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KEYNOTE SPEAKER 2
Misconception in Chemistry Textbooks and Teachers as Users: Case Study on the Concepts of Quantum Numbers and Electronic Configurations for
Senior High School Level in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Professor Dr. Kristian H. Sugiyarto
Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Science
Yogyakarta State University, INDONESIA
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MISCONCEPTION IN CHEMISTRY TEXTBOOKS AND TEACHERS AS USERS;
CASE STUDY ON THE CONCEPTS OF QUANTUM NUMBERS AND ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL
IN YOGYAKARTAby:
Kristian H. Sugiyarto
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PoPulation :
1.Textbooks of chemistry for High-School circulating in Yogyakarta (~ 10 textbooks)
SamPlE : 6 textbooks
2. Chemistry Teachers as Users
SamPlE: 33 teachers from 10 Public- and 5 Private- High Schools in Yogyakarta
Method:
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• Procedure :1. The content of the corresponding concepts in the
textbooks were reviewed according to scientific correctness
2. - The teachers were gathered in a class-room to respond the questioning test
- They were asked to bring their own textbook(s) and to discuss one to another, but the answers should be on his/her own individual decision
- Therefore, his/her answers should be merely based on her/his own understanding about the concepts, and no forgetful factor was considered
- The results were collected and then discussed to show the misconception
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Duck !
Grand mum!
Beautiful Lady!
Misconception!
Who is him-her?What is this?
Rabbit!
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MANExtreme particle?
(2) (3) (4)
(5) (6) (7) WOMENExtreme wave??Can you recognise, who he/she is ?
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Concept(Original)
“Concept”(Product)t r a n s f e r
discrepancy ?"preconception, misconception, alternative framework,
students’ knowledge, explanatory system ….."
"misconception is the term commonly used to describe an unaccepted (and not necessarily wrong) interpretation of a concept illustrated in the statement in which the concept is embedded. However, van den Berg (1991) declares that in
science, "misconseption" is identical to ”wrong"
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quantum numBERS
n : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……., ∞
ℓ : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …….
mℓ : 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ..…..
s : ½
ms :±½
What for are they?
For designating the electrons in an atom/ion/molecule, and thus
electronic configuration
How are they generated ?
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????? ???
Misconception?
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Only true for the first twenty element!!!
Misconception?
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1s
2s
4s3p
3s2p
6s5p4d
7s6p5d4f
5s4p3d
8s7p6d5f
(c)
2s
7s
6s
5s
4s
3s
1s
6p
5p
4p
3p
2p
6d
5d
4d
3d
4f
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(a)
5f
Diagram mnemonic urutan pengisian elektron pada orbital atas dasar aufbau menurut:
(a) (a) Pao-Fang Yi (J. Chem. Ed. 1947, Vol. 24, 567)(b) Uncle Wiggly (J. Chem. Ed. 1983, Vol. 60, 562)
(c) Darsey sebagai “pohon natal Pascal”( (J. Chem. Ed. 1988, Vol. 65, 1036)
(b)
1s
2s
3s
4s
5s
6s
7s
2p
3p
4p
5p
6p
7p
3d
4d
5d
6d
4f
5f
Diagram aufabu hanya benar-eksak hingga nomor atom 20
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WHY?
Simplification of the complex!
Misconception?
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J. Chem.Ed. Vol.55, Number 1, January, 1978, 2-6
Misconception?
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J. Chem.Ed. Vol.55, Number 1, January, 1978, 2-6
Misconception?
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Misconception?
3d
4s
J. Chem.Ed. Vol.55, Number 1, January, 1978, 2-6
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J. Chem.Ed. Vol. 66, Number 6, June, 1989, 481-483
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?
? ?
Alfabetik -numeric ?
Misconception?
