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WHOWEARE WHATWEDO WHEREWEWORK WAR&LAW SUPPORTUS RESOURCECENTREConvention(III)relativetotheTreatmentofPrisonersofWar.Geneva,12August1949.
Preamble
TheundersignedPlenipotentiariesoftheGovernmentsrepresentedattheDiplomaticConferenceheldatGenevafromApril21toAugust12,1949,forthepurposeofrevisingtheConventionconcludedatGenevaonJuly27,1929,relativetotheTreatmentofPrisonersofWar,haveagreedasfollows:
PartI.GeneralProvisions
Art1.TheHighContractingPartiesundertaketorespectandtoensurerespectforthepresentConventioninallcircumstances.
Art2.Inadditiontotheprovisionswhichshallbeimplementedinpeacetime,thepresentConventionshallapplytoallcasesofdeclaredwarorofanyotherarmedconflictwhichmayarisebetweentwoormoreoftheHighContractingParties,evenifthestateofwarisnotrecognizedbyoneofthem.
TheConventionshallalsoapplytoallcasesofpartialortotaloccupationoftheterritoryofaHighContractingParty,evenifthesaidoccupationmeetswithnoarmedresistance.
AlthoughoneofthePowersinconflictmaynotbeapartytothepresentConvention,thePowerswhoarepartiestheretoshallremainboundbyitintheirmutualrelations.TheyshallfurthermorebeboundbytheConventioninrelationtothesaidPower,ifthelatteracceptsandappliestheprovisionsthereof.
Art3.InthecaseofarmedconflictnotofaninternationalcharacteroccurringintheterritoryofoneoftheHighContractingParties,eachPartytotheconflictshallbeboundtoapply,asaminimum,thefollowingprovisions:(1)Personstakingnoactivepartinthehostilities,includingmembersofarmedforceswhohavelaiddowntheirarmsandthoseplacedhorsdecombatbysickness,wounds,detention,oranyothercause,shallinallcircumstancesbetreatedhumanely,withoutanyadversedistinctionfoundedonrace,colour,religionorfaith,sex,birthorwealth,oranyothersimilarcriteria.Tothisendthefollowingactsareandshallremainprohibitedatanytimeandinanyplacewhatsoeverwithrespecttotheabovementionedpersons:(a)violencetolifeandperson,inparticularmurderofallkinds,mutilation,crueltreatmentandtorture(b)takingofhostages(c)outragesuponpersonaldignity,inparticular,humiliatinganddegradingtreatment(d)thepassingofsentencesandthecarryingoutofexecutionswithoutpreviousjudgmentpronouncedbyaregularlyconstitutedcourtaffordingallthejudicialguaranteeswhicharerecognizedasindispensablebycivilizedpeoples.(2)Thewoundedandsickshallbecollectedandcaredfor.Animpartialhumanitarianbody,suchastheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross,mayofferitsservicestothePartiestotheconflict.
ThePartiestotheconflictshouldfurtherendeavourtobringintoforce,bymeansofspecialagreements,allorpartoftheotherprovisionsofthepresentConvention.
TheapplicationoftheprecedingprovisionsshallnotaffectthelegalstatusofthePartiestotheconflict.
Art4.A.Prisonersofwar,inthesenseofthepresentConvention,arepersonsbelongingtooneofthefollowingcategories,whohavefallenintothepoweroftheenemy:(1)MembersofthearmedforcesofaPartytotheconflict,aswellasmembersofmilitiasorvolunteercorpsformingpartofsucharmedforces.
(2)Membersofothermilitiasandmembersofothervolunteercorps,includingthoseoforganizedresistancemovements,belongingtoaPartytotheconflictandoperatinginoroutsidetheirown
Franais
TREATIESANDSTATESPARTIESTOSUCHTREATIES QUICKACCESS CONTACT DONATE
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territory,evenifthisterritoryisoccupied,providedthatsuchmilitiasorvolunteercorps,includingsuchorganizedresistancemovements,fulfilthefollowingconditions:(a)thatofbeingcommandedbyapersonresponsibleforhissubordinates(b)thatofhavingafixeddistinctivesignrecognizableatadistance(c)thatofcarryingarmsopenly(d)thatofconductingtheiroperationsinaccordancewiththelawsandcustomsofwar.
(3)MembersofregulararmedforceswhoprofessallegiancetoagovernmentoranauthoritynotrecognizedbytheDetainingPower.
(4)Personswhoaccompanythearmedforceswithoutactuallybeingmembersthereof,suchascivilianmembersofmilitaryaircraftcrews,warcorrespondents,supplycontractors,membersoflabourunitsorofservicesresponsibleforthewelfareofthearmedforces,providedthattheyhavereceivedauthorization,fromthearmedforceswhichtheyaccompany,whoshallprovidethemforthatpurposewithanidentitycardsimilartotheannexedmodel.
(5)Membersofcrews,includingmasters,pilotsandapprentices,ofthemerchantmarineandthecrewsofcivilaircraftofthePartiestotheconflict,whodonotbenefitbymorefavourabletreatmentunderanyotherprovisionsofinternationallaw.
(6)Inhabitantsofanonoccupiedterritory,whoontheapproachoftheenemyspontaneouslytakeuparmstoresisttheinvadingforces,withouthavinghadtimetoformthemselvesintoregulararmedunits,providedtheycarryarmsopenlyandrespectthelawsandcustomsofwar.
B.ThefollowingshalllikewisebetreatedasprisonersofwarunderthepresentConvention:(1)Personsbelonging,orhavingbelonged,tothearmedforcesoftheoccupiedcountry,iftheoccupyingPowerconsidersitnecessarybyreasonofsuchallegiancetointernthem,eventhoughithasoriginallyliberatedthemwhilehostilitiesweregoingonoutsidetheterritoryitoccupies,inparticularwheresuchpersonshavemadeanunsuccessfulattempttorejointhearmedforcestowhichtheybelongandwhichareengagedincombat,orwheretheyfailtocomplywithasummonsmadetothemwithaviewtointernment.
(2)ThepersonsbelongingtooneofthecategoriesenumeratedinthepresentArticle,whohavebeenreceivedbyneutralornonbelligerentPowersontheirterritoryandwhomthesePowersarerequiredtointernunderinternationallaw,withoutprejudicetoanymorefavourabletreatmentwhichthesePowersmaychoosetogiveandwiththeexceptionofArticles8,10,15,30,fifthparagraph,5867,92,126and,wherediplomaticrelationsexistbetweenthePartiestotheconflictandtheneutralornonbelligerentPowerconcerned,thoseArticlesconcerningtheProtectingPower.Wheresuchdiplomaticrelationsexist,thePartiestoaconflictonwhomthesepersonsdependshallbeallowedtoperformtowardsthemthefunctionsofaProtectingPowerasprovidedinthepresentConvention,withoutprejudicetothefunctionswhichthesePartiesnormallyexerciseinconformitywithdiplomaticandconsularusageandtreaties.
C.ThisArticleshallinnowayaffectthestatusofmedicalpersonnelandchaplainsasprovidedforinArticle33ofthepresentConvention.
Art5.ThepresentConventionshallapplytothepersonsreferredtoinArticle4fromthetimetheyfallintothepoweroftheenemyanduntiltheirfinalreleaseandrepatriation.
Shouldanydoubtariseastowhetherpersons,havingcommittedabelligerentactandhavingfallenintothehandsoftheenemy,belongtoanyofthecategoriesenumeratedinArticle4,suchpersonsshallenjoytheprotectionofthepresentConventionuntilsuchtimeastheirstatushasbeendeterminedbyacompetenttribunal.
Art6.InadditiontotheagreementsexpresslyprovidedforinArticles10,23,28,33,60,65,66,67,72,73,75,109,110,118,119,122and132,theHighContractingPartiesmayconcludeotherspecialagreementsforallmattersconcerningwhichtheymaydeemitsuitabletomakeseparateprovision.Nospecialagreementshalladverselyaffectthesituationofprisonersofwar,asdefinedbythepresentConvention,norrestricttherightswhichitconfersuponthem.
PrisonersofwarshallcontinuetohavethebenefitofsuchagreementsaslongastheConventionisapplicabletothem,exceptwhereexpressprovisionstothecontraryarecontainedintheaforesaidorinsubsequentagreements,orwheremorefavourablemeasureshavebeentakenwithregardtothembyoneorotherofthePartiestotheconflict.
Art7.PrisonersofwarmayinnocircumstancesrenounceinpartorinentiretytherightssecuredtothembythepresentConvention,andbythespecialagreementsreferredtointheforegoingArticle,ifsuchtherebe.
Art8.ThepresentConventionshallbeappliedwiththecooperationandunderthescrutinyoftheProtectingPowerswhosedutyitistosafeguardtheinterestsofthePartiestotheconflict.Forthispurpose,theProtectingPowersmayappoint,apartfromtheirdiplomaticorconsularstaff,delegatesfromamongsttheirownnationalsorthenationalsofotherneutralPowers.ThesaiddelegatesshallbesubjecttotheapprovalofthePowerwithwhichtheyaretocarryouttheirduties.
ThePartiestotheconflictshallfacilitatetothegreatestextentpossiblethetaskofthe
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representativesordelegatesoftheProtectingPowers.
TherepresentativesordelegatesoftheProtectingPowersshallnotinanycaseexceedtheirmissionunderthepresentConvention.Theyshall,inparticular,takeaccountoftheimperativenecessitiesofsecurityoftheStatewhereintheycarryouttheirduties.
Art9.TheprovisionsofthepresentConventionconstitutenoobstacletothehumanitarianactivitieswhichtheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossoranyotherimpartialhumanitarianorganizationmay,subjecttotheconsentofthePartiestotheconflictconcerned,undertakefortheprotectionofprisonersofwarandfortheirrelief.
Art10.TheHighContractingPartiesmayatanytimeagreetoentrusttoanorganizationwhichoffersallguaranteesofimpartialityandefficacythedutiesincumbentontheProtectingPowersbyvirtueofthepresentConvention.
Whenprisonersofwardonotbenefitorceasetobenefit,nomatterforwhatreason,bytheactivitiesofaProtectingPowerorofanorganizationprovidedforinthefirstparagraphabove,theDetainingPowershallrequestaneutralState,orsuchanorganization,toundertakethefunctionsperformedunderthepresentConventionbyaProtectingPowerdesignatedbythePartiestoaconflict.
Ifprotectioncannotbearrangedaccordingly,theDetainingPowershallrequestorshallaccept,subjecttotheprovisionsofthisArticle,theofferoftheservicesofahumanitarianorganization,suchastheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrosstoassumethehumanitarianfunctionsperformedbyProtectingPowersunderthepresentConvention.
AnyneutralPoweroranyorganizationinvitedbythePowerconcernedorofferingitselfforthesepurposes,shallberequiredtoactwithasenseofresponsibilitytowardsthePartytotheconflictonwhichpersonsprotectedbythepresentConventiondepend,andshallberequiredtofurnishsufficientassurancesthatitisinapositiontoundertaketheappropriatefunctionsandtodischargethemimpartially.
NoderogationfromtheprecedingprovisionsshallbemadebyspecialagreementsbetweenPowersoneofwhichisrestricted,eventemporarily,initsfreedomtonegotiatewiththeotherPoweroritsalliesbyreasonofmilitaryevents,moreparticularlywherethewhole,orasubstantialpart,oftheterritoryofthesaidPowerisoccupied.
WheneverinthepresentConventionmentionismadeofaProtectingPower,suchmentionappliestosubstituteorganizationsinthesenseofthepresentArticle.
Art11.Incaseswheretheydeemitadvisableintheinterestofprotectedpersons,particularlyincasesofdisagreementbetweenthePartiestotheconflictastotheapplicationorinterpretationoftheprovisionsofthepresentConvention,theProtectingPowersshalllendtheirgoodofficeswithaviewtosettlingthedisagreement.
Forthispurpose,eachoftheProtectingPowersmay,eitherattheinvitationofonePartyoronitsowninitiative,proposetothePartiestotheconflictameetingoftheirrepresentatives,andinparticularoftheauthoritiesresponsibleforprisonersofwar,possiblyonneutralterritorysuitablychosen.ThePartiestotheconflictshallbeboundtogiveeffecttotheproposalsmadetothemforthispurpose.TheProtectingPowersmay,ifnecessary,proposeforapprovalbythePartiestotheconflictapersonbelongingtoaneutralPower,ordelegatedbytheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross,whoshallbeinvitedtotakepartinsuchameeting.
