Download - Juvenile offender
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JuvenileOffenders
Chapter12
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Outline
1. History
2. AssessmentofYoungOffenders
3. TheoriesofAn@socialBehaviour
4. RiskandProtec@veFactors
5. Preven@onandTreatment
6. Video
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1.History
Year
Legal
Act
1908
Juvenile
Delinquents
Act
1984
Young
Offenders
Act
2003
Youth
Criminal
Jus@ceAct
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1.JuvenileDelinquentsAct
• Youthbetween7and16
• Separatecourtsystem
• Sentencingop@onsincreased
• Parentsencouragedtopar@cipate
• Problems?
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1.YoungOffendersAct
• Accountabilityforac@ons
• Protec@onofthepublic
• Legalrights
• Minimumageforcriminaloffenceis12
• Problems?
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1.YouthCriminalJus@ceAct
• Lessseriouscrimeoutofcourt
• Extrajudicialmeasuresincrease
• Preven@onandreintegra@on
• Notransfers
• Vic@mneedsrecognized
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1.YouthCriminalJus@ceAct
Objec@ves
1. Preven@on
2. Encouragetakingresponsibilityforac@ons
3. Improverehabilita@onandreintegra@on
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1.Youthcrimerates
160000
165000
170000
175000
180000
2007 2008
AllCriminalCodeViola.ons
(excludingtraffic)
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1.Youthcrimerates
47,000
48,000
49,000
50,000
51,000
52,000
2007 2008
Violent
110,000
115,000
120,000
125,000
130,000
2007 2008
Non‐violent
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1.Youthcrimerates
400
420
440
460
480
2007 2008
TrafficViola.ons
26,400
26,700
27,000
27,300
27,600
27,900
2007 2008
FederalStatute
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1.YouthcrimeratesandtheYCJA
HastheYCJAbeeneffec@ve?
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2.AssessmentofYoungOffenders
• Issueofconsent
• Consent
• Assent
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2.BehaviouralProblems
• TwoCategories…
Internalizing Externalizing
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2.Internalizingproblems
• Emo@onalproblem
• E.g.,Anxiety,Depression,Obsessions
• Easiertotreatthanexternalizingproblems
• Moretypicallydisplayedbyfemales
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2.Externalizingproblems
• Behaviourproblem
• E.g.,Figh@ng,Bullying,Lying
• Moredifficulttotreatandpersistentthan
internalizing
• Symptomspeakinteens
• Morecommoninmales
• Mul@pleinformants
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2.CommonDiagnosesinYoung
Offenders
• A`en@onDeficitHyperac@vityDisorder(ADHD)
• Opposi@onalDefiantDisorder(ODD)
• ConductDisorder(CD)
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2.ADHD
• Ina`en@onfeatures
• Lackofa`en@ontodetail,failuretolisten,loses
items,forgedul…
• Hyperac@vityfeatures
• Fidgets,leavesseat,talksexcessively…
• Impulsivityfeatures
• Difficultywai@ng,interrupts,blurtsoutresponses
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2.ODD
• Losestemper
• Argueswithadults
• Deliberatelyannoysothers
• Angryandresendul
• Vindic@ve
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2.RatesofBehaviourDisorders
5–15%have
severebehaviour
problems
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2.RatesofBehaviourDisorders
5‐15%
20‐50%
ODD
or
CD
ADHD
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2.RatesofBehaviourDisorders
5‐15%
Children
withODD
40%will
develop
CD
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2.RatesofBehaviourDisorders
5‐15%
Children
withCD
50%
develop
APas
adults
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2.TrajectoriesofYouthOffenders
• Cri@calfactor=ageofonset
70%adolescent
onset
~25%
noonset
3‐5%
childhood
onset
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2.Childonsettrajectory
• Moreseriousandpersistent
• Manyotherdifficul@es
• ADHA,learningdisabili@es,academictrouble
• Mostdonotbecomeoffenders
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2.Adolescentonsettrajectory
• Manycommitsocialtransgressions
• Mostdesistcommijngan@socialactsin
adulthood
• Moresothanthosewithchildhoodonset
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2.Brame,Nagin&Tremblay(2001)
• Followedboysfromkindergartentoage20
• Measuredlevelsofaggression
• Categorizedboysaslow,mediumandhighlevels
ofaggression(basedonini@almeasurement)
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2.Brame,Nagin&Tremblay(2001)
0
5
10
15
20
25
4 8 12 16 20
Low
Medium
High
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3.Biological–Neurological
• Frontallobe
• Keyroleinplanningandinhibi@ngbehaviour
• Lowerac@va@oninfrontallobe
• Increasedlikelihoodofan@socialacts
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3.Biological‐Physiological
• Lowerheartrate
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3.Biological‐Gene@c
• Paternalan@socialbehaviourrelatedto
offspringan@socialbehaviour
• Twinstudies
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3.Cogni@ve
• A`en@oninsocialinterac@ons
1. A`endingtosocialcues
2. Usecues/thoughtsaboutcuestochoose
behaviour
– Processfewercues(environment)
– Misa`ributehos@leintent(thoughts)
– Producefewermoreaggressivesolu@ons
(thoughts/behaviourchoices)
– Cogni@vedeficits
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3.Cogni@ve
• Reac@veandProac@veaggression
• Reac@ve:responsetoperceivedthreat
• cogni@vedeficiencyinprocessing/a`endingtosocial
cues
• Proac@ve:directedatachievingagoal
• deficiencyingenera@ngalterna@vesolu@ons
• Reac@vetendtohaveearlieronset
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3.Social
• SocialLearningTheory
• Learnbehaviourfromothers
• Imitate
• An@socialchildrenhavean@socialexamples
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4.IndividualRiskFactors
• Individual
• Gene@c/biological(e.g.,ADHD)
• Uterineenvironment(e.g.,fetalalcoholsyndrome)
• Temperament
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4.FamilialRiskFactors
• Familial
• Neglect
• Familyconflict
• Paren@ngstyle
• Childabuse
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4.SchoolandSocialRiskFactors
• SchoolandSocial
• LowerIQ
• Aggressiveplaywithpeers
• Deviantpeers
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4.Protec@veFactors
• Similarchildrenhavedifferentoutcomes
• Resilience
• Protec@vefactors…
1. Changethelevelofriskassociatedwitharisk
factor
2. Changethenega@vechainreac@on
3. Helpdevelopandmaintainself‐esteem
4. Provideopportuni@es
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4.IndividualProtec@veFactors
• Individual
• Resilienttemperament
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4.FamilialProtec@veFactors
• Familial
• Posi@veandsuppor@veenvironment
• Goodparent‐childrela@onship
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4.SchoolandSocialProtec@veFactors
• SchoolandSocial
• Associa@ngwithprosocialchildren
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Secondary
Primary
5.Preven@onandTreatment
• Priortoviolence
• Decreaselikelihoodoffutureviolence
• e.g.,family‐oriented,schooloriented,
communitywide
• Directedatyoungoffenders
• Reducefrequencyofviolence
• e.g.,diversionprograms
Ter@ary
• Foryouthwhohavegonethroughformal
courtproceedings
• Preventviolencefromreoccurring
• e.g.,in‐pa@enttreatment