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Kingdom Animalia Two groups of animals have appeared in the
fossil record, a very ancient one and a more modern one.
From 700-900 million years ago, a whole world of animals thrived in the oceans, but their fossils disappear about 600-650my ago.
A few survived, and became the ancestors of modern animals.
All modern animals groups can be traced back to the beginning of the Cambrian Period, about 600 million years ago.
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Animalia Traits:
Heterotrophic--have to ingest (eat) then digest food
multicellular but NO CELL WALLS adult is always diploid motile--can move around have sexual reproduction only haploid cells are large, non-motile
eggs and smaller, motile sperm
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How we classify animals:
Symmetry--radial or bilateral complexity of
organism--tissues/organs/systems absent or present
backbone or internal skeleton--absent/present
number of layers developing from zygote coelom (body cavity) absent/present segmentation absent/present
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Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates Does the animal
have a backbone (spinal chord) or some primitive form of one during development?
Ex. those with: us, fish, sharks
Ex. those without: jellyfish, politicians
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Sponges Sponges--
simplest animals
evolved multi-cellularity
get food by filtering water for organic materials
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Jellyfish
have tissues (but not organs or systems) and symmetry
have two layers of tissues developing from zygote: endoderm and ectoderm
have nerves and muscles (both are tissues)
have plant-like alternation of generations life cycle
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Next steps: bilateral
symmetry evolved
Then organs evolved from groups of tissues
Flatworms--forms tube-within-a-tube body plan
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And then... an internal body cavity (a
coelem) for protection of organs, digestion, and reproduction
those that did went on to evolve producing a mouth (protostomes) or an anus first and then a mouth (deuterostomes)
some lower animals evolved a false coelem, a pseudocoelem (=pseduocoelemates): ex. roundworms
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3 groups of protostomes:
molluscs (snails, squids) annelids (earthworms) arthropods (insects, crabs,
spiders)
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Molluscs 3 groups within
molluscs:• 1. Clams, oysters
(bivalves)--filter water for food.
• 2. Cephalopods (squid, octopus)--most advanced molluscs--have closed circulatory systems and well-developed nervous systems.
• 3. Gastropods (snails, slugs)--
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Some early animals evolved segmentation
ex. Annelids (earthworms)--this allows specialization of different segments for reproduction, etc.
ex. Arthropods (insects, spiders)--have a tough exoskeleton for protection, can increase body size through metamorphosis (like caterpillarsbutter-flies)
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Arthropod groups: 1. Chelicerates--
spiders, scorpions, ticks
2. Crustaceans--shrimp, lobster, crabs
3. Uniramia--millipedes, centipedes
4. Insects--grasshoppers, ants, bees
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Deuterostomes--those that produce an anus first, then a mouth
Two groups--echinoderms (no true endoskeleton) and chordates (those with true endoskeletons)
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Echinoderms sea stars, starfish have a well-developed
coelem and internal organs
each arm has its own digestive and reproductive organs, and an eyespot at the end
no respiratory, excretory, or circulatory systems--internal water movement does all this
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Chordates: all have internal skeletons, plus 3 main requirements:
1. A dorsal (back) hollow nerve cord (the future spinal cord)
2. A notochord--a supporting rod for nerve cord; notochord later replaced by vertebrae.
3. Pharyngeal pouches--only present in embryos. In humans, the 1st pair become ear tubes, the 2nd the tonsils, and the 3rd & 4th become the thymus glands and parathyroids
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Other Chordate traits: Usually 2 pairs of
jointed appendages internal skeleton
that grows with organism
skull protects brain complex sensory
organs (eyes, ears, etc.)
closed circulatory system
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Major Chordate groups:
1. Fish--3 groups: jawless, cartilage, and bony.
2. Amphibians--frogs, salamanders 3. Reptiles--snakes, lizards, alligators 4. Birds 5. Mammals
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Mammary glands
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Fish: 1st Chordates 3 groups: jawless,
cartilaginous, and bony
jawless--ex. Lamprey eels
cartilaginous--ex. Sharks, rays
jawed--ex. Salmon, bass, trout
Fish ancestors, which were jawless, evolved the jaw from modified gill support bones
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Jawed fishes:
Skeletons of bone scales made of
modified bone cells gills covered by
operculum swim bladders color vision! 2-chambered heart
with a single loop of circulation
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Amphibians: Amphibians are basically
lobe-finned fish that made it onto land
evolved some unique features:
1. Tongues 2. Eyelids 3. Ears 4. Voices 5. Highly developed brains 6. Double-loop circulatory
system with 3-chambered heart
7. But have to return to water to lay eggs
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Birds: Kept many reptilian
features, such as amniotic eggs and scales (on feet and face)
only modern animals with feathers
endotherms--have high body temperature regardless of external temperature
4-chambered hearts complete ventilation
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Mammals: Evolved from “stem
reptiles” large brain size to body
ratio have differentiated
teeth highly differentiated
vertebrae mammary glands homeothermy hair 4-chambered hearts
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3 kinds of mammals: 1. monotremes—lay
eggs 2. marsupials—
embryos have to crawl to milk glands located in a pouch
3. placentals—embryos attach via placenta to mother for nutrition; completely enclosed until birth
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Placental mammal groups:
Rodents--mice, beavers; large front teeth hoofed mammals--horse group and cow
group rodent-like--rabbits carnivores--dogs, cats, bears cetaceans--whales, dolphins modified upper lips & noses--elephants primates-us, chimpanzees, apes
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Primates:
Grasping hands/feet Binocular vision—allows for 3-dimensional
viewing; helpful in forest environments for going from tree to tree
Reduction in snout/nose length Teeth evolved for eating both plant and
animal tissues (=omnivorous)
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The evolutionary path to us:
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Human evolutionary
tree based on skull
characteristics
700,000 years ago
1.5 million years ago
2.9 million years ago
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