PartII.GeneralProtectionofPrisonersofWar
Art12.PrisonersofwarareinthehandsoftheenemyPower,butnotoftheindividualsormilitaryunitswhohavecapturedthem.Irrespectiveoftheindividualresponsibilitiesthatmayexist,theDetainingPowerisresponsibleforthetreatmentgiventhem.
PrisonersofwarmayonlybetransferredbytheDetainingPowertoaPowerwhichisapartytotheConventionandaftertheDetainingPowerhassatisfieditselfofthewillingnessandabilityofsuchtransfereePowertoapplytheConvention.Whenprisonersofwararetransferredundersuchcircumstances,responsibilityfortheapplicationoftheConventionrestsonthePoweracceptingthemwhiletheyareinitscustody.
Nevertheless,ifthatPowerfailstocarryouttheprovisionsoftheConventioninanyimportantrespect,thePowerbywhomtheprisonersofwarweretransferredshall,uponbeingnotifiedbytheProtectingPower,takeeffectivemeasurestocorrectthesituationorshallrequestthereturnoftheprisonersofwar.Suchrequestsmustbecompliedwith.
Art13.Prisonersofwarmustatalltimesbehumanelytreated.AnyunlawfulactoromissionbytheDetainingPowercausingdeathorseriouslyendangeringthehealthofaprisonerofwarinitscustodyisprohibited,andwillberegardedasaseriousbreachofthepresentConvention.Inparticular,noprisonerofwarmaybesubjectedtophysicalmutilationortomedicalorscientificexperimentsofanykindwhicharenotjustifiedbythemedical,dentalorhospitaltreatmentoftheprisonerconcernedandcarriedoutinhisinterest.
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Likewise,prisonersofwarmustatalltimesbeprotected,particularlyagainstactsofviolenceorintimidationandagainstinsultsandpubliccuriosity.
Measuresofreprisalagainstprisonersofwarareprohibited.
Art14.Prisonersofwarareentitledinallcircumstancestorespectfortheirpersonsandtheirhonour.
Womenshallbetreatedwithalltheregardduetotheirsexandshallinallcasesbenefitbytreatmentasfavourableasthatgrantedtomen.
Prisonersofwarshallretainthefullcivilcapacitywhichtheyenjoyedatthetimeoftheircapture.TheDetainingPowermaynotrestricttheexercise,eitherwithinorwithoutitsownterritory,oftherightssuchcapacityconfersexceptinsofarasthecaptivityrequires.
Art15.ThePowerdetainingprisonersofwarshallbeboundtoprovidefreeofchargefortheirmaintenanceandforthemedicalattentionrequiredbytheirstateofhealth.
Art16.TakingintoconsiderationtheprovisionsofthepresentConventionrelatingtorankandsex,andsubjecttoanyprivilegedtreatmentwhichmaybeaccordedtothembyreasonoftheirstateofhealth,ageorprofessionalqualifications,allprisonersofwarshallbetreatedalikebytheDetainingPower,withoutanyadversedistinctionbasedonrace,nationality,religiousbelieforpoliticalopinions,oranyotherdistinctionfoundedonsimilarcriteria.
PartIII.Captivity
Section1.BeginningofCaptivity
Art17.Everyprisonerofwar,whenquestionedonthesubject,isboundtogiveonlyhissurname,firstnamesandrank,dateofbirth,andarmy,regimental,personalorserialnumber,orfailingthis,equivalentinformation.
Ifhewilfullyinfringesthisrule,hemayrenderhimselfliabletoarestrictionoftheprivilegesaccordedtohisrankorstatus.
EachPartytoaconflictisrequiredtofurnishthepersonsunderitsjurisdictionwhoareliabletobecomeprisonersofwar,withanidentitycardshowingtheowner'ssurname,firstnames,rank,army,regimental,personalorserialnumberorequivalentinformation,anddateofbirth.Theidentitycardmay,furthermore,bearthesignatureorthefingerprints,orboth,oftheowner,andmaybear,aswell,anyotherinformationthePartytotheconflictmaywishtoaddconcerningpersonsbelongingtoitsarmedforces.Asfaraspossiblethecardshallmeasure6.5x10cm.andshallbeissuedinduplicate.Theidentitycardshallbeshownbytheprisonerofwarupondemand,butmayinnocasebetakenawayfromhim.
Nophysicalormentaltorture,noranyotherformofcoercion,maybeinflictedonprisonersofwartosecurefromtheminformationofanykindwhatever.Prisonersofwarwhorefusetoanswermaynotbethreatened,insulted,orexposedtounpleasantordisadvantageoustreatmentofanykind.
Prisonersofwarwho,owingtotheirphysicalormentalcondition,areunabletostatetheiridentity,shallbehandedovertothemedicalservice.Theidentityofsuchprisonersshallbeestablishedbyallpossiblemeans,subjecttotheprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraph.
Thequestioningofprisonersofwarshallbecarriedoutinalanguagewhichtheyunderstand.
Art18.Alleffectsandarticlesofpersonaluse,exceptarms,horses,militaryequipmentandmilitarydocuments,shallremaininthepossessionofprisonersofwar,likewisetheirmetalhelmetsandgasmasksandlikearticlesissuedforpersonalprotection.Effectsandarticlesusedfortheirclothingorfeedingshalllikewiseremainintheirpossession,evenifsucheffectsandarticlesbelongtotheirregulationmilitaryequipment.
Atnotimeshouldprisonersofwarbewithoutidentitydocuments.TheDetainingPowershallsupplysuchdocumentstoprisonersofwarwhopossessnone.
Badgesofrankandnationality,decorationsandarticleshavingaboveallapersonalorsentimentalvaluemaynotbetakenfromprisonersofwar.
Sumsofmoneycarriedbyprisonersofwarmaynotbetakenawayfromthemexceptbyorderofanofficer,andaftertheamountandparticularsoftheownerhavebeenrecordedinaspecialregisterandanitemizedreceipthasbeengiven,legiblyinscribedwiththename,rankandunitofthepersonissuingthesaidreceipt.SumsinthecurrencyoftheDetainingPower,orwhicharechangedintosuchcurrencyattheprisoner'srequest,shallbeplacedtothecreditoftheprisoner'saccountasprovidedinArticle64.
TheDetainingPowermaywithdrawarticlesofvaluefromprisonersofwaronlyforreasonsofsecuritywhensucharticlesarewithdrawn,theprocedurelaiddownforsumsofmoneyimpoundedshallapply.
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Suchobjects,likewisesumstakenawayinanycurrencyotherthanthatoftheDetainingPowerandtheconversionofwhichhasnotbeenaskedforbytheowners,shallbekeptinthecustodyoftheDetainingPowerandshallbereturnedintheirinitialshapetoprisonersofwarattheendoftheircaptivity.
Art19.Prisonersofwarshallbeevacuated,assoonaspossibleaftertheircapture,tocampssituatedinanareafarenoughfromthecombatzoneforthemtobeoutofdanger.
Onlythoseprisonersofwarwho,owingtowoundsorsickness,wouldrungreaterrisksbybeingevacuatedthanbyremainingwheretheyare,maybetemporarilykeptbackinadangerzone.
Prisonersofwarshallnotbeunnecessarilyexposedtodangerwhileawaitingevacuationfromafightingzone.
Art20.TheevacuationofprisonersofwarshallalwaysbeeffectedhumanelyandinconditionssimilartothosefortheforcesoftheDetainingPowerintheirchangesofstation.
TheDetainingPowershallsupplyprisonersofwarwhoarebeingevacuatedwithsufficientfoodandpotablewater,andwiththenecessaryclothingandmedicalattention.TheDetainingPowershalltakeallsuitableprecautionstoensuretheirsafetyduringevacuation,andshallestablishassoonaspossiblealistoftheprisonersofwarwhoareevacuated.
Ifprisonersofwarmust,duringevacuation,passthroughtransitcamps,theirstayinsuchcampsshallbeasbriefaspossible.
SectionII.InternmentofPrisonersofWar
ChapterI.GeneralObservations
Art21.TheDetainingPowermaysubjectprisonersofwartointernment.Itmayimposeonthemtheobligationofnotleaving,beyondcertainlimits,thecampwheretheyareinterned,orifthesaidcampisfencedin,ofnotgoingoutsideitsperimeter.SubjecttotheprovisionsofthepresentConventionrelativetopenalanddisciplinarysanctions,prisonersofwarmaynotbeheldincloseconfinementexceptwherenecessarytosafeguardtheirhealthandthenonlyduringthecontinuationofthecircumstanceswhichmakesuchconfinementnecessary.
Prisonersofwarmaybepartiallyorwhollyreleasedonparoleorpromise,insofarasisallowedbythelawsofthePoweronwhichtheydepend.Suchmeasuresshallbetakenparticularlyincaseswherethismaycontributetotheimprovementoftheirstateofhealth.Noprisonerofwarshallbecompelledtoacceptlibertyonparoleorpromise.
Upontheoutbreakofhostilities,eachPartytotheconflictshallnotifytheadversePartyofthelawsandregulationsallowingorforbiddingitsownnationalstoacceptlibertyonparoleorpromise.Prisonersofwarwhoareparoledorwhohavegiventheirpromiseinconformitywiththelawsandregulationssonotified,areboundontheirpersonalhonourscrupulouslytofulfil,bothtowardsthePoweronwhichtheydependandtowardsthePowerwhichhascapturedthem,theengagementsoftheirparolesorpromises.Insuchcases,thePoweronwhichtheydependisboundneithertorequirenortoacceptfromthemanyserviceincompatiblewiththeparoleorpromisegiven.
Art22.Prisonersofwarmaybeinternedonlyinpremiseslocatedonlandandaffordingeveryguaranteeofhygieneandhealthfulness.Exceptinparticularcaseswhicharejustifiedbytheinterestoftheprisonersthemselves,theyshallnotbeinternedinpenitentiaries.
Prisonersofwarinternedinunhealthyareas,orwheretheclimateisinjuriousforthem,shallberemovedassoonaspossibletoamorefavourableclimate.
TheDetainingPowershallassembleprisonersofwarincampsorcampcompoundsaccordingtotheirnationality,languageandcustoms,providedthatsuchprisonersshallnotbeseparatedfromprisonersofwarbelongingtothearmedforceswithwhichtheywereservingatthetimeoftheircapture,exceptwiththeirconsent.
Art23.Noprisonerofwarmayatanytimebesentto,ordetainedinareaswherehemaybeexposedtothefireofthecombatzone,normayhispresencebeusedtorendercertainpointsorareasimmunefrommilitaryoperations.
Prisonersofwarshallhavesheltersagainstairbombardmentandotherhazardsofwar,tothesameextentasthelocalcivilianpopulation.Withtheexceptionofthoseengagedintheprotectionoftheirquartersagainsttheaforesaidhazards,theymayentersuchsheltersassoonaspossibleafterthegivingofthealarm.Anyotherprotectivemeasuretakeninfavourofthepopulationshallalsoapplytothem.
DetainingPowersshallgivethePowersconcerned,throughtheintermediaryoftheProtectingPowers,allusefulinformationregardingthegeographicallocationofprisonerofwarcamps.
Whenevermilitaryconsiderationspermit,prisonerofwarcampsshallbeindicatedinthedaytime
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bythelettersPWorPG,placedsoastobeclearlyvisiblefromtheair.ThePowersconcernedmay,however,agreeuponanyothersystemofmarking.Onlyprisonerofwarcampsshallbemarkedassuch.
Art24.TransitorscreeningcampsofapermanentkindshallbefittedoutunderconditionssimilartothosedescribedinthepresentSection,andtheprisonersthereinshallhavethesametreatmentasinothercamps.
ChapterII.Quarters,FoodandClothingofPrisonersofWar
Art25.PrisonersofwarshallbequarteredunderconditionsasfavourableasthosefortheforcesoftheDetainingPowerwhoarebilletedinthesamearea.Thesaidconditionsshallmakeallowanceforthehabitsandcustomsoftheprisonersandshallinnocasebeprejudicialtotheirhealth.
Theforegoingprovisionsshallapplyinparticulartothedormitoriesofprisonersofwarasregardsbothtotalsurfaceandminimumcubicspace,andthegeneralinstallations,beddingandblankets.
