
diikuti oleh etnik Cina (20.2%) dan India
(4.7%) .
From the ethnic composition perspective,
the Malays were 52.4 per cent followed
by the Chinese (20.2%) and the Indians
(4.7%).
Jadual 1: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2012 Table 1: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2012
Kumpulan etnik Ethnic group
(%)
Jumlah/Total 100.0
Warganegara Malaysia/Malaysian citizens 87.5
Bumiputera 62.3
Melayu/Malay 52.4
Bumiputera lain/Other Bumiputera 9.9
Cina/Chinese 20.2
India/Indians 4.7
Lain-lain/Others 0.3
Bukan warganegara Malaysia/Non-Malaysian citizens 12.5
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RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
8
2.8 Pencapaian Pendidikan
Educational Attainment
Lebih separuh daripada jumlah
penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal
terdiri daripada mereka yang
berpendidikan menengah iaitu seramai
629,700 orang. Ini diikuti oleh mereka
yang berpendidikan rendah (271,100
orang), tertiari (89,900 orang), dan tiada
pendidikan rasmi (53,300 orang).
More than half of the total employed
persons in the informal sector consisted
of those with secondary education where
629,700 persons were involved. This was
followed by those with primary
education (271,100 persons), tertiary
education (89,900 persons), and no
formal education (53,300 persons).
Carta 8: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut pencapaian pendidikan, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 8: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by educational attainment, Malaysia, 2012
53.3
271.1
629.7
89.9
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
Tiada pendidikan rasmi
Rendah Menengah Tertiari
(000)
No formal education
Primary Tertiary Secondary
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JADUAL
TABLES
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Strata Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Stratum Total Male Female
Jumlah (000) 1,044.0 616.7 427.3
Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0
Bandar 656.8 382.0 274.8
Urban 62.9 61.9 64.3
Luar bandar 387.2 234.7 152.4
Rural 37.1 38.1 35.7
9
Jadual 1: Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut strata dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 1: Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by stratum and sex, Malaysia, 2012
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Kumpulan umur Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Age group Total Male Female
Jumlah (000) 1,044.0 616.7 427.3
Total
1519 35.5 27.4 8.0
2024 110.0 77.9 32.2
2529 119.8 77.3 42.5
3034 122.1 73.2 48.9
3539 134.0 80.2 53.7
4044 132.4 71.4 61.1
4549 142.8 74.9 67.9
5054 112.4 61.3 51.1
5559 82.8 45.0 37.8
6064 52.2 28.2 24.0
10
Jadual 2: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 2: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2012
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Kumpulan etnik Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Ethnic group Total Male Female
Jumlah (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0
Total
Warganegara Malaysia 87.5 84.8 91.4
Malaysian citizens
Bumiputera 62.3 57.7 69.0
Melayu 52.4 48.1 58.7
Malay
Bumiputera lain 9.9 9.6 10.3
Other Bumiputera
Cina 20.2 21.8 18.0
Chinese
India 4.7 5.0 4.1
Indians
Lain-lain 0.3 0.3 0.3
Others
Bukan warganegara Malaysia 12.5 15.2 8.6
Non-Malaysian citizens
11
Table 3: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by ethnic group and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jadual 3: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut kumpulan etnik dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
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Pekerjaan Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Occupation Total Male Female
Pengurus (000) 16.4 12.5 3.9Managers
Profesional 22.9 11.3 11.5Professionals
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu 42.0 29.5 12.5
Technicians and associate professionals
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian 5.2 2.3 2.8Clerical support workers
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan 371.6 131.5 240.1Service and sales workers
Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan dan yang
berkaitan
378.7 263.4 115.3
Craft and related trades workers
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang 57.0 50.8 6.2Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
Pekerjaan asas 150.2 115.2 34.9Elementary occupations
Nota/Note :
Jadual 4: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut pekerjaan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 4: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by occupation and sex, Malaysia, 2012
The 15th International Conference of Labour Statistics (15th ICLS) provided the option to exclude agricultural and related activities (ISIC Rev. 4 category
A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing) from the scope of informal sector surveys
12
The 15th International Conference of Labour Statistics (15th ICLS) menyarankan supaya mereka yang terlibat dengan aktiviti pertanian dan yang berkaitan
(ISIC Rev. 4 category A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing) dikeluarkan daripada skop sektor informal.
-
Industri Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Industry Total Male Female
Pembuatan (000) 161.7 43.6 118.1 Manufacturing
Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan
aktiviti pemulihan
8.0 7.1 0.9
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and
remediation activities
Pembinaan 261.3 257.9 3.4 Construction
Perdagangan borong runcit, pembaikan kenderaan
bermotor dan motosikal
195.5 133.3 62.2
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and
motorcycles
Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan 39.4 36.4 3.0 Transportation and storage
Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan
minuman
134.6 52.9 81.8
Accommodation and food service activities
Maklumat dan komunikasi 4.7 3.2 1.5 Information and communication
Nota/Note :
13
The 15th International Conference of Labour Statistics (15th ICLS) menyarankan supaya mereka yang terlibat dengan aktiviti pertanian dan yang berkaitan
(ISIC Rev. 4 category A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing) dikeluarkan daripada skop sektor informal.
