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June 16, 2009
Michael W. Howard, Ph.D.Sr. Vice President, R&D Group
Renewable Resources
and
Operational Challenges
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2© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Electric Power Research Institute
• Independent, unbiased, tax-exempt collaborative research organization
• Full spectrum industry coverage
– Nuclear
– Generation
– Environment
– Power Delivery & Utilization
• 460 participants in over 40 countries
• Major offices in Palo Alto, CA; Charlotte, NC and Knoxville, TN
RD&D Consortium for the Electricity Industry
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3© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Renewable Technology Development
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4© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Renewable Technologies
Variability and Predictability
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5© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Challenge - Balancing Generation and Load
LoadGeneration
ObjectiveLess Variability - More Predictability
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Wind – Variable and Predictable?
Tehachapi Wind Generation
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7© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.7
0
1000
2000
3000
250 750 1250
kW
(b)
Solar - Variable and Predictable?
Minutes
Source: Jay Apt CMU, 4.6 MW TEP Solar Array (Arizona)
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What’s The Solution?
System Visibility
Generation Balancing Resources
Energy Storage
Transmission Integration
Demand Response
Meteorological Prediction
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9© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
750 +282j
250 +84j
100 +62j
20 + 8j
276 + 120j
130 + 8j
300 + 100j
750 + 262j 440
+ 200j
120 + 11j
350 + 150j
227 + 420j 704 + 308j
2
3
4
5
7
6
1
8
9
1011
12 13
14
15
1617
176 +88j
High Speed Scan Rates
More Frequent Analysis of System Condition
Enhanced Grid Visibility
System Visibility
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10© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Generation Balancing Resource0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
10
20
30
40
Time (hours)
Po
we
r L
eve
ls (
MW
)
Wind + CT Operating Parameters
Ideal Fill PowerWind PowerActual Fill Power
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5-20
-10
0
10
20
Time (hours)
Ra
mp
Ra
te (
MW
/min
)
Ramp Rates
Acknowledgment: Research Conducted by Warren Katzenstein and Jay Apt, CMU
Ramp Rate and Duty Cycle for CT Balancing Wind
Time (Hours)
Ram
p R
ate
(MW
/min
)
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11© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Energy Storage
Ho
urs
Dis
char
ge
Tim
e
Power
Sec
on
ds
Min
ute
s
100s kW 10s MW 100s MW10s kW
Ultracapacitors
SMES
Lead-Acid and
Nickel Cadmium Batteries
High Energy Flywheels
Metal-Air Batteries
Low Energy Flywheels
Advanced Batteries
Compressed Air
Flow Batteries Pump Storage
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1 mile
Thermal Energy Storage
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Requires Transmission to Major Load Centers
Transmission Integration
Wind Resource Map
Demand Centers
High Wind Availability
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Transmission Integration
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15© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
NGCC ($6-8/MMBtu)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 10 20 30 40 50
Levelized Cost of Electricity, $/MWh
Cost of CO2, $/Metric Ton
IGCC
PC
Wind (32.5% Capacity Factor)
Comparative Costs of Electricity – 2015
All costs are in December 2007 $
Rev. October 2008
Biomass
95% confidence level values based on EPRI Report 1018329
Renewables “out of the money” without incentives or mandates
Nuclear
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Summary - Renewable Resources
29 States and DC have Renewable Portfolio Standards – 5 States have Renewable Goals
Several renewable generation technologies – viability depends on location and costs
Tradeoff - Variability and Predictability
Several technical solutions exist to integrate renewable resources