Thepremisesprovidedfortheuseofprisonersofwarindividuallyorcollectively,shallbeentirelyprotectedfromdampnessandadequatelyheatedandlighted,inparticularbetweenduskandlightsout.Allprecautionsmustbetakenagainstthedangeroffire.
Inanycampsinwhichwomenprisonersofwar,aswellasmen,areaccommodated,separatedormitoriesshallbeprovidedforthem.
Art26.Thebasicdailyfoodrationsshallbesufficientinquantity,qualityandvarietytokeepprisonersofwaringoodhealthandtopreventlossofweightorthedevelopmentofnutritionaldeficiencies.Accountshallalsobetakenofthehabitualdietoftheprisoners.
TheDetainingPowershallsupplyprisonersofwarwhoworkwithsuchadditionalrationsasarenecessaryforthelabouronwhichtheyareemployed.
Sufficientdrinkingwatershallbesuppliedtoprisonersofwar.Theuseoftobaccoshallbepermitted.
Prisonersofwarshall,asfaraspossible,beassociatedwiththepreparationoftheirmealstheymaybeemployedforthatpurposeinthekitchens.Furthermore,theyshallbegiventhemeansofpreparing,themselves,theadditionalfoodintheirpossession.
Adequatepremisesshallbeprovidedformessing.
Collectivedisciplinarymeasuresaffectingfoodareprohibited.
Art27.Clothing,underwearandfootwearshallbesuppliedtoprisonersofwarinsufficientquantitiesbytheDetainingPower,whichshallmakeallowancefortheclimateoftheregionwheretheprisonersaredetained.UniformsofenemyarmedforcescapturedbytheDetainingPowershould,ifsuitablefortheclimate,bemadeavailabletoclotheprisonersofwar.
TheregularreplacementandrepairoftheabovearticlesshallbeassuredbytheDetainingPower.Inaddition,prisonersofwarwhoworkshallreceiveappropriateclothing,whereverthenatureoftheworkdemands.
Art28.Canteensshallbeinstalledinallcamps,whereprisonersofwarmayprocurefoodstuffs,soapandtobaccoandordinaryarticlesindailyuse.Thetariffshallneverbeinexcessoflocalmarketprices.
Theprofitsmadebycampcanteensshallbeusedforthebenefitoftheprisonersaspecialfundshallbecreatedforthispurpose.Theprisoners'representativeshallhavetherighttocollaborateinthemanagementofthecanteenandofthisfund.
Whenacampiscloseddown,thecreditbalanceofthespecialfundshallbehandedtoaninternationalwelfareorganization,tobeemployedforthebenefitofprisonersofwarofthesamenationalityasthosewhohavecontributedtothefund.Incaseofageneralrepatriation,suchprofitsshallbekeptbytheDetainingPower,subjecttoanyagreementtothecontrarybetweenthePowersconcerned.
ChapterIII.HygeneandMedicalAttention
Art29.TheDetainingPowershallbeboundtotakeallsanitarymeasuresnecessarytoensurethecleanlinessandhealthfulnessofcampsandtopreventepidemics.
Prisonersofwarshallhavefortheiruse,dayandnight,convenienceswhichconformtotherulesofhygieneandaremaintainedinaconstantstateofcleanliness.Inanycampsinwhichwomenprisonersofwarareaccommodated,separateconveniencesshallbeprovidedforthem.
Also,apartfromthebathsandshowerswithwhichthecampsshallbefurnishedprisonersofwarshallbeprovidedwithsufficientwaterandsoapfortheirpersonaltoiletandforwashingtheirpersonallaundrythenecessaryinstallations,facilitiesandtimeshallbegrantedthemforthat
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purpose.
Art30.Everycampshallhaveanadequateinfirmarywhereprisonersofwarmayhavetheattentiontheyrequire,aswellasappropriatediet.Isolationwardsshall,ifnecessary,besetasideforcasesofcontagiousormentaldisease.
Prisonersofwarsufferingfromseriousdisease,orwhoseconditionnecessitatesspecialtreatment,asurgicaloperationorhospitalcare,mustbeadmittedtoanymilitaryorcivilianmedicalunitwheresuchtreatmentcanbegiven,eveniftheirrepatriationiscontemplatedinthenearfuture.Specialfacilitiesshallbeaffordedforthecaretobegiventothedisabled,inparticulartotheblind,andfortheir.rehabilitation,pendingrepatriation.
Prisonersofwarshallhavetheattention,preferably,ofmedicalpersonnelofthePoweronwhichtheydependand,ifpossible,oftheirnationality.
Prisonersofwarmaynotbepreventedfrompresentingthemselvestothemedicalauthoritiesforexamination.Thedetainingauthoritiesshall,uponrequest,issuetoeveryprisonerwhohasundergonetreatment,anofficialcertificateindicatingthenatureofhisillnessorinjury,andthedurationandkindoftreatmentreceived.AduplicateofthiscertificateshallbeforwardedtotheCentralPrisonersofWarAgency.
Thecostsoftreatment,includingthoseofanyapparatusnecessaryforthemaintenanceofprisonersofwaringoodhealth,particularlydenturesandotherartificialappliances,andspectacles,shallbebornebytheDetainingPower.
Art31.Medicalinspectionsofprisonersofwarshallbeheldatleastonceamonth.Theyshallincludethecheckingandtherecordingoftheweightofeachprisonerofwar.
Theirpurposeshallbe,inparticular,tosupervisethegeneralstateofhealth,nutritionandcleanlinessofprisonersandtodetectcontagiousdiseases,especiallytuberculosis,malariaandvenerealdisease.Forthispurposethemostefficientmethodsavailableshallbeemployed,e.g.periodicmassminiatureradiographyfortheearlydetectionoftuberculosis.
Art32.Prisonersofwarwho,thoughnotattachedtothemedicalserviceoftheirarmedforces,arephysicians,surgeons,dentists,nursesormedicalorderlies,mayberequiredbytheDetainingPowertoexercisetheirmedicalfunctionsintheinterestsofprisonersofwardependentonthesamePower.Inthatcasetheyshallcontinuetobeprisonersofwar,butshallreceivethesametreatmentascorrespondingmedicalpersonnelretainedbytheDetainingPower.TheyshallbeexemptedfromanyotherworkunderArticle49.
ChapterIV.MedicalPersonnelandChaplainsRetainedtoAssistPrisonersofWar
Art33.MembersofthemedicalpersonnelandchaplainswhileretainedbytheDetainingPowerwithaviewtoassistingprisonersofwar,shallnotbeconsideredasprisonersofwar.Theyshall,however,receiveasaminimumthebenefitsandprotectionofthepresentConvention,andshallalsobegrantedallfacilitiesnecessarytoprovideforthemedicalcareof,andreligiousministrationtoprisonersofwar.
Theyshallcontinuetoexercisetheirmedicalandspiritualfunctionsforthebenefitofprisonersofwar,preferablythosebelongingtothearmedforcesuponwhichtheydepend,withinthescopeofthemilitarylawsandregulationsoftheDetainingPowerandunderthecontrolofitscompetentservices,inaccordancewiththeirprofessionaletiquette.Theyshallalsobenefitbythefollowingfacilitiesintheexerciseoftheirmedicalorspiritualfunctions:
(a)Theyshallbeauthorizedtovisitperiodicallyprisonersofwarsituatedinworkingdetachmentsorinhospitalsoutsidethecamp.Forthispurpose,theDetainingPowershallplaceattheirdisposalthenecessarymeansoftransport.
(b)Theseniormedicalofficerineachcampshallberesponsibletothecampmilitaryauthoritiesforeverythingconnectedwiththeactivitiesofretainedmedicalpersonnel.Forthispurpose,Partiestotheconflictshallagreeattheoutbreakofhostilitiesonthesubjectofthecorrespondingranksofthemedicalpersonnel,includingthatofsocietiesmentionedinArticle26oftheGenevaConventionfortheAmeliorationoftheConditionoftheWoundedandSickinArmedForcesintheFieldofAugust12,1949.Thisseniormedicalofficer,aswellaschaplains,shallhavetherighttodealwiththecompetentauthoritiesofthecamponallquestionsrelatingtotheirduties.Suchauthoritiesshallaffordthemallnecessaryfacilitiesforcorrespondencerelatingtothesequestions.
(c)Althoughtheyshallbesubjecttotheinternaldisciplineofthecampinwhichtheyareretained,suchpersonnelmaynotbecompelledtocarryoutanyworkotherthanthatconcernedwiththeirmedicalorreligiousduties.
Duringhostilities,thePartiestotheconflictshallagreeconcerningthepossiblereliefofretainedpersonnelandshallsettletheproceduretobefollowed.
NoneoftheprecedingprovisionsshallrelievetheDetainingPowerofitsobligationswithregardto
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prisonersofwarfromthemedicalorspiritualpointofview.
ChapterV.Religious,IntellectualandPhysicalActivities
Art34.Prisonersofwarshallenjoycompletelatitudeintheexerciseoftheirreligiousduties,includingattendanceattheserviceoftheirfaith,onconditionthattheycomplywiththedisciplinaryroutineprescribedbythemilitaryauthorities.
Adequatepremisesshallbeprovidedwherereligiousservicesmaybeheld.
Art35.ChaplainswhofallintothehandsoftheenemyPowerandwhoremainorareretainedwithaviewtoassistingprisonersofwar,shallbeallowedtoministertothemandtoexercisefreelytheirministryamongstprisonersofwarofthesamereligion,inaccordancewiththeirreligiousconscience.Theyshallbeallocatedamongthevariouscampsandlabourdetachmentscontainingprisonersofwarbelongingtothesameforces,speakingthesamelanguageorpractisingthesamereligion.Theyshallenjoythenecessaryfacilities,includingthemeansoftransportprovidedforinArticle33,forvisitingtheprisonersofwaroutsidetheircamp.Theyshallbefreetocorrespond,subjecttocensorship,onmattersconcerningtheirreligiousdutieswiththeecclesiasticalauthoritiesinthecountryofdetentionandwithinternationalreligiousorganizations.LettersandcardswhichtheymaysendforthispurposeshallbeinadditiontothequotaprovidedforinArticle71.
Art36.Prisonersofwarwhoareministersofreligion,withouthavingofficiatedaschaplainstotheirownforces,shallbeatliberty,whatevertheirdenomination,toministerfreelytothemembersoftheircommunity.Forthispurpose,theyshallreceivethesametreatmentasthechaplainsretainedbytheDetainingPower.Theyshallnotbeobligedtodoanyotherwork.
Art37.Whenprisonersofwarhavenottheassistanceofaretainedchaplainorofaprisonerofwarministeroftheirfaith,aministerbelongingtotheprisoners'orasimilardenomination,orinhisabsenceaqualifiedlayman,ifsuchacourseisfeasiblefromaconfessionalpointofview,shallbeappointed,attherequestoftheprisonersconcerned,tofillthisoffice.Thisappointment,subjecttotheapprovaloftheDetainingPower,shalltakeplacewiththeagreementofthecommunityofprisonersconcernedand,wherevernecessary,withtheapprovalofthelocalreligiousauthoritiesofthesamefaith.ThepersonthusappointedshallcomplywithallregulationsestablishedbytheDetainingPowerintheinterestsofdisciplineandmilitarysecurity.
Art38.Whilerespectingtheindividualpreferencesofeveryprisoner,theDetainingPowershallencouragethepracticeofintellectual,educational,andrecreationalpursuits,sportsandgamesamongstprisoners,andshalltakethemeasuresnecessarytoensuretheexercisethereofbyprovidingthemwithadequatepremisesandnecessaryequipment.
Prisonersshallhaveopportunitiesfortakingphysicalexercise,includingsportsandgames,andforbeingoutofdoors.Sufficientopenspacesshallbeprovidedforthispurposeinallcamps.
ChapterVI.Discipline
Art39.EveryprisonerofwarcampshallbeputundertheimmediateauthorityofaresponsiblecommissionedofficerbelongingtotheregulararmedforcesoftheDetainingPower.SuchofficershallhaveinhispossessionacopyofthepresentConventionheshallensurethatitsprovisionsareknowntothecampstaffandtheguardandshallberesponsible,underthedirectionofhisgovernment,foritsapplication.
Prisonersofwar,withtheexceptionofofficers,mustsaluteandshowtoallofficersoftheDetainingPowertheexternalmarksofrespectprovidedforbytheregulationsapplyingintheirownforces.