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Polar and Cartesian Coordinates for One Electron Model
r = 0 - , q = 0 - p , f = 0- 2 p
Important equations:z = r cos qx = r sin q cos fy = r sin q sin f, and
r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
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Eq (1)SOLUTION
=
immn
anZr e CosPan
rZL
an
rZe
anmn
Znm.. )(
22
])![()!(
)!1()!)(12(
0
12
0
/3
034
30
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oRBital !
• Pictures of the wavefungtion, Y or Y2 (the probability
in finding electrons):
1) Yn,ℓ,m (r,q,f)
2) Yn,ℓ, = Rn,ℓ (r )
3) Yℓ,m = Qℓ,m (q) . Fm (f)
4) Yℓ,m2 = [Qℓ,m (q) . Fm (f)]2
For “chemical practice”
3 & 4
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Bentuk orbital polar: (a) fungsi cos q dan (b) fungsi cos2 qatau orbital pz (beberapa titik nilai 0-900 digambarkan)
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Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 25
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mℓ = 0
mℓ = ±1
mℓ = ±1
mℓ = ±2
mℓ = ±2
mℓ = ±3
mℓ = ±3
Friedman, H. G., Choppin, G. R., Feuerbacher, D.G., 1964, “The Shapes of the f orbitals”, J. of Chem. Ed., Vol. 41, No. 7, July, 354-358
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4 f
5 d
6 s
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1 20 40 60 80 100
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
n = 6
n = 7
1s
2p2s
5d5s ; 5p
6p6s
7s ; 7p5f ; 6d
4d ; 4f4s ; 4p
3d3s ; 3p
= f= d= p= s
E n
e r
g y
Atomic Number
binding energy vsatomic number
Day & Selbin, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry,
1969, p. 96
Detailed Relative Energy of Orbitals in the Quantum Mechanical Model
Note: the relative energy of occupied (n-1)dto ns orbitals
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Binding energy of electron with atomic number
(Day & Selbin, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, 1969, p. 125 )
37 38 39 40 41
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb
4d
4d
5s
5s 5p
5p
56 57 58 59
Ba La Ce Pr
4f
4f
5d
6s
6s
5d
5,0
10,0
019 20 21 22
K Ca Sc Ti
3d
3d
4s
4s 4p
4p
87 88 89 90 91 92
Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U
5f
5f
6d
7s
7s
6d
Ene
rgy
/ eV
Atomic Number
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Very simply the relative energies of the (n-1)d, ns, and np orbitals.
Generally, Zeff increases across the periods WHY?
BUT THE Zeff CHANGE AFFECTS THE (n-1)d-ORBITALS MORE THAN ns and np.
They are closer to the nucleus.
Why only d-electrons?
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SPIN ELEKTRON
Lihat media animasi
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S
N
SN
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SPIN ELEKTRON
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dst.
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2s 2p
6C: [He] 2s2 2p2 DIAGRAM ORBITAL
2s
2s
2p
2p
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7) (9)(8)
(10) (12)(11)
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4s 2 3d 3DIAGRAM ORBITAL
(1)
(3)
(2)
4s 23d 3
4s 2
3d 3 4s 2
3d 3(4)
-2 +2-1 +10 +2 -2+1 -10
(5) (6)
-1 +10
px py pz
+1 -10
px py pz(7) (8)
23V: [Ar] 3d2 4s2
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FINDINGS
Various misconseptions in the textbooks and teachers as users
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Some examples of misconceptions (Textbooks & Teachers)
??
ORBITAL
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?
F A T A L
Hubungan lambang nilai mℓ dengan sumbu Cartes x-y-z
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The term of: the LAST electron – The nth electron? ?
Which one to be the last, or the
nth electron??
?
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?
?
How does it come to the idea ?
24Cr: [Ar] 3d4 4s2 → [Ar] 3d5 4s1
24Cr: [Ar] 4s2 3d4→ [Ar] 4s1 3d5
?
Which one is the “last electron”?
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?
What is “the last electron”?
?
?
?
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?
The questions are:What is “the last” electrons of Fe and of Fe2+ ?Are they the same?
