Krashen’s Hypotheses aboutSecond language Acquisition
YL-TESOL
Krashen’s 5 Hypotheses
Acquisition-Learning HypothesisThe Affective Filter Hypothesis
The Natural Order Hypothesis
Monitor Hypothesis Input Hypothesis
KRASHEN’S INPUT HYPOTHESIS
Krashen’s InputHypothesis Language is best acquired when language input
(listening or reading) is one level beyond his or her current level of competence. (i +1)
Languagelearner
i + 1i + 1
booksbooks
the teacher
the teacher
other students
other students
moviesmovies
the student’scurrent
languagelevel
+ 1
the student’scurrent
languagelevel
What studentsalready know
What teachersshould provide
The Input Hypothesis
The Input Hypothesis
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3
The Input Hypothesis (Bad examples)
i+ 5
Not building on previous experiences
Too much new content(learner overload)
known
known
input + 1
input + 1
overload
overload
KRASHEN’S NATURAL ORDER HYPOTHESIS
The Natural Order Hypothesis
PROGRESSIVE (+ing)PLURAL (n.+ s)IRREGULAR PAST
PROGRESSIVE (+ing)PLURAL (n.+ s)IRREGULAR PAST
POSSESSIVE (+‘s)COPULA (be + n./adj.)POSSESSIVE (+‘s)COPULA (be + n./adj.)
ARTICLE (a, the)REGULAR PASTARTICLE (a, the)REGULAR PAST
3RD PERSON SINGULAR (v.+ s)AUXILIARY (be + verbs)3RD PERSON SINGULAR (v.+ s)AUXILIARY (be + verbs)
KRASHEN’S AFFECTIVE FILTER HYPOTHESIS
Krashen’s Affective Filter Hypothesis
Krashen’s Affective Filter Hypothesis
Language is acquired best in an environment where anxiety and defensiveness are low.
Affective Filter
Languagelearner
I + 1
BooksBooks
The teacher
The teacher
Other students
Other students
moviesmovies
(Affective Filter)
an
ge
r
fea
rnerv
ou
snes
s
bore
do
m
KRASHEN’S ACQUISITION-LEARNING HYPOTHESIS
Sub-conscious learningLearning from experiences:books, movies, games, toys, conversations, and so on.
Language AcquisitionKnowing through languagePicking up wordsTrying to ask for thingsTalking about experiences
Knowing about language
Know grammar rulesMemorized word lists
Can describe language
Conscious learningLearning rules
Grammar instructionError correction
Language Learning
Sub-conscious learningLearning from experiences:books, movies, games, toys, conversations, and so on.
Language Acquisition
Knowing through languagePicking up wordsTrying to ask for thingsTalking about experiences
L1
Language Learning
Knowing about language
Know grammar rulesMemorized word lists
Can describe language
Conscious learningLearning rules
Grammar instructionError correction
L2
KRASHEN’S MONITOR HYPOTHESIS
Krashen’s Monitor Hypothesis Language learners monitor their communication
and correct minor errors based on what they know about the language.
Languagelearner
inputinput
learned rules and grammar outputoutput
1 2
TheEnd