OfficerprisonersofwarareboundtosaluteonlyofficersofahigherrankoftheDetainingPowertheymust,however,salutethecampcommanderregardlessofhisrank.
Art40.Thewearingofbadgesofrankandnationality,aswellasofdecorations,shallbepermitted.
Art41.IneverycampthetextofthepresentConventionanditsAnnexesandthecontentsofanyspecialagreementprovidedforinArticle6,shallbeposted,intheprisoners'ownlanguage,inplaceswhereallmayreadthem.Copiesshallbesupplied,onrequest,totheprisonerswhocannothaveaccesstothecopywhichhasbeenposted.
Regulations,orders,noticesandpublicationsofeverykindrelatingtotheconductofprisonersofwarshallbeissuedtotheminalanguagewhichtheyunderstand.Suchregulations,ordersandpublicationsshallbepostedinthemannerdescribedaboveandcopiesshallbehandedtotheprisoners'representative.Everyorderandcommandaddressedtoprisonersofwarindividuallymustlikewisebegiveninalanguagewhichtheyunderstand.
Art42.Theuseofweaponsagainstprisonersofwar,especiallyagainstthosewhoareescapingorattemptingtoescape,shallconstituteanextrememeasure,whichshallalwaysbeprecededbywarningsappropriatetothecircumstances.
ChapterVII.RankofPrisonersofWar
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Art43.Upontheoutbreakofhostilities,thePartiestotheconflictshallcommunicatetooneanotherthetitlesandranksofallthepersonsmentionedinArticle4ofthepresentConvention,inordertoensureequalityoftreatmentbetweenprisonersofequivalentrank.Titlesandrankswhicharesubsequentlycreatedshallformthesubjectofsimilarcommunications.
TheDetainingPowershallrecognizepromotionsinrankwhichhavebeenaccordedtoprisonersofwarandwhichhavebeendulynotifiedbythePoweronwhichtheseprisonersdepend.
Art44.Officersandprisonersofequivalentstatusshallbetreatedwiththeregardduetotheirrankandage.
Inordertoensureserviceinofficers'camps,otherranksofthesamearmedforceswho,asfaraspossible,speakthesamelanguage,shallbeassignedinsufficientnumbers,accountbeingtakenoftherankofofficersandprisonersofequivalentstatus.Suchorderliesshallnotberequiredtoperformanyotherwork.
Supervisionofthemessbytheofficersthemselvesshallbefacilitatedineveryway.
Art45.Prisonersofwarotherthanofficersandprisonersofequivalentstatusshallbetreatedwiththeregardduetotheirrankandage.
Supervisionofthemessbytheprisonersthemselvesshallbefacilitatedineveryway.
ChapterVIII.TransferofPrisonersofWaraftertheirArrivalinCamp
Art46.TheDetainingPower,whendecidinguponthetransferofprisonersofwar,shalltakeintoaccounttheinterestsoftheprisonersthemselves,moreespeciallysoasnottoincreasethedifficultyoftheirrepatriation.
ThetransferofprisonersofwarshallalwaysbeeffectedhumanelyandinconditionsnotlessfavourablethanthoseunderwhichtheforcesoftheDetainingPoweraretransferred.Accountshallalwaysbetakenoftheclimaticconditionstowhichtheprisonersofwarareaccustomedandtheconditionsoftransfershallinnocasebeprejudicialtotheirhealth.
TheDetainingPowershallsupplyprisonersofwarduringtransferwithsufficientfoodanddrinkingwatertokeepthemingoodhealth,likewisewiththenecessaryclothing,shelterandmedicalattention.TheDetainingPowershalltakeadequateprecautionsespeciallyincaseoftransportbyseaorbyair,toensuretheirsafetyduringtransfer,andshalldrawupacompletelistofalltransferredprisonersbeforetheirdeparture.
Art47.Sickorwoundedprisonersofwarshallnotbetransferredaslongastheirrecoverymaybeendangeredbythejourney,unlesstheirsafetyimperativelydemandsit.
Ifthecombatzonedrawsclosertoacamp,theprisonersofwarinthesaidcampshallnotbetransferredunlesstheirtransfercanbecarriedoutinadequateconditionsofsafety,orunlesstheyareexposedtogreaterrisksbyremainingonthespotthanbybeingtransferred.
Art48.Intheeventoftransfer,prisonersofwarshallbeofficiallyadvisedoftheirdepartureandoftheirnewpostaladdress.Suchnotificationsshallbegivenintimeforthemtopacktheirluggageandinformtheirnextofkin.
Theyshallbeallowedtotakewiththemtheirpersonaleffects,andthecorrespondenceandparcelswhichhavearrivedforthem.Theweightofsuchbaggagemaybelimited,iftheconditionsoftransfersorequire,towhateachprisonercanreasonablycarry,whichshallinnocasebemorethantwentyfivekilogramsperhead.
Mailandparcelsaddressedtotheirformercampshallbeforwardedtothemwithoutdelay.Thecampcommandershalltake,inagreementwiththeprisoners'representative,anymeasuresneededtoensurethetransportoftheprisoners'communitypropertyandoftheluggagetheyareunabletotakewiththeminconsequenceofrestrictionsimposedbyvirtueofthesecondparagraphofthisArticle.
ThecostsoftransfersshallbebornebytheDetainingPower.
SectionIII.LabourofPrisonersofWar
Art49.TheDetainingPowermayutilizethelabourofprisonersofwarwhoarephysicallyfit,takingintoaccounttheirage,sex,rankandphysicalaptitude,andwithaviewparticularlytomaintainingtheminagoodstateofphysicalandmentalhealth.
Noncommissionedofficerswhoareprisonersofwarshallonlyberequiredtodosupervisorywork.Thosenotsorequiredmayaskforothersuitableworkwhichshall,sofaraspossible,befoundforthem.
Ifofficersorpersonsofequivalentstatusaskforsuitablework,itshallbefoundforthem,sofaraspossible,buttheymayinnocircumstancesbecompelledtowork.
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Art50.Besidesworkconnectedwithcampadministration,installationormaintenance,prisonersofwarmaybecompelledtodoonlysuchworkasisincludedinthefollowingclasses:
(a)agriculture(b)industriesconnectedwiththeproductionortheextractionofrawmaterials,andmanufacturingindustries,withtheexceptionofmetallurgical,machineryandchemicalindustriespublicworksandbuildingoperationswhichhavenomilitarycharacterorpurpose(c)transportandhandlingofstoreswhicharenotmilitaryincharacterorpurpose(d)commercialbusiness,andartsandcrafts(e)domesticservice(f)publicutilityserviceshavingnomilitarycharacterorpurpose.
Shouldtheaboveprovisionsbeinfringed,prisonersofwarshallbeallowedtoexercisetheirrightofcomplaint,inconformitywithArticle78.
Art51.Prisonersofwarmustbegrantedsuitableworkingconditions,especiallyasregardsaccommodation,food,clothingandequipmentsuchconditionsshallnotbeinferiortothoseenjoyedbynationalsoftheDetainingPoweremployedinsimilarworkaccountshallalsobetakenofclimaticconditions.
TheDetainingPower,inutilizingthelabourofprisonersofwar,shallensurethatinareasinwhichsuchprisonersareemployed,thenationallegislationconcerningtheprotectionoflabour,and,moreparticularly,theregulationsforthesafetyofworkers,aredulyapplied.
PrisonersofwarshallreceivetrainingandbeprovidedwiththemeansofprotectionsuitabletotheworktheywillhavetodoandsimilartothoseaccordedtothenationalsoftheDetainingPower.SubjecttotheprovisionsofArticle52,prisonersmaybesubmittedtothenormalrisksrunbythesecivilianworkers.
Conditionsoflabourshallinnocaseberenderedmorearduousbydisciplinarymeasures.
Art52.Unlesshebeavolunteer,noprisonerofwarmaybeemployedonlabourwhichisofanunhealthyordangerousnature.
NoprisonerofwarshallbeassignedtolabourwhichwouldbelookeduponashumiliatingforamemberoftheDetainingPower'sownforces.
Theremovalofminesorsimilardevicesshallbeconsideredasdangerouslabour.
Art53.Thedurationofthedailylabourofprisonersofwar,includingthetimeofthejourneytoandfro,shallnotbeexcessive,andmustinnocaseexceedthatpermittedforcivilianworkersinthedistrict,whoarenationalsoftheDetainingPowerandemployedonthesamework.
Prisonersofwarmustbeallowed,inthemiddleoftheday'swork,arestofnotlessthanonehour.ThisrestwillbethesameasthattowhichworkersoftheDetainingPowerareentitled,ifthelatterisoflongerduration.Theyshallbeallowedinadditionarestoftwentyfourconsecutivehourseveryweek,preferablyonSundayorthedayofrestintheircountryoforigin.Furthermore,everyprisonerwhohasworkedforoneyearshallbegrantedarestofeightconsecutivedays,duringwhichhisworkingpayshallbepaidhim.
Ifmethodsoflaboursuchaspieceworkareemployed,thelengthoftheworkingperiodshallnotberenderedexcessivethereby.
Art54.TheworkingpayduetoprisonersofwarshallbefixedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofArticle62ofthepresentConvention.
Prisonersofwarwhosustainaccidentsinconnectionwithwork,orwhocontractadiseaseinthecourse,orinconsequenceoftheirwork,shallreceiveallthecaretheirconditionmayrequire.TheDetainingPowershallfurthermoredelivertosuchprisonersofwaramedicalcertificateenablingthemtosubmittheirclaimstothePoweronwhichtheydepend,andshallsendaduplicatetotheCentralPrisonersofWarAgencyprovidedforinArticle123.
Art55.Thefitnessofprisonersofwarforworkshallbeperiodicallyverifiedbymedicalexaminationsatleastonceamonth.Theexaminationsshallhaveparticularregardtothenatureoftheworkwhichprisonersofwararerequiredtodo.
Ifanyprisonerofwarconsidershimselfincapableofworking,heshallbepermittedtoappearbeforethemedicalauthoritiesofhiscamp.Physiciansorsurgeonsmayrecommendthattheprisonerswhoare,intheiropinion,unfitforwork,beexemptedtherefrom.
Art56.Theorganizationandadministrationoflabourdetachmentsshallbesimilartothoseofprisonerofwarcamps.
Everylabourdetachmentshallremainunderthecontrolofandadministrativelypartofaprisonerofwarcamp.Themilitaryauthoritiesandthecommanderofthesaidcampshallberesponsible,under
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thedirectionoftheirgovernment,fortheobservanceoftheprovisionsofthepresentConventioninlabourdetachments.
Thecampcommandershallkeepanuptodaterecordofthelabourdetachmentsdependentonhiscamp,andshallcommunicateittothedelegatesoftheProtectingPower,oftheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross,orofotheragenciesgivingrelieftoprisonersofwar,whomayvisitthecamp.
Art57.Thetreatmentofprisonersofwarwhoworkforprivatepersons,evenifthelatterareresponsibleforguardingandprotectingthem,shallnotbeinferiortothatwhichisprovidedforbythepresentConvention.TheDetainingPower,themilitaryauthoritiesandthecommanderofthecamptowhichsuchprisonersbelongshallbeentirelyresponsibleforthemaintenance,care,treatment,andpaymentoftheworkingpayofsuchprisonersofwar.
Suchprisonersofwarshallhavetherighttoremainincommunicationwiththeprisoners'representativesinthecampsonwhichtheydepend.
SectionIV.FinancialResourcesofPrisonersofWar
Art58.Upontheoutbreakofhostilities,andpendinganarrangementonthismatterwiththeProtectingPower,theDetainingPowermaydeterminethemaximumamountofmoneyincashorinanysimilarform,thatprisonersmayhaveintheirpossession.Anyamountinexcess,whichwasproperlyintheirpossessionandwhichhasbeentakenorwithheldfromthem,shallbeplacedtotheiraccount,togetherwithanymoniesdepositedbythem,andshallnotbeconvertedintoanyothercurrencywithouttheirconsent.
Ifprisonersofwararepermittedtopurchaseservicesorcommoditiesoutsidethecampagainstpaymentincash,suchpaymentsshallbemadebytheprisonerhimselforbythecampadministrationwhowillchargethemtotheaccountsoftheprisonersconcerned.TheDetainingPowerwillestablishthenecessaryrulesinthisrespect.
