![Page 1: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D.
Political Science 2 Modern World Governments
Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 – Power Point 7
![Page 2: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
This Week’s Lecture Covers:
•Germany
Current Policy Changes
Historical Legacy
Following Two Paths
Social Forces
Institutions And Structure Of Government
Remaking Political Cultures
Political Learning
Political Communication
Citizen Participation
Politics At The Elite Level
Interest Groups
The Party System
Course Lecture Topics (1)
![Page 3: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Role Of Elections
Party Government
The Policy Process
Policy Performance
Addressing The Policy Challenges
After The Revolution
•Japan
Current Policy Challenges
Historical Origins Of The Modern Japanese State
The Occupation
Political Institutions
Electoral Systems And Electoral Competition
The Japanese Party System
Political Participation And Voting Behavior
Course Lecture Topics (2)
![Page 4: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Political Participation And Voting Behavior
Interest Groups
Political Culture And Issue Cleavages
Political Socialization
The Policymaking Process
Policy Performance
Course Lecture Topics (3)
![Page 5: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Country Bio: Germany (1)
![Page 6: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Country Bio: Germany (2)
• Population: – 82.5 million
• Territory:– 137,803 sq. miles
• Year of Independence: – 1871
• Year of Current Constitution: – 1949
• Language:– German
• Religion:– Protestant 34%– Roman Catholic 34%– Muslim 4%– Unaffiliated or other 28%
• Scheduled Castes– 16.2% of population
• Scheduled Tribes– 8.2% of population
![Page 7: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Background: Germany
• Merkel’s election in 2005– Testimony to change in Germany
– Communism distant past
– Two halves of the nation acting as one
• Major achievement of contemporary German politics – Creation of a unified, free, and democratic nation in a
short period of time
– Unification occurred in 1990
– Contributed to a stable Europe
![Page 8: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Current Policy Challenges (1)
• Unification related issues– Eastern Germany: struggled to compete in the globalized economic
system
– EU has invested more than 1,000 billion Euros in the East since unification
• Taxes increased for all Germans in the process
• General socioeconomic course of the nation– What direction for economic reform?
– German labor costs and benefits high by international standards without comparable productivity
– Social welfare costs spiraled upward
![Page 9: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Current Policy Challenges (2)
• Multicultural nation
– New source of political tension
• Foreign policy challenges
– Role in the EU
– Role in the post-Cold War world
![Page 10: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Historical Legacy
• The Second German Empire
– Bismarck, 1871
– Authoritarian state
– Power flowed from the Kaiser
– Suppression of opposition
– World War I• Devastated the nation
– 3 million German soldiers and civilians lost their lives
– Economy strained to the breaking point
– Government collapsed
![Page 11: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Paths Of Postwar Germany
![Page 12: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Historical Legacy (1)
• The Weimar Republic
– 1919 – popularly elected constitutional assembly established the new democratic system of the Weimer Republic
– Constitution granted all citizens the right to vote and guaranteed basic human rights
– Directly elected parliament and president
– Hopeful beginning – disastrous end
![Page 13: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Historical Legacy (2)
• Severe problems– Versailles Peace Treaty: lost all overseas colonies and large
amount of European territory– Burdened with moral guilt and reparations: economic
problems– Great Depression of 1929
• Hurt Germany harder than it hurt other countries including the U.S.• One third of the labor force became unemployed• Parliamentary democracy began to fail• Emergence of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German
Workers’ Party (the Nazis)
![Page 14: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Failure due to a mix of factors– Lack of support from political
elites and the public• They seemed to long for the
old authoritarian system• Many Germans were not
committed to democratic principles
– Economic and political crises• Eroded public support and
opened the door to Hitler
– Most Germans drastically underestimated Hitler’s ambitions, intentions, and political abilities.
The Historical Legacy (3)
![Page 15: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Historical Legacy (4)
• The Third Reich– Hitler: election 1933– Used domination of the parliament to enact legislation granting Hitler
dictatorial powers– New authoritarian “leader state”– Hitler pursued extremist policies
• Destroyed opposition• Attacked Jews and other minorities• Massive public works projects lessened unemployment• Expansion of the army• Expansionist foreign policy led to WWII
– Initial victories, but followed by a series of military defeats beginning in 1942
• 60 million lives lost worldwide in the war, including 6 million European Jews who were murdered via systematic genocide
• At the end of the war, Germany in ruins
![Page 16: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• The Occupation Period– At the end of the war, the
Western Allies (U.S., Britain, and France) controlled Germany’s Western zone and the Soviet Union occupied the Eastern zone.
