Product specifi cations and descriptions in this document subject to change without notice. ©Keysight Technologies, 2008-2014 Printed in USA., August 11, 2014 5989-7646EN

The cyclic prefix is created by prepending each symbolwith a copy of the end of the symbol

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 slot = 15360 x Ts= 0.5 ms

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 (x Ts)

etc.CP CP CP CP CP CP CP

Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) = 32.6 ns0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

DwPTS(3-12 symbols)

UpPTS(1-2 symbols)

GP(1-10 symbols)

P-SSS-SSPBCHPDCCHPDSCH

Reference signal (Demodulation)PUCCHUpPTS – Uplink pilot time slotDL/UL subframe

Nsymb OFDM symbols (= 7 OFDM symbols at normal CP)DL

Q

I

1, 11, 1 –1,–1

–1,–1

–1, 1–1, 1 1, –1

1, –1

1, 1–1,–1 –1, 11, –1

15 kHz

QPSK modulatingdata symbols

fc

V

CP

OFDMA

Sequence of QPSK data symbols to be transmitted

60 kHzFrequency

OFDMA

symbol

OFDMA

symbol

fc

V

CP

Time

Frequency

SC-FDMA

symbol

SC-FDMA

symbol

Time

SC-FDMA

Constan

t

subcar

rier po

wer

during

each

SC-FDMA

symbol

period

One subframe (1 ms) One slot (0.5 ms)

One radio frame, Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 msOne half-frame, 153600 x Ts = 5 ms

Special subframe (1 ms)

Special subframe (1 ms)

Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) = 32.552 nsecTs = Time clock unit for definitions

#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9

#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9

For 5 ms switch-point periodicity

For 10 ms switch-point periodicity

DwPTS GP UpPTS

DwPTS GP UpPTS

DwPTS GP UpPTS

Relay node

Relay nodeRelay node

f

f

Band A

Band A Band B

Component Carrier (CC)Up to 20 MHz BW

Frequency

Different scenarios

PUSCH PUCCH

16QAM 64QAM QPSK

Time

Frequency

P-SS – Primary synchronization signal is transmitted on symbol 6 of slots 0 and 10 of each radio frameS-SS – Secondary synchronization signal is transmitted on symbol 5 of slots 0 and 10 of each radio framePBCH – Physical broadcast channel is located in 4 symbolsof sub-frame 0 only on symbols 0 to 3 of slot 1

PDCCH – Physical downlink control channel exists on all sub-carriers at the start of the first slot PDSCH – Physical downlink shared channel – carries the payload data for multiple usersReference signal – (Pilot) – Reference signals are located at symbol 0 and symbol 4 of every slot

1 sub-frame= 2 slots= 1ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18 #19

The cyclic prefix is created by prepending each symbolwith a copy of the end of the symbol

1 frame = 10 sub-frames= 10 ms

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

Nsymb OFDM symbols (= 7 OFDM symbols at normal CP)

(x Ts)

etc.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

DL

1 slot = 15360 x Ts= 0.5 ms

Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) = 32.6 ns

0 1 2 3 4 5 6CP CP CP CP CP CP CP

Tim

e

Frequency

16QAM 64QAM Zadoff-ChuPUSCH ≥ 3 RB

QPSKPUSCH < 3 RB

or PUCCH

QPSK BPSK (1a) QPSK (1b)

Physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)

Demodulation reference signal for PUSCH

Physical uplink control channel (PUCCH)

Demodulation reference signal for PUCCH format 1a/1b

Comparing OFDMA and SC-FDMA

LTE downlink: Uses OFDMA multi-carrier modulation scheme with closely-spaced orthogonal sub-carriers.

LTE uplink: Uses single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) to reduce peak to average ratio and power consumption.

The graph shows an example sequence of eight QPSK symbols with four sub-carriers. For OFDMA, four symbols are taken in parallel, each modulating its own sub-carrier at the appropriate QPSK phase. After one OFDMA symbol period, a guard period called the cyclic prefi x (CP) is inserted before the next OFDMA symbol period.

For SC-FDMA each symbol is transmitted sequentially and the four data symbols are transmitted in one SC-FDMA symbol period. The higher rate data symbols require four times the spectrum bandwidth. Note the OFDMA and SC-FDMA symbol periods are the same.

TDD Frame StructuresDL, UL, and Special Subframe

TDD 5 ms Switch Periodicity Mapping

3. RelayingThe relay method is the use of a repeater, which receives, amplifi es, and then retransmits the downlink and uplink signals to overcome areas of poor coverage.