Art59.Cashwhichwastakenfromprisonersofwar,inaccordancewithArticle18,atthetimeoftheircapture,andwhichisinthecurrencyoftheDetainingPower,shallbeplacedtotheirseparateaccounts,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofArticle64ofthepresentSection.
Theamounts,inthecurrencyoftheDetainingPower,duetotheconversionofsumsinothercurrenciesthataretakenfromtheprisonersofwaratthesametime,shallalsobecreditedtotheirseparateaccounts.
Art60.TheDetainingPowershallgrantallprisonersofwaramonthlyadvanceofpay,theamountofwhichshallbefixedbyconversion,intothecurrencyofthesaidPower,ofthefollowingamounts:
CategoryI:Prisonersrankingbelowsergeants:eightSwissfrancs.
CategoryII:Sergeantsandothernoncommissionedofficers,orprisonersofequivalentrank:twelveSwissfrancs.
CategoryIII:Warrantofficersandcommissionedofficersbelowtherankofmajororprisonersofequivalentrank:fiftySwissfrancs.
CategoryIV:Majors,lieutenantcolonels,colonelsorprisonersofequivalentrank:sixtySwissfrancs.
CategoryV:Generalofficersorprisonersofwarofequivalentrank:seventyfiveSwissfrancs.
However,thePartiestotheconflictconcernedmaybyspecialagreementmodifytheamountofadvancesofpayduetoprisonersoftheprecedingcategories.
Furthermore,iftheamountsindicatedinthefirstparagraphabovewouldbeundulyhighcomparedwiththepayoftheDetainingPower'sarmedforcesorwould,foranyreason,seriouslyembarrasstheDetainingPower,then,pendingtheconclusionofaspecialagreementwiththePoweronwhichtheprisonersdependtovarytheamountsindicatedabove,theDetainingPower:
(a)shallcontinuetocredittheaccountsoftheprisonerswiththeamountsindicatedinthefirstparagraphabove(b)maytemporarilylimittheamountmadeavailablefromtheseadvancesofpaytoprisonersofwarfortheirownuse,tosumswhicharereasonable,butwhich,forCategoryI,shallneverbeinferiortotheamountthattheDetainingPowergivestothemembersofitsownarmedforces.
ThereasonsforanylimitationswillbegivenwithoutdelaytotheProtectingPower.
Art61.TheDetainingPowershallacceptfordistributionassupplementarypaytoprisonersofwarsumswhichthePoweronwhichtheprisonersdependmayforwardtothem,onconditionthatthesumstobepaidshallbethesameforeachprisonerofthesamecategory,shallbepayabletoallprisonersofthatcategorydependingonthatPower,andshallbeplacedintheirseparateaccounts,
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attheearliestopportunity,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofArticle64.SuchsupplementarypayshallnotrelievetheDetainingPowerofanyobligationunderthisConvention.
Art62.Prisonersofwarshallbepaidafairworkingrateofpaybythedetainingauthoritiesdirect.Therateshallbefixedbythesaidauthorities,butshallatnotimebelessthanonefourthofoneSwissfrancforafullworkingday.TheDetainingPowershallinformprisonersofwar,aswellasthePoweronwhichtheydepend,throughtheintermediaryoftheProtectingPower,oftherateofdailyworkingpaythatithasfixed.
Workingpayshalllikewisebepaidbythedetainingauthoritiestoprisonersofwarpermanentlydetailedtodutiesortoaskilledorsemiskilledoccupationinconnectionwiththeadministration,installationormaintenanceofcamps,andtotheprisonerswhoarerequiredtocarryoutspiritualormedicaldutiesonbehalfoftheircomrades.
Theworkingpayoftheprisoners'representative,ofhisadvisers,ifany,andofhisassistants,shallbepaidoutofthefundmaintainedbycanteenprofits.Thescaleofthisworkingpayshallbefixedbytheprisoners'representativeandapprovedbythecampcommander.Ifthereisnosuchfund,thedetainingauthoritiesshallpaytheseprisonersafairworkingrateofpay.
Atr63.Prisonersofwarshallbepermittedtoreceiveremittancesofmoneyaddressedtothemindividuallyorcollectively.
EveryprisonerofwarshallhaveathisdisposalthecreditbalanceofhisaccountasprovidedforinthefollowingArticle,withinthelimitsfixedbytheDetainingPower,whichshallmakesuchpaymentsasarerequested.SubjecttofinancialormonetaryrestrictionswhichtheDetainingPowerregardsasessential,prisonersofwarmayalsohavepaymentsmadeabroad.Inthiscasepaymentsaddressedbyprisonersofwartodependentsshallbegivenpriority.
Inanyevent,andsubjecttotheconsentofthePoweronwhichtheydepend,prisonersmayhavepaymentsmadeintheirowncountry,asfollows:theDetainingPowershallsendtotheaforesaidPowerthroughtheProtectingPower,anotificationgivingallthenecessaryparticularsconcerningtheprisonersofwar,thebeneficiariesofthepayments,andtheamountofthesumstobepaid,expressedintheDetainingPower'scurrency.Thesaidnotificationshallbesignedbytheprisonersandcountersignedbythecampcommander.TheDetainingPowershalldebittheprisoners'accountbyacorrespondingamountthesumsthusdebitedshallbeplacedbyittothecreditofthePoweronwhichtheprisonersdepend.
Toapplytheforegoingprovisions,theDetainingPowermayusefullyconsulttheModelRegulationsinAnnexVofthepresentConvention.
Art.64TheDetainingPowershallholdanaccountforeachprisonerofwar,showingatleastthefollowing:
(1)Theamountsduetotheprisonerorreceivedbyhimasadvancesofpay,asworkingpayorderivedfromanyothersourcethesumsinthecurrencyoftheDetainingPowerwhichweretakenfromhimthesumstakenfromhimandconvertedathisrequestintothecurrencyofthesaidPower.
(2)Thepaymentsmadetotheprisonerincash,orinanyothersimilarformthepaymentsmadeonhisbehalfandathisrequestthesumstransferredunderArticle63,thirdparagraph.
Art65.Everyitementeredintheaccountofaprisonerofwarshallbecountersignedorinitialledbyhim,orbytheprisoners'representativeactingonhisbehalf.
Prisonersofwarshallatalltimesbeaffordedreasonablefacilitiesforconsultingandobtainingcopiesoftheiraccounts,whichmaylikewisebeinspectedbytherepresentativesoftheProtectingPowersatthetimeofvisitstothecamp.
Whenprisonersofwararetransferredfromonecamptoanother,theirpersonalaccountswillfollowthem.IncaseoftransferfromoneDetainingPowertoanother,themonieswhicharetheirpropertyandarenotinthecurrencyoftheDetainingPowerwillfollowthem.Theyshallbegivencertificatesforanyothermoniesstandingtothecreditoftheiraccounts.
ThePartiestotheconflictconcernedmayagreetonotifytoeachotheratspecificintervalsthroughtheProtectingPower,theamountoftheaccountsoftheprisonersofwar.
Art66.Ontheterminationofcaptivity,throughthereleaseofaprisonerofwarorhisrepatriation,theDetainingPowershallgivehimastatement,signedbyanauthorizedofficerofthatPower,showingthecreditbalancethenduetohim.TheDetainingPowershallalsosendthroughtheProtectingPowertothegovernmentuponwhichtheprisonerofwardepends,listsgivingallappropriateparticularsofallprisonersofwarwhosecaptivityhasbeenterminatedbyrepatriation,release,escape,deathoranyothermeans,andshowingtheamountoftheircreditbalances.SuchlistsshallbecertifiedoneachsheetbyanauthorizedrepresentativeoftheDetainingPower.
AnyoftheaboveprovisionsofthisArticlemaybevariedbymutualagreementbetweenanytwoPartiestotheconflict.
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ThePoweronwhichtheprisonerofwardependsshallberesponsibleforsettlingwithhimanycreditbalanceduetohimfromtheDetainingPowerontheterminationofhiscaptivity.
Art67.Advancesofpay,issuedtoprisonersofwarinconformitywithArticle60,shallbeconsideredasmadeonbehalfofthePoweronwhichtheydepend.Suchadvancesofpay,aswellasallpaymentsmadebythesaidPowerunderArticle63,thirdparagraph,andArticle68,shallformthesubjectofarrangementsbetweenthePowersconcerned,atthecloseofhostilities.
Art68.AnyclaimbyaprisonerofwarforcompensationinrespectofanyinjuryorotherdisabilityarisingoutofworkshallbereferredtothePoweronwhichhedepends,throughtheProtectingPower.InaccordancewithArticle54,theDetainingPowerwill,inallcases,providetheprisonerofwarconcernedwithastatementshowingthenatureoftheinjuryordisability,thecircumstancesinwhichitaroseandparticularsofmedicalorhospitaltreatmentgivenforit.ThisstatementwillbesignedbyaresponsibleofficeroftheDetainingPowerandthemedicalparticularscertifiedbyamedicalofficer.
AnyclaimbyaprisonerofwarforcompensationinrespectofpersonaleffectsmoniesorvaluablesimpoundedbytheDetainingPowerunderArticle18andnotforthcomingonhisrepatriation,orinrespectoflossallegedtobeduetothefaultoftheDetainingPoweroranyofitsservants,shalllikewisebereferredtothePoweronwhichhedepends.Nevertheless,anysuchpersonaleffectsrequiredforusebytheprisonersofwarwhilstincaptivityshallbereplacedattheexpenseoftheDetainingPower.TheDetainingPowerwill,inallcases,providetheprisonerofwarwithastatement,signedbyaresponsibleofficer,showingallavailableinformationregardingthereasonswhysucheffects,moniesorvaluableshavenotbeenrestoredtohim.AcopyofthisstatementwillbeforwardedtothePoweronwhichhedependsthroughtheCentralPrisonersofWarAgencyprovidedforinArticle123.
SectionV.RelationsofPrisonersofWarWiththeExterior
Art69.Immediatelyuponprisonersofwarfallingintoitspower,theDetainingPowershallinformthemandthePowersonwhichtheydepend,throughtheProtectingPower,ofthemeasurestakentocarryouttheprovisionsofthepresentSection.Theyshalllikewiseinformthepartiesconcernedofanysubsequentmodificationsofsuchmeasures.
Art70.Immediatelyuponcapture,ornotmorethanoneweekafterarrivalatacamp,evenifitisatransitcamp,likewiseincaseofsicknessortransfertohospitalortoanothercamp,everyprisonerofwarshallbeenabledtowritedirecttohisfamily,ontheonehand,andtotheCentralPrisonersofWarAgencyprovidedforinArticle123,ontheotherhand,acardsimilar,ifpossible,tothemodelannexedtothepresentConvention,informinghisrelativesofhiscapture,addressandstateofhealth.Thesaidcardsshallbeforwardedasrapidlyaspossibleandmaynotbedelayedinanymanner.
Art71.Prisonersofwarshallbeallowedtosendandreceivelettersandcards.IftheDetainingPowerdeemsitnecessarytolimitthenumberoflettersandcardssentbyeachprisonerofwar,thesaidnumbershallnotbelessthantwolettersandfourcardsmonthly,exclusiveofthecapturecardsprovidedforinArticle70,andconformingascloselyaspossibletothemodelsannexedtothepresentConvention.FurtherlimitationsmaybeimposedonlyiftheProtectingPowerissatisfiedthatitwouldbeintheinterestsoftheprisonersofwarconcernedtodosoowingtodifficultiesoftranslationcausedbytheDetainingPower'sinabilitytofindsufficientqualifiedlinguiststocarryoutthenecessarycensorship.Iflimitationsmustbeplacedonthecorrespondenceaddressedtoprisonersofwar,theymaybeorderedonlybythePoweronwhichtheprisonersdepend,possiblyattherequestoftheDetainingPower.SuchlettersandcardsmustbeconveyedbythemostrapidmethodatthedisposaloftheDetainingPowertheymaynotbedelayedorretainedfordisciplinaryreasons.
Prisonersofwarwhohavebeenwithoutnewsforalongperiod,orwhoareunabletoreceivenewsfromtheirnextofkinortogivethemnewsbytheordinarypostalroute,aswellasthosewhoareatagreatdistancefromtheirhomes,shallbepermittedtosendtelegrams,thefeesbeingchargedagainsttheprisonersofwar'saccountswiththeDetainingPowerorpaidinthecurrencyattheirdisposal.Theyshalllikewisebenefitbythismeasureincasesofurgency.