The 15th International Conference of Labour Statistics (15th ICLS) provided the option to exclude agricultural and related activities (ISIC Rev. 4 category
A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing) from the scope of informal sector surveys
Jadual 5: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut industri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 5: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by industry and sex, Malaysia, 2012
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Industri Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Industry Total Male Female
Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful (000) 7.9 4.8 3.1 Financial and insurance/takaful activities
Aktiviti hartanah 5.7 4.4 1.3
Real estate activities
Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal 11.9 6.7 5.2 Professional, scientific and technical activities
Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan 53.4 32.8 20.7 Administrative and support service activities
Pendidikan 17.0 7.0 10.0
Education
Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial 106.0 3.3 102.7
Human health and social work activities
Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi 5.1 4.0 1.1
Arts, entertainment and recreation
Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain 30.5 18.4 12.1
Other service activities
14
Jadual 5: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut industri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)
Table 5: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by industry and sex, Malaysia, 2012 (cont'd)
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Taraf Pekerjaan Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Status in employment Total Male Female
Jumlah (000) 1,044.0 616.7 427.3
Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0
Majikan 23.6 19.3 4.3
Employer 2.3 3.1 1.0
Pekerja 247.5 203.8 43.7
Employee 23.7 33.0 10.2
Bekerja sendiri 702.8 366.4 336.4
Own account worker 67.3 59.4 78.7
Pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji 70.2 27.2 42.9
Unpaid family worker 6.7 4.4 10.0
15
Jadual 6: Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut taraf pekerjaan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 6: Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by status in employment and sex, Malaysia, 2012
-
Pencapaian pendidikan Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Educational attainment Total Male Female
Jumlah (000) 1,044.0 616.7 427.3
Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0
Tiada pendidikan rasmi 53.3 26.4 26.9
No formal education 5.1 4.3 6.3
Rendah 271.1 160.0 111.1
Primary 26.0 26.0 26.0
Menengah 629.7 381.4 248.3
Secondary 60.3 61.9 58.1
Tertiari 89.9 48.8 41.1
Tertiary 8.6 7.9 9.6
Jadual 7: Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut pencapaian pendidikan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 7: Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by educational attainment and sex, Malaysia, 2012
16
-
Sijil tertinggi diperoleh Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan Highest certificate obtained Total Male Female
Jumlah (000) 1,144.0 616.7 427.3
Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0
UPSR/UPSRA atau yang setaraf 198.4 129.4 69.1
UPSR/UPSRA or equivalent 17.3 21.0 16.2
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA atau yang setaraf 207.5 129.7 77.8
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA or equivalent 18.1 21.0 18.2
SPM atau yang setaraf 356.9 203.3 153.7
SPM or equivalent 31.2 33.0 36.0
STPM atau yang setaraf 26.0 13.7 12.3
STPM or equivalent 2.3 2.2 2.9
Sijil * 15.7 10.0 5.7
Certificate 1.4 1.6 1.3
Diploma 25.3 12.9 12.4
2.2 2.1 2.9
Ijazah 20.3 10.8 9.5
Degree 1.8 1.8 2.2
Tiada sijil 140.6 80.7 59.9
No certificate 12.3 13.1 14.0
Tidak berkenaan 53.3 26.4 26.9
Not applicable 4.7 4.3 6.3
Nota/Note:
Table 8: Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by highest certificate obtained and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jadual 8: Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut sijil tertinggi diperoleh dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
*Merujuk kepada sijil yang diperolehi dari kolej, politeknik atau institusi-institusi lain yang menawarkan pendidikan rasmi. Tempoh pensijilan adalah
tidak kurang dari enam bulan
*Refers to certificate obtained from college, polytechnic or other institutions which offers formal education. Duration of certification should not be less
than six months
17
-
Negeri Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
State Total Male Female
Jumlah (000) 1,044.0 616.7 427.3 Total
Johor 70.2 40.5 29.7
Kedah 95.9 52.5 43.3
Kelantan 105.9 72.3 33.6
Melaka 28.3 14.6 13.7
Negeri Sembilan 28.1 14.9 13.2
Pahang 36.3 17.1 19.2
Perak 96.5 55.1 41.4
Perlis 9.9 5.7 4.2
Pulau Pinang 73.5 39.3 34.2
Sabah 129.9 86.6 43.3
Sarawak 100.0 54.2 45.8
Selangor 148.4 91.8 56.6
Terengganu 62.2 42.1 20.1
WP Kuala Lumpur 56.7 28.6 28.0
WP Labuan 1.8 1.0 0.7
WP Putrajaya 0.6 0.3 0.3
18
Jadual 9: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 9: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by state and sex, Malaysia, 2012
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TECHNICAL NOTES
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1. PENGENALAN 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1
Selaras dengan hasrat untuk
mengukuhkan sistem dan kaedah
anggaran Keluaran Dalam Negeri
Kasar (KDNK) yang meliputi semua
aktiviti, maka usaha giat dilaksanakan
di peringkat antarabangsa bagi
memastikan sumbangan aktiviti non-
observed dapat diukur dan seterusnya
diambil kira dalam anggaran KDNK
sesebuah negara.
Konsep guna tenaga dalam sektor
informal adalah berdasarkan kepada
pendekatan yang diterima pakai oleh
15th International Conference of
Labour Statisticians (15th ICLS) 1993
dan dirujuk oleh System of National
Accounts (SNA 1993). Pendekatan
tersebut juga diterima pakai oleh
Expert Group on Informal Statistics
(United Nations), ringkasnya Delhi
Group.
1.1 In line with the aim to strengthen the
system and method of estimation of
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which
covers all activities, a lot of efforts
have been done at the international
level to ensure that the contribution of
non-observed activities could be
measured and further to be taken in
estimating the GDP of the country.
The concept of employed persons in
the informal sector is based on the
approach used by the 15th
International Conference of Labour
Statisticians (15th ICLS) in 1993 and
was revised by the System of National
Accounts (SNA 1993). The same
concept and approach are also used
by the Expert Group on Informal
Statistics (United Nations), a.k.a. Delhi
Group.
1.2 Delhi Group adalah organisasi
antarabangsa yang ditubuhkan pada
tahun 1997 di mana pakar-pakar
bertukar pandangan berkenaan
pengukuran ekonomi informal,
mendokumenkan pengumpulan data,
termasuk definisi dan metodologi
1.2 The Delhi Group is an international
organization setup in 1997 where
experts exchange experience in the
measurement of the informal
economy, document the data
collection practices, including
definition and methodologies,
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serta mencadangkan pengukuran
untuk meningkatkan kualiti dan
perbandingan perangkaan sektor
informal. Malaysia juga merupakan
ahli di dalam kumpulan tersebut.
recommend measurement for
improving the quality and
comparability of informal sector
statistics. Malaysia is also a member
of this Group.
1.3 Komponen bagi aktiviti non-observed
adalah aktiviti underground, aktiviti
tidak sah (illegal), aktiviti informal dan
aktiviti yang dijalankan bagi kegunaan
isi rumah sendiri. Anggaran
sumbangan sektor ini khususnya
sektor informal adalah berdasarkan
konsep mixed income1.
Oleh itu pengutipan maklumat
melalui penyiasatan yang lebih khusus
perlu bagi menganggar sumbangan
non-observed economy yang lebih
spesifik dan terperinci.
1.3 Components for non-observed
activities include underground
activities, illegal activities, informal
activities and activities for household
own consumption. The estimated
contribution of this sector, particularly
the informal sector is based on the
concept of mixed income1.
Detailed estimation to the
contribution of non-observed
economy requires specific collection
through its own survey.