What is the electronic configuration of the
neutral atom, Y?
Y: [Ar] 4s2 3d8 !! BAD effect of the slopy aufbau
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Keller, R. N., 1962, “Textbook Errors 38: Energy Level Diagrams andExtranuclear Building of the Elements”, Journal of Chemical Education,39, 289-293
Thus the last-two electrons should enter to 4s, and the prior one-two electrons should enter to 3d, resulting in the lowest energy for the whole
ion/atom.
IONISATION ON TRANSITION ELEMENT
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
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Conclusion: The stability of the 3dx or [(n-1)dx]electron is greater than the 4s(1-2) or [ns(1-2)] electron
Thus, ONLY the last electron enter to ns orbital, and the priorone-nine electron(s) should enter to (n-1)d orbital
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQr61aG8LH0
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1s2 1s2
2s22s2
3s2 3s23p6 3p6
2p6 2p6
4s2 4s2
3d1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQr61aG8LH0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQr61aG8LH0
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• Working downwards from the highest energy levels ......
• the valence band (4d, 5s) emission occurs at a binding energy of ca. 0 -8 eV ( measured with respect to the Fermi level, or alternatively at ca. 4 - 12 eV if measured with respect to the vacuum level ).
• the emission from the 4p and 4s levels gives rise to very weak peaks at 54 eV and 88 eV respectively
• the most intense peak at ca. 335 eV is due to emission from the 3dlevels of the Pd atoms, whilst the 3p and 3s levels give rise to the peaks at ca. 534/561 eV and 673 eV respectively.
• the remaining peak is not an XPS peak at all ! - it is an Auger peak arising from x-ray induced Auger emission. It occurs at a kinetic energy of ca. 330 eV (in this case it is really meaningless to refer to an associated binding energy).
• These assignments are summarised below ...
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• CONCLUSION:
There are various misconceptions in understanding:
1. The quantum numbers of:
mℓ associated with labeling cartesian orbitals, and “increasing-decreasing” order to the “filling” electrons due to Hund rule
ms associated with unpaired-paired electron(s)
2. The aufbau priciple associated with the ordering energy of orbitals and thus electronic configurations of elements
3. The term of the nth electron
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Mn
3d5 4s2 3d5 4s2
3d7
3d7
Co2+
3d5 4s2
Mn Co2+
(A) (B)
3d
4s
3d
4s
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Van Quickenborne, et al, J. Chem.Ed. Vol. 71, Number 6, June, 1994, 469-471
ε3d (3dn 4s2) < ε3d (3dn+1 4s1) < ε3d (3dn+2 4s0)
ε4s (3dn 4s2) < ε4s (3dn+1 4s1)
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Hasil Penelitian Buku:
A. Bilangan Kuantum• Nomor Sampel Buku: 1. Parning dkk. 2. Johari dkk. 3. Unggul Sudarmo.
4. Michael Purba. 5. Das Salirawati dkk. 6. Tim kreatif, Sukardjo (editor)
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Lalu, dimana kemungkinan terjadinya miskonsepsi?
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3d
4s
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?
?
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Conclusion: The stability of the 3dx or [(n-1)dx]electron is greater than the 4s(1-2) or [ns(1-2)] electron
Thus, ONLYthe LASTelectronenter to nsorbital, andthe priorone-nineshould enterto (n-1)dorbital
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Don’t worry about the solutions!• Yn,ℓ,m (r,q,f) = Rn,ℓ (r ) . Qℓ,m (q) . Fm (f)
• The essential solutions involving the following values:
(n-ℓ-1)! and (ℓ ± |m| )!
• Thus:
• n and ℓ must be discreet, positive and integer one
• n (ℓ + 1) ; ℓ 0 , and m = ± ℓ( n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …..; ℓ = 0, 1, 2, 3, …..; m = 0, ±1, ± 2, ±3 …..)
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