Asageneralrule,thecorrespondenceofprisonersofwarshallbewrittenintheirnativelanguage.ThePartiestotheconflictmayallowcorrespondenceinotherlanguages.
Sackscontainingprisonerofwarmailmustbesecurelysealedandlabelledsoasclearlytoindicatetheircontents,andmustbeaddressedtoofficesofdestination.
Art72.Prisonersofwarshallbeallowedtoreceivebypostorbyanyothermeansindividualparcelsorcollectiveshipmentscontaining,inparticular,foodstuffs,clothing,medicalsuppliesandarticlesofareligious,educationalorrecreationalcharacterwhichmaymeettheirneeds,includingbooks,devotionalarticles,scientificequipment,examinationpapers,musicalinstruments,sportsoutfitsandmaterialsallowingprisonersofwartopursuetheirstudiesortheirculturalactivities.
SuchshipmentsshallinnowayfreetheDetainingPowerfromtheobligationsimposeduponitbyvirtueofthepresentConvention.
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TheonlylimitswhichmaybeplacedontheseshipmentsshallbethoseproposedbytheProtectingPowerintheinterestoftheprisonersthemselves,orbytheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossoranyotherorganizationgivingassistancetotheprisoners,inrespectoftheirownshipmentsonly,onaccountofexceptionalstrainontransportorcommunications.
Theconditionsforthesendingofindividualparcelsandcollectivereliefshall,ifnecessary,bethesubjectofspecialagreementsbetweenthePowersconcerned,whichmayinnocasedelaythereceiptbytheprisonersofreliefsupplies.Booksmaynotbeincludedinparcelsofclothingandfoodstuffs.Medicalsuppliesshall,asarule,besentincollectiveparcels.
Art73.IntheabsenceofspecialagreementsbetweenthePowersconcernedontheconditionsforthereceiptanddistributionofcollectivereliefshipments,therulesandregulationsconcerningcollectiveshipments,whichareannexedtothepresentConvention,shallbeapplied.
Thespecialagreementsreferredtoaboveshallinnocaserestricttherightofprisoners'representativestotakepossessionofcollectivereliefshipmentsintendedforprisonersofwar,toproceedtotheirdistributionortodisposeofthemintheinterestoftheprisoners.
NorshallsuchagreementsrestricttherightofrepresentativesoftheProtectingPower,theInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossoranyotherorganizationgivingassistancetoprisonersofwarandresponsiblefortheforwardingofcollectiveshipments,tosupervisetheirdistributiontotherecipients.
Art74.Allreliefshipmentsforprisonersofwarshallbeexemptfromimport,customsandotherdues.
Correspondence,reliefshipmentsandauthorizedremittancesofmoneyaddressedtoprisonersofwarordespatchedbythemthroughthepostoffice,eitherdirectorthroughtheInformationBureauxprovidedforinArticle122andtheCentralPrisonersofWarAgencyprovidedforinArticle123,shallbeexemptfromanypostaldues,bothinthecountriesoforiginanddestination,andinintermediatecountries.
Ifreliefshipmentsintendedforprisonersofwarcannotbesentthroughthepostofficebyreasonofweightorforanyothercause,thecostoftransportationshallbebornebytheDetainingPowerinalltheterritoriesunderitscontrol.TheotherPowerspartytotheConventionshallbearthecostoftransportintheirrespectiveterritories.IntheabsenceofspecialagreementsbetweenthePartiesconcerned,thecostsconnectedwithtransportofsuchshipments,otherthancostscoveredbytheaboveexemption,shallbechargedtothesenders.
TheHighContractingPartiesshallendeavourtoreduce,sofaraspossible,therateschargedfortelegramssentbyprisonersofwar,oraddressedtothem.
Art75.ShouldmilitaryoperationspreventthePowersconcernedfromfulfillingtheirobligationtoassurethetransportoftheshipmentsreferredtoinArticles70,71,72and77,theProtectingPowersconcerned,theInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossoranyotherorganizationdulyapprovedbythePartiestotheconflictmayundertaketoensuretheconveyanceofsuchshipmentsbysuitablemeans(railwaywagons,motorvehicles,vesselsoraircraft,etc.).Forthispurpose,theHighContractingPartiesshallendeavourtosupplythemwithsuchtransportandtoallowitscirculation,especiallybygrantingthenecessarysafeconducts.
Suchtransportmayalsobeusedtoconvey:
(a)correspondence,listsandreportsexchangedbetweentheCentralInformationAgencyreferredtoinArticle123andtheNationalBureauxreferredtoinArticle122
(b)correspondenceandreportsrelatingtoprisonersofwarwhichtheProtectingPowers,theInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossoranyotherbodyassistingtheprisoners,exchangeeitherwiththeirowndelegatesorwiththePartiestotheconflict.
TheseprovisionsinnowaydetractfromtherightofanyPartytotheconflicttoarrangeothermeansoftransport,ifitshouldsoprefer,norprecludethegrantingofsafeconducts,undermutuallyagreedconditions,tosuchmeansoftransport.
Intheabsenceofspecialagreements,thecostsoccasionedbytheuseofsuchmeansoftransportshallbeborneproportionallybythePartiestotheconflictwhosenationalsarebenefitedthereby.
Art76.Thecensoringofcorrespondenceaddressedtoprisonersofwarordespatchedbythemshallbedoneasquicklyaspossible.MailshallbecensoredonlybythedespatchingStateandthereceivingState,andonceonlybyeach.
Theexaminationofconsignmentsintendedforprisonersofwarshallnotbecarriedoutunderconditionsthatwillexposethegoodscontainedinthemtodeteriorationexceptinthecaseofwrittenorprintedmatter,itshallbedoneinthepresenceoftheaddressee,orofafellowprisonerdulydelegatedbyhim.Thedeliverytoprisonersofindividualorcollectiveconsignmentsshallnotbedelayedunderthepretextofdifficultiesofcensorship.
AnyprohibitionofcorrespondenceorderedbyPartiestotheconflict,eitherformilitaryorpolitical
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reasons,shallbeonlytemporaryanditsdurationshallbeasshortaspossible.
Art77.TheDetainingPowersshallprovideallfacilitiesforthetransmission,throughtheProtectingPowerortheCentralPrisonersofWarAgencyprovidedforinArticle123ofinstruments,papersordocumentsintendedforprisonersofwarordespatchedbythem,especiallypowersofattorneyandwills.
Inallcasestheyshallfacilitatethepreparationandexecutionofsuchdocumentsonbehalfofprisonersofwarinparticular,theyshallallowthemtoconsultalawyerandshalltakewhatmeasuresarenecessaryfortheauthenticationoftheirsignatures.
SectionVI.RelationsBetweenPrisonersofWarandtheAuthorities
ChapterI.ComplaintsofPrisonersofWarRespectingtheConditionsofCaptivity
Art78Prisonersofwarshallhavetherighttomakeknowntothemilitaryauthoritiesinwhosepowertheyare,theirrequestsregardingtheconditionsofcaptivitytowhichtheyaresubjected.
TheyshallalsohavetheunrestrictedrighttoapplytotherepresentativesoftheProtectingPowerseitherthroughtheirprisoners'representativeor,iftheyconsideritnecessary,direct,inordertodrawtheirattentiontoanypointsonwhichtheymayhavecomplaintstomakeregardingtheirconditionsofcaptivity.
TheserequestsandcomplaintsshallnotbelimitednorconsideredtobeapartofthecorrespondencequotareferredtoinArticle71.Theymustbetransmittedimmediately.Eveniftheyarerecognizedtobeunfounded,theymaynotgiverisetoanypunishment.
Prisoners'representativesmaysendperiodicreportsonthesituationinthecampsandtheneedsoftheprisonersofwartotherepresentativesoftheProtectingPowers.
ChapterII.PrisonerofWarRepresentatives
Art79.IInallplaceswherethereareprisonersofwar,exceptinthosewherethereareofficers,theprisonersshallfreelyelectbysecretballot,everysixmonths,andalsoincaseofvacancies,prisoners'representativesentrustedwithrepresentingthembeforethemilitaryauthorities,theProtectingPowers,theInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossandanyotherorganizationwhichmayassistthem.Theseprisoners'representativesshallbeeligibleforreelection.
Incampsforofficersandpersonsofequivalentstatusorinmixedcamps,theseniorofficeramongtheprisonersofwarshallberecognizedasthecampprisoners'representative.Incampsforofficers,heshallbeassistedbyoneormoreadviserschosenbytheofficersinmixedcamps,hisassistantsshallbechosenfromamongtheprisonersofwarwhoarenotofficersandshallbeelectedbythem.
Officerprisonersofwarofthesamenationalityshallbestationedinlabourcampsforprisonersofwar,forthepurposeofcarryingoutthecampadministrationdutiesforwhichtheprisonersofwarareresponsible.Theseofficersmaybeelectedasprisoners'representativesunderthefirstparagraphofthisArticle.Insuchacasetheassistantstotheprisoners'representativesshallbechosenfromamongthoseprisonersofwarwhoarenotofficers.
EveryrepresentativeelectedmustbeapprovedbytheDetainingPowerbeforehehastherighttocommencehisduties.WheretheDetainingPowerrefusestoapproveaprisonerofwarelectedbyhisfellowprisonersofwar,itmustinformtheProtectingPowerofthereasonforsuchrefusal.
Inallcasestheprisoners'representativemusthavethesamenationality,languageandcustomsastheprisonersofwarwhomherepresents.Thus,prisonersofwardistributedindifferentsectionsofacamp,accordingtotheirnationality,languageorcustoms,shallhaveforeachsectiontheirownprisoners'representative,inaccordancewiththeforegoingparagraphs.
Art80.Prisoners'representativesshallfurtherthephysical,spiritualandintellectualwellbeingofprisonersofwar.
Inparticular,wheretheprisonersdecidetoorganizeamongstthemselvesasystemofmutualassistance,thisorganizationwillbewithintheprovinceoftheprisoners'representative,inadditiontothespecialdutiesentrustedtohimbyotherprovisionsofthepresentConvention.
Prisoners'representativesshallnotbeheldresponsible,simplybyreasonoftheirduties,foranyoffencescommittedbyprisonersofwar.
Art81.Prisoners'representativesshallnotberequiredtoperformanyotherwork,iftheaccomplishmentoftheirdutiesistherebymademoredifficult.
Prisoners'representativesmayappointfromamongsttheprisonerssuchassistantsastheymayrequire.Allmaterialfacilitiesshallbegrantedthem,particularlyacertainfreedomofmovementnecessaryfortheaccomplishmentoftheirduties(inspectionoflabourdetachments,receiptofsupplies,etc.).
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Prisoners'representativesshallbepermittedtovisitpremiseswhereprisonersofwararedetained,andeveryprisonerofwarshallhavetherighttoconsultfreelyhisprisoners'representative.
Allfacilitiesshalllikewisebeaccordedtotheprisoners'representativesforcommunicationbypostandtelegraphwiththedetainingauthorities,theProtectingPowers,theInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossandtheirdelegates,theMixedMedicalCommissionsandthebodieswhichgiveassistancetoprisonersofwar.Prisoners'representativesoflabourdetachmentsshallenjoythesamefacilitiesforcommunicationwiththeprisoners'representativesoftheprincipalcamp.Suchcommunicationsshallnotberestricted,norconsideredasformingapartofthequotamentionedinArticle71.
Prisoners'representativeswhoaretransferredshallbeallowedareasonabletimetoacquainttheirsuccessorswithcurrentaffairs.
Incaseofdismissal,thereasonsthereforshallbecommunicatedtotheProtectingPower.
ChapterIII.PenalandDisciplinarySanctions
I.GeneralProvisions
Art82.Aprisonerofwarshallbesubjecttothelaws,regulationsandordersinforceinthearmedforcesoftheDetainingPowertheDetainingPowershallbejustifiedintakingjudicialordisciplinarymeasuresinrespectofanyoffencecommittedbyaprisonerofwaragainstsuchlaws,regulationsororders.However,noproceedingsorpunishmentscontrarytotheprovisionsofthisChaptershallbeallowed.
Ifanylaw,regulationororderoftheDetainingPowershalldeclareactscommittedbyaprisonerofwartobepunishable,whereasthesameactswouldnotbepunishableifcommittedbyamemberoftheforcesoftheDetainingPower,suchactsshallentaildisciplinarypunishmentsonly.