1.4 Sehubungan itu, Jabatan Perangkaan
Malaysia telah membangunkan
instrumen Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga
Sektor Informal dan mengujinya pada
Oktober 2004 di Kota Bharu, Kelantan
dan Kuching, Sarawak. Seterusnya,
kajian rintis yang meliputi semua
negeri telah dilaksanakan pada Ogos
hingga Oktober 2006 di mana soal
selidik kajian telah disisipkan dalam
Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh (PTB).
Pada tahun 2009, kajian Penyiasatan
1.4 Accordingly, the Department has
developed instruments and tested
the Informal Sector Work Force Survey
in October 2004 in Kota Bharu,
Kelantan and Kuching, Sarawak. A
pilot study that covers all the states
was implemented in August until
October 2006 in which the
questionnaires have been attached to
the Labour Force Survey (LFS). In 2009,
the Informal Sector Work Force
Survey was tested and conducted in 1 Mixed income merujuk kepada pendapatan pemilik
unincorporated enterprise
1 Mixed income refers to the owners of unincorporated
enterprise income
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Guna Tenaga Sektor Informal telah
dijalankan secara bersepadu dengan
PTB selama tiga bulan iaitu pada
Ogos, September dan Oktober. Mulai
2010, ianya telah dijalankan pada
bulan Julai hingga Disember.
Maklumat berkenaan demografi,
sosial dan ekonomi seperti
kewarganegaraan, taraf pendidikan,
pekerjaan dan industri adalah dipetik
daripada Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh.
Soal selidik mengenai sektor informal
pula mengandungi soalan-soalan yang
menapis sektor informal daripada
sektor formal.
an integrated manner with the LFS for
three months i.e. August, September
and October. Since 2010 the survey
was conducted from July until
December.
Information on demographic and
socioeconomic characteristics such as
citizenship, educational attainment,
occupation and industry are extracted
from the Labour Force Survey. The
informal sector questionnaire
contained questions that screened the
informal sector from the formal
sector.
1.5
(i)
Guna tenaga dalam sektor informal
merangkumi semua pekerjaan di
sektor informal atau bekerja
sekurang-kurangnya di satu
pertubuhan sektor informal pada
tempoh rujukan, tanpa mengambil
kira status pekerjaan sama ada ianya
pekerjaan utama atau pekerjaan
sampingan. Walau bagaimanapun,
penyiasatan ini hanya mengambil kira
pekerjaan utama.
Kriteria pertubuhan sektor informal
adalah seperti berikut:
pertubuhan yang tidak berdaftar
dengan Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia
1.5
(i)
Employed persons in the informal
sector includes all occupation in the
informal sector or worked at least in
the informal sector establishment in
the reference period, irrespective of
their status in employment and
whether It was their main or
secondary job. However, the survey
only covers the main occupation.
Criteria for the informal sector
enterprise are as follows:
the enterprise is not registered with
the Companies Commission of
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(ii)
(iii)
(SSM) atau mana-mana badan
profesional, termasuk Pihak Berkuasa
Tempatan (PBT);
semua atau sekurang-kurangnya satu
barangan atau perkhidmatan yang
dikeluarkan adalah untuk jualan atau
transaksi barter; dan
saiz pekerja kurang daripada 10 orang
dan tidak berdaftar di bawah
perundangan yang ditetapkan.
Cut-off 10 pekerja dibuat berdasarkan
Akta Pembangunan Sumber Manusia,
2001 yang memberikan kebenaran
kepada majikan yang mempunyai
pekerja kurang daripada 10 orang
selama tiga bulan berturut-turut
untuk membatalkan pendaftarannya
dengan perbadanan dan dikecualikan
daripada dikenakan levi.
Bagi kebanyakan negara, aktiviti
pertanian tidak termasuk dalam skop
sektor informal. The 15th ICLS
menyarankan supaya mereka yang
terlibat dengan aktiviti pertanian dan
yang berkaitan (ISIC Rev. 4 category
A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing)
dikeluarkan daripada skop sektor
informal dan diukur secara
berasingan.
(ii)
(iii)
Malaysia (CCM) or any other
professional bodies, including the
Local Authority (LA);
all or at least one goods or services
produced are meant for sale or barter
transactions; and
the size in term of employment is less
than 10 person and not registered
under specific form of national
legislation.
The 10 employees cut-off is based on
Human Resources Development Act,
2001 which granted leave to
employers with fewer than 10
employees for three consecutive
months to cancel its registration with
the corporation and exempt from the
levy imposed.
Most countries exclude agriculture
and related activities from the scope
of informal sector. The 15th ICLS
provided the option to exclude
agricultural and related activities (ISIC
Rev. 4 category A: Agriculture,
forestry and fishing) from the scope of
informal sector surveys and to
measure them separately.
In the developing countries like
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Di negara membangun seperti
Malaysia, kegiatan pertanian adalah
sangat meluas dan kebanyakannya
dijalankan oleh isi rumah tidak
berdaftar dan beroperasi secara kecil-
kecilan. Dengan memasukkan aktiviti
pertanian ke dalam sektor informal, ia
akan membebankan operasi kutipan
data. Oleh yang demikian, ia sesuai
diliputi dalam banci/penyisatan
pertanian.
Malaysia the agricultural activities,
are widely operated and mostly are
run by unregistered household
unincorporated enterprises operating
on a small scale basis. The inclusion of
such activities in the informal sector
would be burdensome in data
collection. On this note, it is preferable
to be canvassed in the agricultural
census or surveys.
2. OBJEKTIF PENYIASATAN 2. SURVEY OBJECTIVE
Objektif penyiasatan ialah:
Mendapatkan profil guna tenaga di
sektor informal berdasarkan ciri-ciri
demografi, sosial dan ekonomi;
Mendapatkan anggaran guna
tenaga informal di Malaysia yang
merupakan input utama bagi
mengukur sumbangan sektor
informal kepada KDNK melalui
Labour Input Method.
The objective of the survey is to:
To collect the profiles of
employment in the informal sector
based on demographic, social and
economic characteristics;
To obtain estimates of informal
employment in Malaysia, which is
the main input to measure the
contribution of informal sector to
GDP through the Labour Input
Method.
3. LIPUTAN 3. COVERAGE
3.1 Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga Sektor
Informal yang merupakan salah satu
modul Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh
meliputi populasi penyiasatan yang
sama di kedua-dua kawasan bandar
dan luar bandar bagi semua negeri di
3.1 Informal Sector Work Force Survey
which is a module of Labour Force
Survey covers the same survey
population for both urban and rural
area for all states in Malaysia.
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Malaysia.
