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Kingdom Protista Kingdom Protista “the very “the very first”first”
any organism that is not a plant, any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungus, or prokaryote animal, fungus, or prokaryote (bacteria)(bacteria)
EukaryotesEukaryotes 1.5 billion years ago1.5 billion years ago Classified by nutrition modeClassified by nutrition mode Animal like, Plant like, or Fungus Animal like, Plant like, or Fungus
likelike
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A) Animal-like Protists: A) Animal-like Protists: ProtozoansProtozoans
Protozoa-”First Protozoa-”First animals”animals”
HeterotrophsHeterotrophs Four phyla Four phyla
based on how based on how they movethey move
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1) Phylum Zoomastiginia: 1) Phylum Zoomastiginia: ZooflagellatesZooflagellates
flagellaflagella Absorb food Absorb food
through their cell through their cell membranesmembranes
Most reproduce Most reproduce asexually- binary asexually- binary fissionfission
Live in lakes and Live in lakes and streams or bodies streams or bodies of other organismsof other organisms
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DiseasesDiseases
African sleeping sickness African sleeping sickness TrypanosomaTrypanosoma – Tsetse Fly – Tsetse Fly Chills, rashes, nerve cell damage, comaChills, rashes, nerve cell damage, coma
Trichomonas vaginalisTrichomonas vaginalis – vaginitis – vaginitis
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Termites and Termites and TrichonymphaTrichonympha
Symbiotic (lives off food from Symbiotic (lives off food from termite)termite)
Lives in termite gutLives in termite gut Contains cellulase that digests woodContains cellulase that digests wood
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2) Phylum Sarcondina: 2) Phylum Sarcondina: SarcodinesSarcodines
PseudopodsPseudopods “false foot” – cytoplasmic “false foot” – cytoplasmic projections for eating and movementprojections for eating and movement
Best known sarcodine - Best known sarcodine - AmoebaAmoeba Amoeboid movementAmoeboid movement Contractile and Food VacuolesContractile and Food Vacuoles Binary FissionBinary Fission ForaminiferansForaminiferans – secrete calcium carbonate – secrete calcium carbonate
shells (chalk), accumulates on bottom of ocean.shells (chalk), accumulates on bottom of ocean.
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Contractile Vacuole (pump water)
Nucleus
Food Vacuole (store food)
Pseudopods
ex. AMOEBA
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Amebic Dysentery
•Entamoeba-parasite spread by contaminated drinking water from poor sanitation
•Severe diarrhea, attacks intestines, bleeding
•Boiling water or iodine kills parasite
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3) Phylum Ciliophora: 3) Phylum Ciliophora: CiliatesCiliates
CiliaCilia – used for feeding and movement – used for feeding and movement Short, hair-like projectionsShort, hair-like projections
Binary Fission and Conjugation (stress)Binary Fission and Conjugation (stress) Best known ciliate – Best known ciliate – parameciumparamecium Freshwater and saltwaterFreshwater and saltwater TrichocystsTrichocysts-stiff projections for defense -stiff projections for defense
of parameciumof paramecium
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Internal AnatomyInternal Anatomy
Two nucleiTwo nuclei Macronucleus Macronucleus
respiration, protein synthesis, and respiration, protein synthesis, and digestion.digestion.
Micronucleus Micronucleus conjugation and contains a reserve copy conjugation and contains a reserve copy
of genes.of genes.
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Anal pore
GulletOral groove
TrichocystsLysosomes
Food vacuoles
Contractile vacuole
Micronucleus(conjugation) Macronucleus
Cilia
Paramecium
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NutritionNutrition
The cilia move food into the oral The cilia move food into the oral groove which leads to the gullet.groove which leads to the gullet.
The food is forced into food vacuolesThe food is forced into food vacuoles Lysosomes break down the food Lysosomes break down the food Undigested food is removed through Undigested food is removed through
the anusthe anus Contractile Vacuole pumps water in Contractile Vacuole pumps water in
and out to maintain homeostasisand out to maintain homeostasis
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Macronucleus
Micronucleus
Conjugation
MEIOSIS Exchange ofmicronuclei
Macronucleidisintegrate
New macronuclei
form
Genetically identical
paramecium form
*note: conjugation is a sexual process but NOT a form of sexual reproduction b/c no new individuals are formed. However, new combinations of genetic information are produced.
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4) Phylum Sporozoa: 4) Phylum Sporozoa: SporozoansSporozoans
Parasitic protistsParasitic protists Parasites of many different organisms, Parasites of many different organisms,
including worms, fish, birds, and including worms, fish, birds, and humans.humans.
Many protists cause serious diseaseMany protists cause serious disease Cannot move independentlyCannot move independently Reproduce using Reproduce using sporozoitessporozoites A sporozoite can attach itself to a A sporozoite can attach itself to a
host and lives as a parasite.host and lives as a parasite.
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DiseasesDiseases Malaria- sporozoan Malaria- sporozoan PlasmodiumPlasmodium Saliva of the female Anopheles mosquitoSaliva of the female Anopheles mosquito SporozoitesSporozoites enter the bloodstream and enter the bloodstream and
the plasmodium infects the liver cells and the plasmodium infects the liver cells and red blood cells.red blood cells.