Art83.Indecidingwhetherproceedingsinrespectofanoffenceallegedtohavebeencommittedbyaprisonerofwarshallbejudicialordisciplinary,theDetainingPowershallensurethatthecompetentauthoritiesexercisethegreatestleniencyandadopt,whereverpossible,disciplinaryratherthanjudicialmeasures.
Art84.Aprisonerofwarshallbetriedonlybyamilitarycourt,unlesstheexistinglawsoftheDetainingPowerexpresslypermitthecivilcourtstotryamemberofthearmedforcesoftheDetainingPowerinrespectoftheparticularoffenceallegedtohavebeencommittedbytheprisonerofwar.
Innocircumstanceswhatevershallaprisonerofwarbetriedbyacourtofanykindwhichdoesnotoffertheessentialguaranteesofindependenceandimpartialityasgenerallyrecognized,and,inparticular,theprocedureofwhichdoesnotaffordtheaccusedtherightsandmeansofdefenceprovidedforinArticle105.
Art85.PrisonersofwarprosecutedunderthelawsoftheDetainingPowerforactscommittedpriortocaptureshallretain,evenifconvicted,thebenefitsofthepresentConvention.
Art86.Noprisonerofwarmaybepunishedmorethanonceforthesameactoronthesamecharge.
Art87.PrisonersofwarmaynotbesentencedbythemilitaryauthoritiesandcourtsoftheDetainingPowertoanypenaltiesexceptthoseprovidedforinrespectofmembersofthearmedforcesofthesaidPowerwhohavecommittedthesameacts.
Whenfixingthepenalty,thecourtsorauthoritiesoftheDetainingPowershalltakeintoconsideration,tothewidestextentpossible,thefactthattheaccused,notbeinganationaloftheDetainingPower,isnotboundtoitbyanydutyofallegiance,andthatheisinitspowerastheresultofcircumstancesindependentofhisownwill.Thesaidcourtsorauthoritiesshallbeatlibertytoreducethepenaltyprovidedfortheviolationofwhichtheprisonerofwarisaccused,andshallthereforenotbeboundtoapplytheminimumpenaltyprescribed.
Collectivepunishmentforindividualacts,corporalpunishment,imprisonmentinpremiseswithoutdaylightand,ingeneral,anyformoftortureorcruelty,areforbidden.
NoprisonerofwarmaybedeprivedofhisrankbytheDetainingPower,orpreventedfromwearinghisbadges.
Art88.Officers,noncommissionedofficersandmenwhoareprisonersofwarundergoingadisciplinaryorjudicialpunishment,shallnotbesubjectedtomoreseveretreatmentthanthatappliedinrespectofthesamepunishmenttomembersofthearmedforcesoftheDetainingPowerofequivalentrank.
Awomanprisonerofwarshallnotbeawardedorsentencedtoapunishmentmoresevere,ortreatedwhilstundergoingpunishmentmoreseverely,thanawomanmemberofthearmedforcesof
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theDetainingPowerdealtwithforasimilaroffence.
Innocasemayawomanprisonerofwarbeawardedorsentencedtoapunishmentmoresevere,ortreatedwhilstundergoingpunishmentmoreseverely,thanamalememberofthearmedforcesoftheDetainingPowerdealtwithforasimilaroffence.
Prisonersofwarwhohaveserveddisciplinaryorjudicialsentencesmaynotbetreateddifferentlyfromotherprisonersofwar.
II.DisciplinarySanctions
Art89.Thedisciplinarypunishmentsapplicabletoprisonersofwararethefollowing:
(1)Afinewhichshallnotexceed50percentoftheadvancesofpayandworkingpaywhichtheprisonerofwarwouldotherwisereceiveundertheprovisionsofArticles60and62duringaperiodofnotmorethanthirtydays.(2)DiscontinuanceofprivilegesgrantedoverandabovethetreatmentprovidedforbythepresentConvention.(3)Fatiguedutiesnotexceedingtwohoursdaily.(4)Confinement.
Thepunishmentreferredtounder(3)shallnotbeappliedtoofficers.
Innocaseshalldisciplinarypunishmentsbeinhuman,brutalordangeroustothehealthofprisonersofwar.
Art90.Thedurationofanysinglepunishmentshallinnocaseexceedthirtydays.Anyperiodofconfinementawaitingthehearingofadisciplinaryoffenceortheawardofdisciplinarypunishmentshallbedeductedfromanawardpronouncedagainstaprisonerofwar.
Themaximumofthirtydaysprovidedabovemaynotbeexceeded,eveniftheprisonerofwarisanswerableforseveralactsatthesametimewhenheisawardedpunishment,whethersuchactsarerelatedornot.
Theperiodbetweenthepronouncingofanawardofdisciplinarypunishmentanditsexecutionshallnotexceedonemonth.
Whenaprisonerofwarisawardedafurtherdisciplinarypunishment,aperiodofatleastthreedaysshallelapsebetweentheexecutionofanytwoofthepunishments,ifthedurationofoneoftheseistendaysormore.
Art91.Theescapeofaprisonerofwarshallbedeemedtohavesucceededwhen:
(1)hehasjoinedthearmedforcesofthePoweronwhichhedepends,orthoseofanalliedPower
(2)hehaslefttheterritoryunderthecontroloftheDetainingPower,orofanallyofthesaidPower
(3)hehasjoinedashipflyingtheflagofthePoweronwhichhedepends,orofanalliedPower,intheterritorialwatersoftheDetainingPower,thesaidshipnotbeingunderthecontrolofthelastnamedPower.
PrisonersofwarwhohavemadegoodtheirescapeinthesenseofthisArticleandwhoarerecaptured,shallnotbeliabletoanypunishmentinrespectoftheirpreviousescape.
Art92.AprisonerofwarwhoattemptstoescapeandisrecapturedbeforehavingmadegoodhisescapeinthesenseofArticle91shallbeliableonlytoadisciplinarypunishmentinrespectofthisact,evenifitisarepeatedoffence.
Aprisonerofwarwhoisrecapturedshallbehandedoverwithoutdelaytothecompetentmilitaryauthority.
Article88,fourthparagraph,notwithstanding,prisonersofwarpunishedasaresultofanunsuccessfulescapemaybesubjectedtospecialsurveillance.Suchsurveillancemustnotaffectthestateoftheirhealth,mustbeundergoneinaprisonerofwarcamp,andmustnotentailthesuppressionofanyofthesafeguardsgrantedthembythepresentConvention.
Art93.Escapeorattempttoescape,evenifitisarepeatedoffence,shallnotbedeemedanaggravatingcircumstanceiftheprisonerofwarissubjectedtotrialbyjudicialproceedingsinrespectofanoffencecommittedduringhisescapeorattempttoescape.
InconformitywiththeprinciplestatedinArticle83,offencescommittedbyprisonersofwarwiththesoleintentionoffacilitatingtheirescapeandwhichdonotentailanyviolenceagainstlifeorlimb,suchasoffencesagainstpublicproperty,theftwithoutintentionofselfenrichment,thedrawinguporuseoffalsepapers,orthewearingofcivilianclothing,shalloccasiondisciplinarypunishmentonly.
Prisonersofwarwhoaidorabetanescapeoranattempttoescapeshallbeliableonthiscountto
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disciplinarypunishmentonly.
Art94.Ifanescapedprisonerofwarisrecaptured,thePoweronwhichhedependsshallbenotifiedthereofinthemannerdefinedinArticle122,providednotificationofhisescapehasbeenmade.
Art95.AprisonerofwaraccusedofanoffenceagainstdisciplineshallnotbekeptinconfinementpendingthehearingunlessamemberofthearmedforcesoftheDetainingPowerwouldbesokeptifhewereaccusedofasimilaroffence,orifitisessentialintheinterestsofcamporderanddiscipline.
Anyperiodspentbyaprisonerofwarinconfinementawaitingthedisposalofanoffenceagainstdisciplineshallbereducedtoanabsoluteminimumandshallnotexceedfourteendays.
TheprovisionsofArticles97and98ofthisChaptershallapplytoprisonersofwarwhoareinconfinementawaitingthedisposalofoffencesagainstdiscipline.
Art96.Actswhichconstituteoffencesagainstdisciplineshallbeinvestigatedimmediately.
Withoutprejudicetothecompetenceofcourtsandsuperiormilitaryauthorities,disciplinarypunishmentmaybeorderedonlybyanofficerhavingdisciplinarypowersinhiscapacityascampcommander,orbyaresponsibleofficerwhoreplaceshimortowhomhehasdelegatedhisdisciplinarypowers.
Innocasemaysuchpowersbedelegatedtoaprisonerofwarorbeexercisedbyaprisonerofwar.
Beforeanydisciplinaryawardispronounced,theaccusedshallbegivenpreciseinformationregardingtheoffencesofwhichheisaccused,andgivenanopportunityofexplaininghisconductandofdefendinghimself.Heshallbepermitted,inparticular,tocallwitnessesandtohaverecourse,ifnecessary,totheservicesofaqualifiedinterpreter.Thedecisionshallbeannouncedtotheaccusedprisonerofwarandtotheprisoners'representative.
ArecordofdisciplinarypunishmentsshallbemaintainedbythecampcommanderandshallbeopentoinspectionbyrepresentativesoftheProtectingPower.
Art97.Prisonersofwarshallnotinanycasebetransferredtopenitentiaryestablishments(prisons,penitentiaries,convictprisons,etc.)toundergodisciplinarypunishmenttherein.
AllpremisesinwhichdisciplinarypunishmentsareundergoneshallconformtothesanitaryrequirementssetforthinArticle25.Aprisonerofwarundergoingpunishmentshallbeenabledtokeephimselfinastateofcleanliness,inconformitywithArticle29.
Officersandpersonsofequivalentstatusshallnotbelodgedinthesamequartersasnoncommissionedofficersormen.
Womenprisonersofwarundergoingdisciplinarypunishmentshallbeconfinedinseparatequartersfrommaleprisonersofwarandshallbeundertheimmediatesupervisionofwomen.
Art98.Aprisonerofwarundergoingconfinementasadisciplinarypunishment,shallcontinuetoenjoythebenefitsof.theprovisionsofthisConventionexceptinsofarasthesearenecessarilyrenderedinapplicablebythemerefactthatheisconfined.InnocasemayhebedeprivedofthebenefitsoftheprovisionsofArticles78and126.
Aprisonerofwarawardeddisciplinarypunishmentmaynotbedeprivedoftheprerogativesattachedtohisrank.
Prisonersofwarawardeddisciplinarypunishmentshallbeallowedtoexerciseandtostayintheopenairatleasttwohoursdaily.
Theyshallbeallowed,ontheirrequest,tobepresentatthedailymedicalinspections.Theyshallreceivetheattentionwhichtheirstateofhealthrequiresand,ifnecessary,shallberemovedtothecampinfirmaryortoahospital.
Theyshallhavepermissiontoreadandwrite,likewisetosendandreceiveletters.Parcelsandremittancesofmoneyhowever,maybewithheldfromthemuntilthecompletionofthepunishmenttheyshallmeanwhilebeentrustedtotheprisoners'representative,whowillhandovertotheinfirmarytheperishablegoodscontainedinsuchparcels.
III.JuridicialProceedings
Art99.NoprisonerofwarmaybetriedorsentencedforanactwhichisnotforbiddenbythelawoftheDetainingPowerorbyinternationallaw,inforceatthetimethesaidactwascommitted.
Nomoralorphysicalcoercionmaybeexertedonaprisonerofwarinordertoinducehimtoadmithimselfguiltyoftheactofwhichheisaccused.
Noprisonerofwarmaybeconvictedwithouthavinghadanopportunitytopresenthisdefenceand
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theassistanceofaqualifiedadvocateorcounsel.
Art100.PrisonersofwarandtheProtectingPowersshallbeinformedassoonaspossibleoftheoffenceswhicharepunishablebythedeathsentenceunderthelawsoftheDetainingPower.
OtheroffencesshallnotthereafterbemadepunishablebythedeathpenaltywithouttheconcurrenceofthePoweronwhichtheprisonersofwardepend.
Thedeathsentencecannotbepronouncedonaprisonerofwarunlesstheattentionofthecourthas,inaccordancewithArticle87,secondparagraph,beenparticularlycalledtothefactthatsincetheaccusedisnotanationaloftheDetainingPower,heisnotboundtoitbyanydutyofallegiance,andthatheisinitspowerastheresultofcircumstancesindependentofhisownwill.