3.2 Definasi populasi penyiasatan
meliputi penduduk yang tinggal di
tempat kediaman persendirian di
Malaysia dan tidak termasuk mereka
yang tinggal di tempat kediaman
institusi seperti hotel, rumah
tumpangan, asrama, hospital, rumah
orang tua, berek tentera dan penjara.
3.2 The survey population is defined to
cover persons who live in private living
quarters in Malaysia and hence
exclude persons residing in institutions
such as hotels, lodging houses,
hostels, hospitals, old folks homes,
military barracks, and prisons.
3.3 Maklumat penyiasatan ini hanya
meliputi ahli isi rumah biasa yang
memenuhi ciri-ciri berikut:
berumur 15 tahun dan lebih;
bekerja dalam semua sektor
kecuali sektor pertanian,
pemburuan, perhutanan dan
perikanan; dan
BUKAN pekerja kerajaan.
3.3 Information for this survey only
covers usual household members who
meet the following criteria:
Aged 15 and over;
working in all sectors except
agriculture, hunting, forestry
and fisheries, and
NON government employees.
3.4 Bagi tujuan analisis, Penyiasatan Guna
Tenaga Sektor Informal mengambil
kira umur bekerja 15 hingga 64
tahun. Ini bersesuaian dengan konsep
Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh yang
menggunakan kumpulan umur
tersebut dalam mengukur penduduk
yang aktif dalam ekonomi.
3.4 For the purpose of analysis, Informal
Sector Work Force Survey takes into
account the working age of 15
to 64 years. This is consistent with the
concept of using the Labour Force
Survey to measure the age group
of the economically active population.
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4. KAEDAH PENGUMPULAN DATA 4. DATA COLLECTION METHOD
4.1 Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga Sektor
Informal merupakan salah satu modul
Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh
menggunakan kaedah temu ramah
bersemuka dengan responden. Ketika
tempoh penyiasatan, penemu ramah
terlatih melawat tempat kediaman
terpilih untuk mengumpulkan
maklumat ahli isi rumah termasuk
butiran demografi.
4.1 The Informal Sector Work Force
Survey is one of the modules of the
Labour Force Survey using face to face
interview. During the survey period,
trained interviewer will visit
households in selected living quarters
to gather information including
demographic particulars.
4.2 Dari segi operasi, soalan penyiasatan
guna tenaga sektor informal
ditanyakan kepada ahli isi rumah
berumur 15 tahun dan lebih yang
bekerja dalam sektor bukan pertanian
dan taraf pekerjaannya bukan pekerja
kerajaan.
4.2 In terms of operations, informal sector
work force survey questions were
asked to household members aged 15
and over who worked in the non
agricultural sector and non-
government employee.
4.3 Semakan kerja luar dibuat bagi
mengesan maklumat yang tertinggal
serta membetulkan sebarang
kesalahan semasa penyiasatan
dijalankan.
4.3 Field checks are undertaken to identify
and correct any errors or omissions at
the time when the survey is
conducted.
5. TEMPOH RUJUKAN 5. REFERENCE PERIOD
Tempoh rujukan penyiasatan adalah
merujuk kepada tujuh hari sebelum
tarikh permulaan temu ramah iaitu
17hb, 814hb dan 1521hb bagi bulan
Julai hingga Disember.
The Survey reference period refers to
seven days preceding the
commencement date which are
1st7th, 8th14th and 15th-21st for the
month of July until December.
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6. KONSEP DAN DEFINISI 6. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
6.1 Sektor informal 6.1 Informal sector
Kriteria pertubuhan sektor informal
merangkumi pertubuhan yang tidak
berdaftar dengan SSM dan badan-
badan profesional, saiz pertubuhan
kurang daripada 10 orang pekerja dan
semua atau sekurang-kurangnya satu
barangan atau perkhidmatan adalah
untuk jualan atau transaksi barter.
Criteria of informal sector
establishment includes establishment
not registered with CCM and
professional bodies, the size of the
establishment is less than 10 workers
and all or at least one goods or
services produced are meant for sale
or barter transactions.
6.2 Kumpulan etnik 6.2 Ethnic groups
Kumpulan etnik dikategorikan di
kalangan warganegara Malaysia
setelah mengasingkan bukan
warganegara Malaysia. Pengelasan
adalah seperti berikut:
Warganegara Bumiputera
Melayu Bumiputera lain
Cina India Lain-lain Bukan warganegara Malaysia
The ethnic group is categorized within
Malaysia citizens after separating
those who are non-citizens. The
classification is as follows:
Malaysian citizens Bumiputera
Malay Other Bumiputera
Chinese Indians Others Non-Malaysian citizens
6.3 Pencapaian pendidikan 6.3 Educational attainment
Merujuk kepada peringkat tertinggi
seseorang itu telah menamatkan atau
sedang mengikuti persekolahan di
institusi pendidikan awam atau
swasta yang menyediakan pendidikan
rasmi. Ia dikategorikan seperti
berikut:
Refers to the highest level which a
person has completed schooling or is
currently attending, in a public or
private educational institution that
provides formal education. It is
categorised as follows:
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(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Tiada pendidikan rasmi
Merujuk kepada mereka yang tidak
pernah menghadiri mana-mana
institusi pendidikan yang memberi
pendidikan rasmi.
Rendah
Merujuk kepada mereka yang telah
mencapai pendidikan tertinggi di
peringkat Tahun 1 hingga 6 atau yang
setaraf.
Menengah
Merujuk kepada mereka yang telah
mencapai pendidikan tertinggi di
peringkat Tingkatan 1 (termasuk kelas
peralihan) hingga Tingkatan 5,
General Certificate of Education O
Level atau yang setaraf. Termasuk
program kemahiran asas di institusi
latihan kemahiran khusus dan
teknikal yang mana tempoh pengajian
adalah sekurang-kurangnya enam
bulan seperti GIATMARA.
Tertiari
Merujuk kepada mereka yang telah
mencapai pendidikan tertinggi
selepas Tingkatan 5.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
No formal education
Refers to person who never attended
school in any of the educational
institutions that provides formal
education.
Primary
Refers to those whose highest level of
education attained is from Standard 1
to 6 or equivalent.
Secondary
Refers to those whose highest level of
education attained is from Form 1
(including remove class) to Form 5,
General Certificate of Education 'O'
Level or equivalent. Includes basic skill
programmes in specific trades and
technical skills institutions whereby
the training period is at least six
months e.g. GIATMARA.