– West• Denazification• New political parties and
democratic political institutions
• Basic Law (Grundgesetz)
– East• Socialist Unity Party• Draft constitution for the
German Democratic Republic-East Germany
The Historical Legacy (5)
![Page 17: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Following Two Paths
• Faced similar challenges• West Germany
– Economic challenge – Free enterprise system
• Christian Democratic Union• Economic Miracle
• East Germany– Economic miracle almost as impressive– Collectivized agriculture, nationalized industry, and centralized planning
• Process of reconciliation– Helmut Kohl– Gorbachev– Opening of the Berlin Wall– Western Germany dominated the process and the outcome
![Page 18: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Social Forces (1)
• Economics
– Largest state in the EU
– Merger of two different economies
• Religion
– Unification has unsettled the delicate religious balance
![Page 19: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Social Forces (2)
• Gender– Basic Law guarantees the equality of the sexes, but the specific
legislation to support this guarantee often lacking
– Merkel’s selection as Chancellor may have an impact
• Minorities– Guest workers
– Isolated from mainstream society
– Lower end of economic ladder
– Some opposition to further immigration
• Regionalism– Potential source of social and political division
![Page 20: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Institutions And Structure Of Government (1)
• Basic law – specific goals:– To develop a stable and democratic political system– To maintain some historical continuity in political
institutions (parliamentary system)– To recreate a federal structure of government– To avoid the institutional weakness that contributed to
the collapse of Weimar democracy– To establish institutional limits on extremist and anti-
system forces
![Page 21: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Institutions And Structure Of Government (2)
![Page 22: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Institutions And Structure Of Government (3)
• A federal system (Bund)– State governments have a unicameral legislature, normally called a Landtag, which is
directly elected by popular vote.– Sixteen states (Lander)– Political power divided between federal and state governments.
• Parliamentary government– The Bundestag (Federal Diet)- 598 deputies; elections every four years
• Enact legislation• Forum for public debate• Oversight- “question hour”
– The Bundestrat (Federal Council)- 69 members• Role is to represent state interests
• The Federal Chancellor and Cabinet– Strengthened formal powers (Basic Law)– Elected by the Bundestag– Control over the Cabinet
![Page 23: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Institutions And Structure Of Government (4)
• Federal government functions based on three principles based on Basic Law– Chancellor principle
– Ministerial autonomy
– Cabinet principle
• The Federal President– Basic Law transformed this office into a mostly
ceremonial one
![Page 24: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• The Judicial System– Ordinary courts
– Administrative courts
– Constitutional Court
• The Separation of Powers– Basic Law – avoiding
concentration of power
– Constructive no-confidence vote
– Role of Constitutional Court as a check
The Institutions And Structure Of Government (5)
![Page 25: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Remaking Political Cultures
• Orientations
– Toward the system and nation
– Toward the democratic process
• Social values and the new politics
• Two peoples in one nation?
![Page 26: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Increase Of Support
![Page 27: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Political Learning And Political Communication
• Family influences
• Education
• Social stratification
• Mass media
![Page 28: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Citizen Participation
• 1950s almost two-thirds of the West German public never discussed politics
• Today about three-quarters claim they talk about politics regularly.
• Rising participation levels– Growth of citizen action groups
– Voting levels highest of any European democracy
– Sign petitions, boycott
– Both sides of the country actively involved
![Page 29: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Participation Levels
![Page 30: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Politics At The Elite Level
• Few thousand political elite manage the actual workings of the political system
– Party elites
– Leaders of interest groups and political associations
• Recruitment
– Long apprenticeship period
• Varied political preferences among elites
![Page 31: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Interest Groups
• Interest groups are connected to the government more closely in Germany than in the U.S.– Formally involved in the policy process– Neocorporatism
• Social interests are organized into virtually compulsory organizations.• A single association represents each social sector.• These associations are hierarchically structured.• Associations may participate directly in the policy process.
– Business– Labor– Religious interests– New politics movement
![Page 32: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Party System
• Christian Democrats
• Free Democratic Party
• The Greens
• The Party of Democratic Socialism
![Page 33: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Shares Of The Party Vote
![Page 34: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Composition Of Coalition Governments
![Page 35: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Electoral Coalitions
![Page 36: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The Role Of Elections
• Goals of Basic Laws for the electoral system:– Create a proportional representation system (PR)– Also, use single-member system to avoid fragmentation of the Weimar party
system and ensure some accountability between electoral district and its representative
– Mixed electoral system• Ballot: vote for a candidate to represent district; second part of the ballot they
select a party• Half of Bundestag members are elected a district representatives and half as
party representatives.• 5 percent clause• Party leaders have influence on who will be elected due to their ability to place
candidates on the list• PR system also ensures fair representation for minor parties• Affects campaign strategies
• The electoral connection
![Page 37: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Party Government
• Parties are important political actors in German politics.• Basic Law
– Specifically refers to political parties– Guarantees their legitimacy and their right to exist- if they accept the
principles of democratic government– Primary institutions of representative democracy– Educational function of parties– No direct primaries– Candidates are merely “representatives” of the party– Parties form government and are central actors within the Bundestag
• Structured around parties• Cohesion high
![Page 38: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Policy Process
• Policy initiation
– Most issues reach the policy agenda through the executive branch.
• Legislating policy
– State and federal governments share legislative power.
![Page 39: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The Legislative Process
![Page 40: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The Policy Process
• Policy administration– Basic law assigned the administrative responsibility for
most domestic policies to the state governments
– States employ more civil servants than the federal and local governments combined.