Art101.Ifthedeathpenaltyispronouncedonaprisonerofwar,thesentenceshallnotbeexecutedbeforetheexpirationofaperiodofatleastsixmonthsfromthedatewhentheProtectingPowerreceives,atanindicatedaddress,thedetailedcommunicationprovidedforinArticle107.
Art102.AprisonerofwarcanbevalidlysentencedonlyifthesentencehasbeenpronouncedbythesamecourtsaccordingtothesameprocedureasinthecaseofmembersofthearmedforcesoftheDetainingPower,andif,furthermore,theprovisionsofthepresentChapterhavebeenobserved.
Art103.Judicialinvestigationsrelatingtoaprisonerofwarshallbeconductedasrapidlyascircumstancespermitandsothathistrialshalltakeplaceassoonaspossible.AprisonerofwarshallnotbeconfinedwhileawaitingtrialunlessamemberofthearmedforcesoftheDetainingPowerwouldbesoconfinedifhewereaccusedofasimilaroffence,orifitisessentialtodosointheinterestsofnationalsecurity.Innocircumstancesshallthisconfinementexceedthreemonths.
Anyperiodspentbyaprisonerofwarinconfinementawaitingtrialshallbedeductedfromanysentenceofimprisonmentpasseduponhimandtakenintoaccountinfixinganypenalty.
TheprovisionsofArticles97and98ofthisChaptershallapplytoaprisonerofwarwhilstinconfinementawaitingtrial.
Art104.InanycaseinwhichtheDetainingPowerhasdecidedtoinstitutejudicialproceedingsagainstaprisonerofwar,itshallnotifytheProtectingPowerassoonaspossibleandatleastthreeweeksbeforetheopeningofthetrial.ThisperiodofthreeweeksshallrunasfromthedayonwhichsuchnotificationreachestheProtectingPowerattheaddresspreviouslyindicatedbythelattertotheDetainingPower.
Thesaidnotificationshallcontainthefollowinginformation:
(1)Surnameandfirstnamesoftheprisonerofwar,hisrank,hisarmy,regimental,personalorserialnumber,hisdateofbirth,andhisprofessionortrade,ifany(2)Placeofinternmentorconfinement(3)Specificationofthechargeorchargesonwhichtheprisonerofwaristobearraigned,givingthelegalprovisionsapplicable(4)Designationofthecourtwhichwilltrythecase,likewisethedateandplacefixedfortheopeningofthetrial.ThesamecommunicationshallbemadebytheDetainingPowertotheprisoners'representative.
Ifnoevidenceissubmitted,attheopeningofatrial,thatthenotificationreferredtoabovewasreceivedbytheProtectingPower,bytheprisonerofwarandbytheprisoners'representativeconcerned,atleastthreeweeksbeforetheopeningofthetrial,thenthelattercannottakeplaceandmustbeadjourned.
Art105.Theprisonerofwarshallbeentitledtoassistancebyoneofhisprisonercomrades,todefencebyaqualifiedadvocateorcounselofhisownchoice,tothecallingofwitnessesand,ifhedeemsnecessary,totheservicesofacompetentinterpreter.HeshallbeadvisedoftheserightsbytheDetainingPowerinduetimebeforethetrial.
Failingachoicebytheprisonerofwar,theProtectingPowershallfindhimanadvocateorcounsel,andshallhaveatleastoneweekatitsdisposalforthepurpose.TheDetainingPowershalldelivertothesaidPower,onrequest,alistofpersonsqualifiedtopresentthedefence.FailingachoiceofanadvocateorcounselbytheprisonerofwarortheProtectingPower,theDetainingPowershallappointacompetentadvocateorcounseltoconductthedefence.
Theadvocateorcounselconductingthedefenceonbehalfoftheprisonerofwarshallhaveathisdisposalaperiodoftwoweeksatleastbeforetheopeningofthetrial,aswellasthenecessaryfacilitiestopreparethedefenceoftheaccused.Hemay,inparticular,freelyvisittheaccusedandinterviewhiminprivate.Hemayalsoconferwithanywitnessesforthedefence,includingprisonersofwar.Heshallhavethebenefitofthesefacilitiesuntilthetermofappealorpetitionhasexpired.
Particularsofthechargeorchargesonwhichtheprisonerofwaristobearraigned,aswellasthedocumentswhicharegenerallycommunicatedtotheaccusedbyvirtueofthelawsinforceinthearmedforcesoftheDetainingPower,shallbecommunicatedtotheaccusedprisonerofwarinalanguagewhichheunderstands,andingoodtimebeforetheopeningofthetrial.Thesame
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communicationinthesamecircumstancesshallbemadetotheadvocateorcounselconductingthedefenceonbehalfoftheprisonerofwar.
TherepresentativesoftheProtectingPowershallbeentitledtoattendthetrialofthecase,unless,exceptionally,thisisheldincameraintheinterestofStatesecurity.InsuchacasetheDetainingPowershalladvisetheProtectingPoweraccordingly.
Art106.Everyprisonerofwarshallhave,inthesamemannerasthemembersofthearmedforcesoftheDetainingPower,therightofappealorpetitionfromanysentencepronounceduponhim,withaviewtothequashingorrevisingofthesentenceorthereopeningofthetrial.Heshallbefullyinformedofhisrighttoappealorpetitionandofthetimelimitwithinwhichhemaydoso.
Art107.AnyjudgmentandsentencepronounceduponaprisonerofwarshallbeimmediatelyreportedtotheProtectingPowerintheformofasummarycommunication,whichshallalsoindicatewhetherhehastherightofappealwithaviewtothequashingofthesentenceorthereopeningofthetrial.Thiscommunicationshalllikewisebesenttotheprisoners'representativeconcerned.Itshallalsobesenttotheaccusedprisonerofwarinalanguageheunderstands,ifthesentencewasnotpronouncedinhispresence.TheDetainingPowershallalsoimmediatelycommunicatetotheProtectingPowerthedecisionoftheprisonerofwartouseortowaivehisrightofappeal.
Furthermore,ifaprisonerofwarisfinallyconvictedorifasentencepronouncedonaprisonerofwarinthefirstinstanceisadeathsentence,theDetainingPowershallassoonaspossibleaddresstotheProtectingPoweradetailedcommunicationcontaining:
(1)theprecisewordingofthefindingandsentence(2)asummarizedreportofanypreliminaryinvestigationandofthetrial,emphasizinginparticulartheelementsoftheprosecutionandthedefence(3)notification,whereapplicable,oftheestablishmentwherethesentencewillbeserved.
ThecommunicationsprovidedforintheforegoingsubparagraphsshallbesenttotheProtectingPowerattheaddresspreviouslymadeknowntotheDetainingPower.
Art108.Sentencespronouncedonprisonersofwarafteraconvictionhasbecomedulyenforceable,shallbeservedinthesameestablishmentsandunderthesameconditionsasinthecaseofmembersofthearmedforcesoftheDetainingPower.Theseconditionsshallinallcasesconformtotherequirementsofhealthandhumanity.
Awomanprisonerofwaronwhomsuchasentencehasbeenpronouncedshallbeconfinedinseparatequartersandshallbeunderthesupervisionofwomen.
Inanycase,prisonersofwarsentencedtoapenaltydeprivingthemoftheirlibertyshallretainthebenefitoftheprovisionsofArticles78and126ofthepresentConvention.Furthermore,theyshallbeentitledtoreceiveanddespatchcorrespondence,toreceiveatleastonereliefparcelmonthly,totakeregularexerciseintheopenair,tohavethemedicalcarerequiredbytheirstateofhealth,andthespiritualassistancetheymaydesire.PenaltiestowhichtheymaybesubjectedshallbeinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofArticle87,thirdparagraph.
PartIV.TerminationofCaptivity
SectionI.DirectRepatriationandAccommodationinNeutralCountries
Art109.SubjecttotheprovisionsofthethirdparagraphofthisArticle,Partiestotheconflictareboundtosendbacktotheirowncountry,regardlessofnumberorrank,seriouslywoundedandseriouslysickprisonersofwar,afterhavingcaredforthemuntiltheyarefittotravel,inaccordancewiththefirstparagraphofthefollowingArticle.
Throughoutthedurationofhostilities,Partiestotheconflictshallendeavour,withthecooperationoftheneutralPowersconcerned,tomakearrangementsfortheaccommodationinneutralcountriesofthesickandwoundedprisonersofwarreferredtointhesecondparagraphofthefollowingArticle.Theymay,inaddition,concludeagreementswithaviewtothedirectrepatriationorinternmentinaneutralcountryofablebodiedprisonersofwarwhohaveundergonealongperiodofcaptivity.
NosickorinjuredprisonerofwarwhoiseligibleforrepatriationunderthefirstparagraphofthisArticle,mayberepatriatedagainsthiswillduringhostilities.
Art110.Thefollowingshallberepatriateddirect:
(1)Incurablywoundedandsickwhosementalorphysicalfitnessseemstohavebeengravelydiminished.(2)Woundedandsickwho,accordingtomedicalopinion,arenotlikelytorecoverwithinoneyear,whoseconditionrequirestreatmentandwhosementalorphysicalfitnessseemstohavebeengravelydiminished.(3)Woundedandsickwhohaverecovered,butwhosementalorphysicalfitnessseemstohavebeengravelyandpermanentlydiminished.
Thefollowingmaybeaccommodatedinaneutralcountry:
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(1)Woundedandsickwhoserecoverymaybeexpectedwithinoneyearofthedateofthewoundorthebeginningoftheillness,iftreatmentinaneutralcountrymightincreasetheprospectsofamorecertainandspeedyrecovery.(2)Prisonersofwarwhosementalorphysicalhealth,accordingtomedicalopinion,isseriouslythreatenedbycontinuedcaptivity,butwhoseaccommodationinaneutralcountrymightremovesuchathreat.
Theconditionswhichprisonersofwaraccommodatedinaneutralcountrymustfulfilinordertopermittheirrepatriationshallbefixed,asshalllikewisetheirstatus,byagreementbetweenthePowersconcerned.Ingeneral,prisonersofwarwhohavebeenaccommodatedinaneutralcountry,andwhobelongtothefollowingcategories,shouldberepatriated:
(1)Thosewhosestateofhealthhasdeterioratedsoastofulfiltheconditionlaiddownfordirectrepatriation
(2)Thosewhosementalorphysicalpowersremain,evenaftertreatment,considerablyimpaired.
IfnospecialagreementsareconcludedbetweenthePartiestotheconflictconcerned,todeterminethecasesofdisablementorsicknessentailingdirectrepatriationoraccommodationinaneutralcountry,suchcasesshallbesettledinaccordancewiththeprincipleslaiddownintheModelAgreementconcerningdirectrepatriationandaccommodationinneutralcountriesofwoundedandsickprisonersofwarandintheRegulationsconcerningMixedMedicalCommissionsannexedtothepresentConvention.
Art111.TheDetainingPower,thePoweronwhichtheprisonersofwardepend,andaneutralPoweragreeduponbythesetwoPowers,shallendeavourtoconcludeagreementswhichwillenableprisonersofwartobeinternedintheterritoryofthesaidneutralPoweruntilthecloseofhostilities.
Art112.Upontheoutbreakofhostilities,MixedMedicalCommissionsshallbeappointedtoexaminesickandwoundedprisonersofwar,andtomakeallappropriatedecisionsregardingthem.Theappointment,dutiesandfunctioningoftheseCommissionsshallbeinconformitywiththeprovisionsoftheRegulationsannexedtothepresentConvention.
However,prisonersofwarwho,intheopinionofthemedicalauthoritiesoftheDetainingPower,aremanifestlyseriouslyinjuredorseriouslysick,mayberepatriatedwithouthavingtobeexaminedbyaMixedMedicalCommission.
Art113.BesidesthosewhoaredesignatedbythemedicalauthoritiesoftheDetainingPower,woundedorsickprisonersofwarbelongingtothecategorieslistedbelowshallbeentitledtopresentthemselvesforexaminationbytheMixedMedicalCommissionsprovidedforintheforegoingArticle:
(1)Woundedandsickproposedbyaphysicianorsurgeonwhoisofthesamenationality,oranationalofaPartytotheconflictalliedwiththePoweronwhichthesaidprisonersdepend,andwhoexerciseshisfunctionsinthecamp.
(