Tertiary
Refers to those whose highest level of
education is above Form 5.
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6.4 Sijil tertinggi diperoleh 6.4 Highest certificate obtained
Merujuk kepada sijil tertinggi
diperoleh dari institusi pendidikan
awam atau swasta yang menyediakan
pendidikan rasmi. Mulai 2008,
klasifikasi sijil tertinggi diperoleh
adalah mengikut konsep International
Standard Classification of Education
(ISCED).
Refers to the highest certificate
obtained from the public or private
educational institution that provides
formal education. Starting from 2008,
classification of highest certificate
obtained is according to the
International Standard Classification
of Education (ISCED).
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
UPSR/UPSRA atau yang setaraf
Merujuk kepada Ujian Penilaian
Sekolah Rendah/Ujian Penilaian
Sekolah Rendah Agama atau yang
setaraf.
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA atau yang setaraf
Merujuk kepada Penilaian Menengah
Rendah, Sijil Rendah Pelajaran, Lower
Certificate of Education, Sijil Rendah
Agama atau yang setaraf.
SPM atau yang setaraf
Merujuk kepada Sijil Pelajaran
Malaysia atau yang setaraf (Senior
Cambridge Certificate, General
Certificate of Education O Level dan
Sijil Pelajaran Vokasional Malaysia).
Termasuk sijil kemahiran asas yang
diperoleh dari institusi latihan
kemahiran khusus dan teknikal yang
mana tempoh pengajian adalah
sekurang-kurangnya enam bulan
seperti sijil GIATMARA.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
UPSR/UPSRA or equivalent
Refers to Ujian Penilaian Sekolah
Rendah/Ujian Penilaian Sekolah
Rendah Agama or equivalent.
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA or equivalent
Refers to Penilaian Menengah
Rendah, Sijil Rendah Pelajaran, Lower
Certificate of Education, Sijil Rendah
Agama or equivalent.
SPM of equivalent
Refers to Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia or
equivalent (Senior Cambridge
Certificate, General Certificate of
Education O Level and Malaysia
Certificate of Vokasional Education).
Includes basic skill certificate obtained
from specific trades and technical
skills institutions whereby the training
period is at least six months e.g.
GIATMARA certificate.
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(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
STPM atau yang setaraf
Merujuk kepada Sijil Tinggi
Persekolahan Malaysia, Higher School
Certificate, atau kelulusan yang
setaraf (Sijil Tinggi Agama dan
General Certificate of Education A
Level).
Sijil
Merujuk kepada sijil yang diperolehi
dari kolej, politeknik atau institusi-
institusi lain yang menawarkan
pendidikan rasmi. Tempoh pensijilan
adalah tidak kurang dari enam bulan.
Diploma
Merujuk kepada diploma atau sijil
setaraf dengannya dan diperoleh
selepas kategori (iii), (iv) atau (v) dari
universiti, kolej, maktab atau
politeknik sebelum peringkat ijazah.
Ijazah
Merujuk kepada ijazah (Ijazah Sarjana
Muda, Sarjana atau Doktor Falsafah)
yang diperoleh dari institusi pengajian
tinggi awam atau swasta atau yang
setaraf.
Tiada Sijil
Merujuk kepada mereka yang masih
di bangku sekolah atau telah tamat
persekolahan tanpa memperolehi
sebarang sijil.
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
STPM or equivalent
Refers to Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan
Malaysia, Higher School Certificate or
equivalent (Sijil Tinggi Agama and
General Certificate Education A
Level).
Certificate
Refers to certificate obtained from
college, polytechnic or other
institutions which offers formal
education. Duration of certification
should not be less than six months.
Diploma
Refers to diploma or equivalent
certificate obtained after category (iii),
(iv) or (v) from university, college or
polytechnic prior to a degree
qualification.
Degree
Refers to degree (Bachelor, Masters or
PhD) obtained from public or private
higher institution or equivalent.
No certificate
Refers to those persons who are
currently attending school or who
have completed schooling without
receiving any certificate.
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(ix)
Tidak berkenaan
Merujuk kepada mereka yang tiada
pendidikan rasmi.
(ix) Not applicable
Refers to those persons who have no
formal education
6.5 Taraf pekerjaan 6.5 Status in employment
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Taraf pekerjaan adalah merujuk
kepada kedudukan atau taraf
seseorang yang bekerja di dalam
pertubuhan atau organisasi di mana
beliau bekerja. Penduduk yang
bekerja dikelaskan mengikut taraf
guna tenaga seperti berikut:
Majikan
Seorang yang menjalankan sesuatu
perniagaan, perusahaan ladang atau
perniagaan lain dan menggaji seorang
pekerja atau lebih untuk
menolongnya.
Pekerja
Seorang yang bekerja untuk majikan
bukan kerajaan atau persendirian dan
menerima ganjaran tetap seperti
upah, gaji, komisen, tip atau upahan
yang berbentuk mata benda.
Bekerja sendiri
Seorang yang mengerjakan ladang,
perniagaan atau perusahaan sendiri
tanpa menggaji pekerja di ladang,
perniagaan atau perusahaan.
Pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji
Seorang yang bekerja tanpa
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Status in employment refers to the
position or status of an employed
person within the establishment or
organisation for which he/she
worked. Employed persons are
classified according to the following
employment status:
Employer
A person who operates a business, a
plantation or other trade and employs
one or more workers to help him.
Employee
A person who works for private
employer and receives regular
remuneration in wages, salary,
commission, tips or payment in kind.
Own account worker
A person who operates his own farm,
business or trade without employing
any paid workers in the conduct of his
farm, trade or business.
Unpaid family worker
A person who work without pay or
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menerima sebarang bayaran atau
upah di ladang, perniagaan atau
perusahaan yang dijalankan oleh ahli
keluarganya yang lain.
wages on a farm, business or trade
operated by another member of the
family.
6.6 Pekerjaan 6.6 Occupation
Pekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut
klasifikasi Piawaian Pengelasan
Pekerjaan Malaysia (MASCO) yang
berasaskan kepada International
Standard Classification of
Occupations (ISCO). Pengelasan
pekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut
MASCO 2008 yang berasaskan kepada
ISCO-08.
Occupation is classified according to
Malaysia Standard Classification of
Occupations (MASCO) based on the
International Standard Classification
of Occupations (ISCO). Occupation is
classified according to the MASCO
2008 based on ISCO-08.
