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KINGDOM PROTISTA
“The Junk Drawer” of Classification
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•Classified based on what they are NOT – they are NOT fungi, plants, or animals, but they are eukaryotic (in fact, they were probably the FIRST organisms to evolve a nucleus)
•First to reproduce sexually; first multicellular organisms
•Most are unicellular & microscopic
•Live where ever there is moisture (water)
•Historically, divided into algae (plant-like) and protozoa (animal-like)
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Types of Protists
Use the following slides to complete the table in your notes. Look for:
* Distinguishing characteristics
* How they obtain nutrition
* Examples and illustrations
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Types of Protists
• Ameboids
– Amoeba
– Foraminifera
• Algae
– Green
– Red
– Brown
• Diatoms
• Flagellates
– Dinoflagellates
– Euglenoids
– Kinetoplastids
– Cilliates
• Molds
• Sporozoans
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Ameboid: Ameoba (phylum Rhizopoda)
• No cell wall, no flagella, extremely flexible
• Pseudopodia: for eating and motility
Pseudo = “false” podium = “feet”
• Heterotrophic: engulf prey with pseudopodia by endocytosis/phagocytosis
• Reproduction:
mostly asexual
through binary fission
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Amoeba engulfing a paramecium with pseudopodia – An example of phagocytosis (a form of heterotrophy)
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Ameboid: phylum Foraminifera
• note the long pseudopodia coming out of the shell of calcium carbonate
• nutrition: heterotrophic and photosynthetic (depending on the species)
• compose sedimentary rock
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Ameboid: Heliozoans and Radiolarans
• Related to amoebas – pseudopodia & phagocytosis
• Long, slender pseudopodia coming from the heliozoan on the left
• Heliozoans are freshwater; radiolarans are marine (saltwater)
• Both form the ooze on the floor of these bodies of water with the shells left from their dead bodies
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Phylum Algae
• Autotrophic: photosynthesis
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Named according to pigment
– Pigment is what makes color
• Produce 1/3 of oxygen in atmosphere (more than the plantae kingdom)
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25 nm
60 m
Golden algae - microscopic Brown algae - macroscopic; this is a kelpforest, supplying habitat and food for an entire ecosystem
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multinucleate green algae; these
are NOT leaves
Volvox (microscopic)
Red Algae Green Algae
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Diatoms: Phylum Bacillariophyta
• Photosynthetic
• Unicellular
• Two part shell (like a box and lid) made of silica
• When the shell separates, each half regenerates another matching half
• Shell deposits are mined and used for commercial purposes
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Flagellates: phylum Euglanoid
• Use flagella for motility
• Have an eyespot for phototaxis
• Have a contractile vacuole for water balance
• Autotrophic/ photosynthetic (chloroplasts) AND heterotrophic
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Flagellates: phylum Dinoflagellate
• Photosynthetic AND heterotrophic
• Planktonic, phytoplankton (phyto = plant)
• Responsible for red tide (named for the photosynthetic pigment they contain); “blooms” of these organisms cause massive kills due to the toxins they produce
• Heterotrophic species use the toxins to stun prey (like fish) and then feed on its body fluids
• Some are bioluminescent (bio = life, lumin = light)
• Also related to the euglenoids (note the presence of the flagella)
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Phylum Flagellates: • Trypanosoma – genus of the protist that causes African sleeping
sickness in humans (host) following the bite of the tsetse fly (vector)
• Giardia – genus of another flagellated protist that causes disease in humans
• Closely related to the euglenoids because they have similar body coverings
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Paramecium: phylum Ciliophra All members of this group have cilia. Note there are even cilia lining the oral groove
*contractile vacuole
*micro and macro nuclei
*Heterotrophic – food enters through oral groove, food vacuole forms, lysosomes help digest food
LOOK! Waste leaving cell (exocytosis)
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Ciliophorans: Stentor and Paramecium
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Slime molds: phylum Myxomycota
• Protists that aggregate (clump together) in times of stress to form spore-producing bodies
• Look like fungi but are NOT (no chitin in cell walls)
• Heterotrophic – engulf bacteria and organic material
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Molds: plylum Oomycota
• heterotrophic
• commonly found in very wet environments growing on dead or decaying orgahnisms, such as on the fish below; called “mycota” because they look like fungi but are NOT (no chitin in cell walls)
• Many are pathogenic
– Late blight was responsible for the Irish potato famine
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Sporozoan: phylum Apicomplexa
CHARACTERISTICS
• Spore-forming
• Non-motile
• Unicellular
• Parasitic
DISEASES
• Malaria: host – vertebrates; spread by mosquitoes
• Toxoplasmosis: host – humans & cats
• Cattle tick fever: host – cattle, mice, humans, deer, dogs
• Cryptosporidiosis: host – cattle humans, birds, deer, dogs, cats
Malaria sporozoans of genus Plasmodium
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Protista Vocabulary This list may not be complete for YOU.
If you don’t know these words (or any others in this unit), look them up or ASK!
Colony Nonmotile/motile/sessile
Aggregation Conjugation
Multicellular Alternation of generations
Complex multicellularity Heterotroph/autotroph
Pseudopodia Photosynthetic
Flagella Gamete
Cilia Spore
Planktonic/plankton Host
Silica Vector
Spore Parasitic/saprophytic
Phototaxis Contractile vacuole
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Rhizopoda
Amoeba, related organisms
Flexible, no cell wall, pseudopodia, related – shells
Heterotrophs – phagocytosis
p. 464
Euglenophyta
Euglena and related flagellates
Flagella
Eye spots
Autotrophic – photosynthetic & heterotrophic
p. 467
Ciliophora
Paramecium and related ciliates
Cilia
Contractile vacuole
Oral groove
Heterotrophic p. 469
Dinoflagellates Planktonic
Flagellated
Toxic – red tide
Heterotrophic & autotrophic/photosynthetic
p. 467
Bacillariophyta
Diatoms
Shells of silica
Shoe box like shell
Planktonic
Photosynthetic p. 466
Algae (golden, brown, red & green)
Many multicellular Photosynthetic p. 461, 465
“-mycota” groups; water molds & slime molds
Fungus-like
Some aggregate in times of stress; spores
Heterotrophic p. 470
Sporozoans
Complex life cycle - Apicomplexa
nonmotile, unicellular, parasitic, spore-forming, disease-causing
Heterotrophic p. 471 & p. 473