4. Enhanced multipleantenna transmission

Downlink: 8 antennas, 8 streamsUplink: 4 antennas, 4 streams

5. Coordinated multipointCoordinated multipoint (CoMP) is an advanced variant of MIMO. The difference between the two systems is that with coordinated multipoint, the transmitters do not have to be physically co-located, although they are linked by some type of high speed data connection and can share payload data.

6. Heterogeneous networksupportThe network includes a mixture of different base station classes such as local area BS (picocell), home BS (femtocell) and relay node, all occupying the same frequency. This scenario has been termed “het-net” for short.

LTE Major FeaturesFeature Capability

Access modes FDD and TDD – with a common 10 ms frame timing but different frame structures

Variable channel bandwidth 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz All bandwidths apply for FDD and TDD

Baseline UE capability 20 MHz UL and DL, two Rx antennas, one Tx antenna

User data rates DL: 172.8 Mbps (2x2 single user MIMO, 64QAM); UL: 86.4 Mbps (single link 64QAM)

Downlink transmission OFDMA using QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Uplink transmission Single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) using QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

DL spatial diversity Open loop Tx diversity Single-user MIMO up to 4x4 supportable

UL spatial diversity Optional open loop Tx diversity, 2x2 multi-user MIMO, optional 2x2 single user MIMO

Transmission time interval 1 ms

H-ARQ retransmission time 8 ms

Frequency hopping Intra-TTI: UL once per 0.5 ms slot, DL once per 66 μs symbolInter-TTI across retransmissions

Bearer services Packet only – no circuit switched voice or data services are supported → voice must use VoIP

Unicast scheduling schemes Frequency selective (partial band); Frequency diversity by frequency hopping

Multicasting Enhanced multimedia broadcast/multicast service (eMBMS) supporting multicast/broadcast over single frequency network (MBSFN) – Release 9

1. Carrier AggregationCarrier Aggregation is the creation of wider bandwidths through the aggregation of 20 MHz contiguous and non-contiguous component carriers to achieve up to 100 MHz of spectrum.

2. Clustered SC-FDMAwith simultaneous PUSCH/PUCCHFor the uplink, clustered SC-FDMA is similar to SC-FDMA but has the advantage that it allows non-contiguous (clustered) groups of subcarriers to be allocated for transmission by a single UE, enabling uplink frequency-selective scheduling. In addition, there can be simultaneous transmission of control and data channels by allowing the PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) and the PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) to be transmitted simultaneously.

LTE-Advanced Features

FDD Frame StructuresFDD Downlink Frame Structure

FDD Downlink Physical Mapping

FDD Uplink Physical Mapping

HARDWARE + SOFTWARE + PEOPLE = LTE-A INSIGHTS www.keysight.com/fi nd/lte www.keysight.com/fi nd/lte-a

Wireless Design Library

SystemVue

RDX DigRF Test Environment X-Series Signal Analyzers

89600 VSA for FDD and TDD

with MIMO

LTE Measurement Application

MXA Signal Analyzer with MXG Signal Generator

6607B EXT Wireless Communications Test Set and E6617A Multi-port

Adapter

MXG Signal Generator

Signal StudioSoftware

PXB Baseband Generator and Channel Emulator

M9381APXIe Vector

Signal Generator

16800 Series Portable Logic Analyzer

Infi niium 90000 X-Series Oscilloscope

Handheld RF Cable and Antenna Tester

FieldFox RF Handheld Analyzer

HandheldSpectrum Analyzer

E6621APXT Wireless

CommunicationsTest Set

N7109A Multi-Channel Signal

N6070A SeriesSignalingConformanceTest System

InteractiveFunctional Test(IFT) Software

N6781A 2-Quadrant

BatteryDrain Analysis

89600 WLA Wireless Link Analysis Software

T4010S LTE RF Conformance Test System

Keysight Covers the LTE and LTE-Advanced LifecycleSimulation Signal Creation — UL/DL Baseband Analysis Signal Analysis — UL/DL UE Integration and Verifi cation Conformance Test Manufacturing Install/Maintenance

Learn more about LTE and its measurements with the NEW 2nd edition book of LTE and Evolution to 4G Wireless

www.keysight.com/fi nd/ltebook

Great insight. Greater confi dence. Accelerate next-generation wireless.

Understanding the Intricacies of

LTE and LTE-Advanced Keysight LTE Design & Test Portfolio