Bagi seseorang yang mempunyai lebih
daripada satu pekerjaan, hanya
pekerjaan yang mengambil masa
terbanyak semasa tempoh rujukan
dianggap sebagai pekerjaan
utamanya. Jika masa bekerja bagi
tiap-tiap pekerjaan itu sama, maka
pekerjaan yang menghasilkan
pendapatan yang tertinggi adalah
pekerjaan utamanya. Dalam kes di
mana bilangan jam bekerja dan
pendapatannya adalah sama bagi
setiap pekerjaan, pekerjaan di mana
dia telah bekerja paling lama
dianggap sebagai pekerjaan
utamanya.
For a person having more than one
job, only the job at which he worked
for the longest number of hours
during the reference week is treated
as his principal occupation. Should the
number of hours worked for each job
is the same, then the job with the
highest income is the principal
occupation. In cases where the
number of hours worked and the
income earned from each job are the
same, the job at which he was
working for the longest period of time
is considered as the principal
occupation.
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6.7 Industri 6.7 Industry
Pengelasan industri merujuk kepada
yang berkaitan dengan pekerjaan
utama. Mulai 2010, industri
dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian
Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia (MSIC)
2008 berasaskan kepada
International Standard Industrial
Classification of All Economic
Activities (ISIC), Revision 4. Kategori
industri adalah seperti berikut:
Classification of industry refers to the
principal occupation. Starting from
2010, industry is classified according
to the Malaysian Standard Industrial
Classification (MSIC) 2008 based on
the International Standard Industrial
Classification of All Economic
Activities (ISIC), Revision 4. The
category of industries are as follows:
A Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan/Agriculture, forestry and fishing
B Perlombongan dan pengkuarian/Mining and quarrying
C Pembuatan/Manufacturing
D Bekalan elektrik, gas,wap dan pendingin udara/Electricity, gas, steam
and air conditioning supply
E Bekalan air; pembetungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan/
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
F Pembinaan/Construction
G Perdagangan borong dan runcit; pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal/
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
H Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan/Transportation and storage
I Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman/
Accommodation and food service activities
J Maklumat dan komunikasi/Information and communication
K Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful/Financial and insurance/takaful activities
L Aktiviti hartanah/Real estate activities
M Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal/Professional, scientific and
technical activities
N Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan/Administrative and support
services activities
O Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib/
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
P Pendidikan/Education
Q Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial/Human health and
social work activities
R Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi/Arts, entertainment and recreation
S Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain/Other service activities
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7. RANGKA PENSAMPELAN 7. SAMPLING FRAME
7.1 Rangka pensampelan bagi
Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga Sektor
informal adalah daripada Rangka
Pensampelan Isi Rumah Kebangsaan
(RPIK) yang terdiri daripada Blok
Penghitungan (BP) yang diwujudkan
untuk Banci Penduduk dan
Perumahan 2010. BP ialah satu
kawasan muka bumi yang diwujudkan
secara rekaan dan biasanya
mempunyai sempadan tertentu.
Secara puratanya, setiap BP
mengandungi 80 hingga 120 tempat
kediaman. Pada amnya, kesemua BP
dibentuk di dalam lingkungan
sempadan yang diwartakan iaitu di
dalam daerah pentadbiran, mukim
atau pihak berkuasa tempatan.
7.1 The frame used for the Informal Sector
Work Force Survey is from the
National Household Sampling Frame
(NHSF) which is made up of
Enumeration Block (EB) created for
Population and Housing Census 2010.
EBs are geographically contiguous
areas of land that is created with
identifiable boundaries.
On average, each EBs contains about
80 to 120 living quarters. Generally,
all EBs are formed within the gazetted
boundaries i.e. within administrative
district, mukim or local authority
areas.
7.2 BP dalam rangka pensampelan juga
dikelaskan mengikut kawasan bandar
dan luar bandar. Kawasan bandar
ditakrifkan sebagaimana yang telah
digunakan bagi Banci Penduduk dan
Perumahan 2010. Kawasan bandar
ialah kawasan yang diwartakan serta
kawasan tepu bina yang
bersempadan dengannya dan
gabungan kedua-dua kawasan ini
mempunyai penduduk seramai
10,000 orang atau lebih semasa Banci
7.2 The EBs in the sampling frame is also
classified by urban and rural areas.
Urban areas are as defined in the
2010 Population and Housing Census.
Urban areas are gazetted areas with
their adjoining built-up areas which
have a combine population of 10,000
or more at the time of the 2010
Population and Housing Census. All
other gazetted areas with a
population of less than 10,000 persons
and non-gazetted areas are classified
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Penduduk dan Perumahan 2010.
Kawasan selainnya yang diwartakan
dan mempunyai jumlah penduduk
kurang daripada 10,000 orang serta
kawasan yang tidak diwartakan,
dikelaskan sebagai luar bandar.
Kawasan tepu bina ditakrifkan sebagai
kawasan yang terletak bersebelahan
kawasan yang diwartakan dan
mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya 60
peratus penduduk (berumur 15 tahun
dan lebih) yang terlibat dalam aktiviti
bukan pertanian.
as rural.
Built-up areas are defined as areas
contiguous to a gazetted area and has
at least 60 per cent of their population
(age 15 years and over) engaged in
non-agricultural activities.
7.3 Pengelasan kawasan mengikut strata
adalah seperti berikut:
7.3 The classification of areas by
stratum is as follows:
Strata Sratum
Bilangan penduduk Number of Population
(i) Metropolitan Metropolitan
75,000 dan lebih 75,000 and over
(ii) Bandar besar Urban large
10,000 hingga 74,999 10,000 to 74,999
(iii) Bandar kecil Urban small
1,000 hingga 9,999 1,000 to 9,999
(iv) Luar Bandar Rural
Kawasan selebihnya All other areas
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7.4 Bagi tujuan pensampelan, pengelasan
yang luas seperti di atas adalah
memadai untuk semua negeri di
Malaysia. Walau bagaimanapun, bagi
Sabah dan Sarawak, memandangkan
masalah kesukaran untuk akses ke
kawasan pedalaman, strata luar
bandar dibahagikan lebih lanjut
berdasarkan kepada jangka waktu
yang diambil untuk sampai ke sesuatu
tempat dari pusat bandar yang
terdekat.
7.4 For sampling purposes, the above
broad classification is found adequate
for all states in Malaysia. However,
due to problems of accessibility
for Sabah and Sarawak, the rural
stratum has to be sub stratified based
on the time taken to reach the area
from the nearest urban centre.