Red cells burst and release toxins into the Red cells burst and release toxins into the bloodstreambloodstream
2 million people die each year from 2 million people die each year from malaria.malaria.
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B) Plant-like Protists: B) Plant-like Protists: Unicellular AlgaeUnicellular Algae
Base of the food chainBase of the food chain ““phytoplankton”phytoplankton” photosynthetic pigmentsphotosynthetic pigments 4 phyla based on the type of 4 phyla based on the type of
pigments they containpigments they contain
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1) Phylum Euglenophyta: 1) Phylum Euglenophyta: EuglenophytesEuglenophytes
two flagella two flagella Lack a cell wallLack a cell wall Cell membrane called a Cell membrane called a pelliclepellicle Chloroplasts – photosyntheticChloroplasts – photosynthetic Heterotrophic if no sunlight availableHeterotrophic if no sunlight available EyespotEyespot – finds sunlight – finds sunlight PelliclePellicle – tough and flexible – tough and flexible
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Gullet
Chloroplast
NucleusEyespotFlagella
Euglena
Carbohydrate storage bodies
Pellicle
Contractile vacuole
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2) Phylum Pyrrophyta “fire 2) Phylum Pyrrophyta “fire plants”: Dinoflagellatesplants”: Dinoflagellates
50% 50% photosyntheticphotosynthetic
50% heterotrophs50% heterotrophs 2 flagella2 flagella Plates made of Plates made of
cellulose for cellulose for protectionprotection
Many are Many are bioluminescentbioluminescent
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http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/20http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/2066
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Zooxanthellae Zooxanthellae (ex. of (ex. of dinoflagellates)dinoflagellates)
Photosynthetic dinos that provide Photosynthetic dinos that provide food for their host organism.food for their host organism.
The host provides carbon dioxide The host provides carbon dioxide and shelter.and shelter.
Examples of host organisms: Examples of host organisms: jellyfish, coral, clamsjellyfish, coral, clams
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Red TideRed Tide
Water appears Water appears red due to “red due to “Algal Algal BloomBloom””
Some dino Some dino species will species will release a toxin release a toxin that effects the that effects the nervous systems nervous systems of fishof fish
Ban on shellfishBan on shellfish
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Paralytic Shellfish Paralytic Shellfish PoisoningPoisoning
PSP is caused by a dino species that PSP is caused by a dino species that produces a toxin that is taken up by produces a toxin that is taken up by mollusks.mollusks.
Eating these infected shellfish can Eating these infected shellfish can cause serious illness, paralysis, or cause serious illness, paralysis, or deathdeath
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Pfiesteria-dinoflagellates (blooms triggered by pollution)-parasiteslesions
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3) Phylum Chrysophyta: 3) Phylum Chrysophyta: ChrysophytesChrysophytes
Yellow-green and golden-brown Yellow-green and golden-brown algaealgae
Gold-colored chloroplastsGold-colored chloroplasts Pectin cell wallPectin cell wall Store food in the form of oilStore food in the form of oil
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4) Phylum 4) Phylum Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyta:
DiatomsDiatoms Cell walls – Cell walls – silicon (glass)silicon (glass)
Cannot Cannot decomposedecompose
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C) Plantlike C) Plantlike Protists: Protists: Multicellular Multicellular
AlgaeAlgaeRed, Brown, and Green Red, Brown, and Green
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1) Phylum Rhodophyta: 1) Phylum Rhodophyta: Red Algae Red Algae
Contain Chlorophyll a and Contain Chlorophyll a and PhycobilinsPhycobilins
Absorb blue light – 260 meters, very Absorb blue light – 260 meters, very deepdeep
Important role in forming coral reefsImportant role in forming coral reefs Chondrus crispusChondrus crispus- Irish moss- Irish moss
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Chondrus crispus – Irish Moss
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2) Phylum Phaeophyta: 2) Phylum Phaeophyta: Brown Algae Brown Algae
Chlorophyll a and c, FucoxanthinChlorophyll a and c, Fucoxanthin Holdfast, Stipe, Blades, Bladders Holdfast, Stipe, Blades, Bladders
FucusFucus- Rockweed- Rockweed SargassumSargassum KelpKelp
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KelpKelp
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KelpKelp
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RockweedRockweed
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FucusFucus : Rockweed : Rockweed
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SargassumSargassum
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Blade
Stipe
Hold Fast
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3) Phylum Chlorophyta: 3) Phylum Chlorophyta: Green Algae Green Algae
Cellulose in their cell wallsCellulose in their cell walls Chlorophyll a & bChlorophyll a & b Stores food as starchStores food as starch Very similar to plantsVery similar to plants
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Unicellular Green AlgaeUnicellular Green Algae
ChlamydomonasChlamydomonas Lives in ponds, wet Lives in ponds, wet
soil, etc.soil, etc.
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Colonial Green AlgaeColonial Green Algae
SpirogyraSpirogyra VolvoxVolvox – connected strands of cytoplasm, – connected strands of cytoplasm,
coordinated flagella movementcoordinated flagella movement
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Multicellular Green Multicellular Green AlgaeAlgae
Sea lettuce- Sea lettuce- UlvaUlva
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Importance of Importance of AlgaeAlgae
•Base of the food chain
•Kelp forests – habitats
•50% of oxygen production
•Medical Use
•Ulcers, High Blood Pressure, arthritis
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