7.5 Bagi tujuan analisis bandar/luar
bandar, strata dicantum seperti
berikut:
Bandar = Metropolitan + Bandar
besar
Luar = Bandar kecil + Luar
Bandar Bandar
7.5 For the purposes of urban/rural
analysis, the stratum are collapsed as
follow:
Urban = Metropolitan + Urban
large
Rural = Urban small + Rural
8. REKA BENTUK PENSAMPELAN 8. DESIGN OF SAMPLING
8.1
Reka bentuk pensampelan berstrata
dua peringkat telah digunakan.
Terdapat dua peringkat strata iaitu:
Strata utama:
Terdiri daripada negeri-negeri
di Malaysia.
Strata kedua:
Terdiri daripada strata bandar
dan luar bandar dan dibentuk
di dalam strata utama.
8.1
A stratified multi-stage sampling
design is adapted. There are two
levels of stratification that is:
Primary stratum:
Made up of the states in
Malaysia.
Secondary stratum:
Made up of the urban and rural
stratum and formed within the
primary stratum.
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8.2 Sampel telah dipilih secara bebas bagi
setiap peringkat pada strata kedua.
Unit pensampelan peringkat pertama
ialah BP, sementara unit peringkat
kedua ialah tempat kediaman (TK) di
dalam BP tersebut. TK terpilih
meliputi kesemua isi rumah dan orang
yang tinggal di dalamnya. Di setiap
peringkat pemilihan, unit telah dipilih
secara sistematik dengan
kebarangkalian yang sama dalam
strata kedua.
8.2 Samples are drawn independently
within each level of the secondary
stratum. The first stage units of
sample selection are the EBs while the
second stage units are the living
quarters (LQs) within the EBs. All
household and person within the
selected LQs are canvassed. At every
stage of selection, the units are
selected systematically with equal
probability within each level of the
secondary stratum.
9. SAIZ SAMPEL 9. SAMPLE SIZE
Saiz sampel dalam Penyiasatan Guna
Tenaga Sektor Informal adalah seperti
berikut:
The sample size in the Informal Sector
Work Force Survey are as follows:
Negeri
State
Bilangan BP terpilih
Numbers of selected
EBs
Bilangan TK terpilih
Numbers of selected
LQs
2012 2012
Johor 534 3,945
Kedah 438 3,231
Kelantan 498 3,948
Melaka 444 3,597
Negeri Sembilan 402 3,286
Pahang 498 3,698
Perak 540 3,955
Perlis 300 2,370
Pulau Pinang 378 2,842
Sabah 552 4,134
Sarawak 396 2,841
Selangor 600 4,656
Terengganu 348 2,791
W.P. Kuala Lumpur 246 1,817
W.P. Labuan 78 1,234
W.P. Putrajaya 72 1,143
Malaysia 6,324 49,488
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10. PROSEDUR PENGANGGARAN 10. ESTIMATION PROCEDURE
10.1 Maklumat sektor informal yang
dikutip melalui Penyiasatan Tenaga
Buruh dianggarkan menggunakan
prosedur penganggaran yang sama.
Teknik anggaran nisbah bergabung
(adjusted weight dan faktor
penduduk) digunakan untuk
mendapatkan anggaran sesuatu ciri
tertentu bagi populasi penyiasatan.
Faktor penduduk menggunakan
anggaran penduduk separuh tahun
kedua mengikut kumpulan umur,
jantina, etnik dan negeri sebagai
penanda aras.
10.1 The information of informal sector
collected through the Labour Force
Survey was estimated by using the
same estimation procedures. The
combine ratio estimate technique
(adjusted weight and population factor)
was used to obtain the estimates of
specific characteristics in the survey
population. Population factor uses
population estimate second half of the
year by age group, sex, ethnic and state
as benchmarks.
10.2 Perlu diambil perhatian bahawa tiada
pengubahsuaian dilakukan untuk
mengasingkan penduduk institusi
daripada anggaran penduduk
walaupun Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga
Sektor Informal tidak meliputi
penduduk institusi. Penduduk institusi
dianggarkan lebih kurang tiga peratus
jumlah penduduk berasaskan Banci
Penduduk dan Perumahan 2010.
10.2 It should be noted that no attempt was
made to adjust for the exclusion of the
institutional population from the
population estimates although the
Informal Sector Work Force Survey did
not cover the institutional population.
The institutional population was
estimated to comprise around three per
cent of the total population based on
the 2010 Population and Housing
Census.
11. KEPERSISAN DATA 11. DATA PRECISION
11.1 Memandangkan anggaran
penyiasatan adalah berdasarkan
kepada penyiasatan sampel, ia adalah
11.1 Since the survey estimates are based on
a sample survey, they are subjected to
sampling and non-sampling errors.
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tertakluk kepada ralat pensampelan
dan bukan pensampelan.
(i) Ralat pensampelan (i) Sampling Errors
Ralat pensampelan berpunca
daripada anggaran data yang
dibuat berasaskan sampel
berkebarangkalian, bukan
berdasarkan banci. Ralat ini dalam
statistik dikenali sebagai ralat piawai
relatif dan kerap ditandakan sebagai
RSE dan diberikan dalam peratusan.
Ralat ini digunakan sebagai penunjuk
kepada kepersisan anggaran
parameter yang dikaji. Dengan kata
lain, ia boleh memberi gambaran
tentang tahap variasi anggaran
penyiasatan berbanding dengan lain-
lain anggaran yang berdasarkan
pemilihan sampel.
Sampling error is a result of estimating
data based on a probability sampling,
not on census. Such error in statistics is
termed as relative standard error and
often denoted as RSE and is given in
percentage. This error is an indication
to the precision of the parameter under
study. In other words, it reflects the
extent of variation with other sample-
based estimates
(ii) Ralat bukan pensampelan (ii) Non-sampling errors
Bagi memastikan kualiti data berada
pada tahap yang tinggi, langkah-
langkah telah diambil untuk
meminimumkan ralat bukan
pensampelan. Berbeza dengan ralat
pensampelan, ralat ini tidak boleh
diukur dan hanya boleh diatasi
melalui beberapa langkah
pentadbiran. Ralat ini boleh berpunca
daripada liputan penyiasatan yang
tidak lengkap, kelemahan rangka,
To ensure high quality data, several
steps were taken to minimise non-
sampling errors. Unlike sampling error,
these errors cannot be measured and
can only be overcome through several
administrative procedures. These errors
can arise as a result of incomplete
survey coverage, weakness in the
frame, poor feedback, non-response
and processing errors such as during
editing, coding and data capture.
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ralat maklum balas, ralat tiada
sambutan, kesilapan semasa prosesan
seperti di peringkat penyuntingan,
pengekodan dan tangkapan data.
Ralat maklum balas boleh berlaku
disebabkan kesukaran dan perbezaan
dalam tafsiran soalan, sama ada
daripada penemu ramah ataupun
responden. Bagi meminimumkan ralat
ini, latihan intensif kepada penyelia
dan penemu ramah telah dijalankan.
Di samping itu, semakan rambang
juga dijalankan ke atas isi rumah yang
telah diliputi oleh penemu ramah
untuk memastikan kesahihan
maklum balas yang dicatatkan. Untuk
memastikan liputan penyiasatan yang
menyeluruh, rangka sampel
dikemaskini dan tempat kediaman
telah dipilih selepas penyenaraian BP
dijalankan.
Berhubung dengan ralat
penyuntingan dan prosesan,
beberapa peringkat semakan
konsistensi telah dilaksanakan sama
ada secara manual atau berkomputer
bagi memastikan penghasilan data
yang bermutu dan boleh diterima
pakai.
Response error can occur due to
difference and difficulty in interpreting
questions, either by the enumerator or
respondent. To minimize this error,
intensive training was conducted for the
enumerators as well as supervisors. In
addition, random checks were carried
out on households that were already
canvassed by the enumerators to
ensure the validity of the information
recorded. To ensure the completeness
of the survey coverage, the sampling
frame is frequently updated and the
living quarters were selected after the
EBs listing exercise.
With regards to editing and processing
errors, several consistency checks were
done, either manually or computerized,
to ensure the quality and acceptability
of the data produced.
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12. PEMBUNDARAN ANGGARAN 12. ROUNDING OF ESTIMATES
Hasil tambah bagi sesuatu kategori
mungkin tidak sentiasa sama dengan
jumlah yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual
yang berkaitan kerana pembundaran
secara bebas kepada satu titik
perpuluhan. Walau bagaimanapun,
perbezaan ini adalah tidak ketara.
The sum of individual figures may not
always equal to the totals shown in
related tables because of independent
rounding to one decimal place.
Differences however are insignificant.
13. NOTA DAN SIMBOL 13. NOTE AND SYMBOL
W. P. Wilayah Persekutuan W. P. Wilayah Persekutuan
-
JADUAL RALAT PIAWAI RELATIF
RELATIVE STANDARD ERROR TABLES
-
Pekerjaan
Bilangan penduduk
bekerja dalam sektor
informal
Occupation Number of employed
person in the informal
sector
Nilai relatif
Relative value
Nilai mutlak
Absolute value
(%)
Pengurus 16,424 13.88 2,280 11,955 - 20,893
Managers
Profesional 22,890 14.00 3,204 16,609 - 29,171
Professionals
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu 41,996 9.22 3,870 34,411 - 49,582
Technicians and associate professionals
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian 5,166 24.59 1,270 2,677 - 7,656
Clerical support workers
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan 371,638 3.35 12,466 347,205 - 396,071
Service and sales workers
Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang
berkaitan
378,709 3.34 12,641 353,931 - 403,486
Craft and related trades workers
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang 56,965 9.51 5,417 46,347 - 67,583
Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
Pekerjaan asas 150,191 6.33 9,512 131,548 - 168,834
Elementary occupations
Jumlah 1,043,979 2.23 23,321 998,269 - 1,089,689
Total
41
Jadual S1: Ralat piawai relatif bagi anggaran penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012
Table S1: Relative standard error of estimate for employed person in the informal sector by occupation, Malaysia, 2012
Ralat piawai bagi anggaran
Standard error of estimate
Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam
sektor informal pada 95 peratus selang
keyakinan
Number of employed person in the
informal sector at 95 per cent
confidence interval
-
Industri
Bilangan penduduk
bekerja dalam sektor
informal
Industry Number of employed
person in the informal
sector
Nilai relatif
Relative value
Nilai mutlak
Absolute value
(%)
Pembuatan 161,723 5.47 8,843 144,391 - 179,055Manufacturing
Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan
aktiviti pemulihan
7,998 23.14 1,851 4,371 - 11,625
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and
remediation activities
Pembinaan 261,666 4.69 12,273 237,610 - 285,722Construction
Perdagangan borong dan runcit, pembaikan
kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal
195,497 5.45 10,657 174,608-
216,386
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicle
and motorcycles
Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan 39,622 9.61 3,809 32,156 - 47,088Transportation and storage
Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan
dan minuman
134,631 5.60 7,544 119,844 - 149,418
Accommodation and food services activities
Maklumat dan komunikasi 4,705 28.99 1,364 2,031 - 7,379Information and communication
42
Jadual S2: Ralat piawai relatif bagi anggaran penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012
Ralat piawai bagi anggaran
Standard error of estimate
Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam
sektor informal pada 95 peratus selang
keyakinan
Number of employed person in the
informal sector at 95 per cent
confidence interval
Table S2: Relative standard error of estimate for employed person in the informal sector by industry, Malaysia, 2012
-
Industri
Bilangan penduduk
bekerja dalam sektor
informal
Industry Number of employed
person in the informal
sector
Nilai relatif
Relative value
Nilai mutlak
Absolute value
(%)
Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful 7,889 20.81 1,642 4,671 - 11,107Financial and insurance/takaful activities
Aktiviti hartanah 5,700 24.34 1,387 2,981 - 8,419Real estate activities
Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal 11,898 18.81 2,238 7,512 - 16,284Professional, scientific and technical activities
Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan 53,971 6.99 3,773 46,576 - 61,366Administrative and support service activities
Pendidikan 17,038 14.79 2,519 12,100 - 21,976Education
Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial 105,965 5.64 5,976 94,252 - 117,678Human health and social work activities
Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi 5,145 26.64 1,370 2,459 - 7,831Arts, entertainment and recreation
Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain 30,533 10.68 3,260 24,144 - 36,922Other services activities
Jumlah 1,043,979 2.23 23,321 998,269 - 1,089,689Total
43
Jadual S2: Ralat piawai relatif bagi anggaran penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)
Table S2: Relative standard error of estimate for employed person in the informal sector by industry, Malaysia, 2012
Ralat piawai bagi anggaran
Standard error of estimate
Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam
sektor informal pada 95 peratus selang
keyakinan
Number of employed person in the