• Judicial review– Constitutional Court can evaluate the constitutionality of
legislation and void laws that violate the provisions of the Basic Law.
![Page 41: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Policy Performance
• The Federal Republic’s policy record– Increases in total public spending and new policy responsibilities– Difficult to describe the activities in terms of revenue and budgets –
complex system• Extensive network of social services
– Social security programs are the largest part of public expenditures
• Policy responsibility is divided among three levels of government
– Education– Defense and foreign policy– Economic policy– NATO
• Public expenditures show the policy efforts of the government, but the actual results of this spending are more difficult to assess.
![Page 42: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Total Public Expenditures
![Page 43: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Policy Performance
• Overall, many areas have seen improvement in both sections of the country: housing, living standards, work, income, social security, environmental security, and public security.
• Paying the Costs– Three different types of revenue provide the bulk of
resources for public policy programs:• Contributions to the social security system (self-financed by
employer and employee contributions)• Direct taxes• Indirect taxes
![Page 44: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Satisfaction With Life
![Page 45: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Public Revenue Distribution
![Page 46: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Addressing The Policy Challenges
• The problems of unification
• Reforming the welfare state
• A new world role
![Page 47: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
After The Revolution
• Unification
– Presented new social, political, and economic challenges for the nation.
– Mergers bring problems.
• Strains magnified by elites
• Need for consensus both socially and politically
– Resolution of questions regarding national identity
![Page 48: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Country Bio: Japan (1)
![Page 49: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Country Bio: Japan (2)
• Population: – 127.7 million
• Territory:– 145,882 sq. miles
• Year of Independence: – 660 B.C.
• Year of Current Constitution: – 1947
• Language:
– Japanese
• Religion(s):
– Observe both Shinto and Buddhist 84%%, other 16% (including Christian 0.7%)
![Page 50: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Background (1)
• Japan is the only long-lived democracy in East Asia.
• Rapid economic growth post WWII– Fascinating to the world given Japan’s scarcity of natural resources and
its overcrowded population.• 7th most populous country in the world.
• Only 20% of country is made up arable land.
• How did it evolve into the 2nd largest economy in the world?– Other countries want to figure out the “Japan model” of rapid development
where government is seen as playing an important economic role.
• Prolonged recession in the 1990s– But still 2nd largest economy
![Page 51: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Background (2)
• Democracy but with atypical institutions– Constitution imposed on Japan by the U.S.-led occupation
authorities in 1946.
– Never amended that constitution.• Foreign origin and alien ideals
• Undermined by actual political practices– Corruption
– Powerful bureaucrats
– Political stability has vanished temporarily
» Party system has fragmented
![Page 52: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Current Policy Challenges (1)
• Recession– 1997 Japan’s first full year of negative economic growth since 1975
• Banking crisis from the bursting of the inflated land price bubble of the late 1980s
• Mountains of unrecoverable loans
• Deflation, unemployment and bankruptcies
• Shocked the national psyche
– Government slow to respond
• Rapidly aging population
• Closed domestic markets
• Deregulation of economy needed
![Page 53: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
• Need modernization of immigration policy
• Security issues
• Despite all these challenges Japanese remain among the wealthiest and longest-lived people in the world
Current Policy Challenges (2)
![Page 54: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Historical Origins Of The Modern Japanese State (1)
• First inhabitants– Hunter-gatherers from the Asian mainland
• Jomon - 11,000 B.C.– 300 B.C. shift from Jomon culture occurred
• New culture: Yayoi– Use of bronze and iron, including weaponry
– Development of wet field rice agriculture
– Spread over islands
– Yamato, most powerful clan
![Page 55: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
• Japanese court -sponsored Buddhism– Began to write histories,
legal codes
• Samurai’s began to assume more power and warred with each other
• Tokugawa clan: ruled from 1600 to 1868
– Feudal system
– Confucian doctrine
Historical Origins Of TheModern Japanese State (2)
![Page 56: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Historical Origins Of TheModern Japanese State (3)
• Isolation
• Commodore Matthew C. Perry
– Open ports to trade
• Meiji Restoration (1868)
• Oligarchs
– Constitution
– Established the Diet
– Nascent political parties
• Taisho Democracy (1918-1932)
– Cabinets dominated by political parties
– Zaibatsu favoritism
– Growth of military
– Ultranationalism
![Page 57: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
The Occupation (1)
• Allied Occupation of Japan– Administered by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers
(SCAP)
– U.S. General Douglas MacArthur• Demilitarize and democratize Japan
• Render Japan unable and unwilling to wage war ever again
– New constitution• Peace Clause, Article 9
– Land reform
– Independent trade-union movement
– Structural changes to the bureaucracy
![Page 58: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
The Occupation (2)
• Goals shifted from demilitarization to securing Japan as a reliable ally in the Cold War
– 1951 general peace treaty in San Francisco with all allied powers except the Soviet Union
– U.S.-Japan Mutual Security Treaty
![Page 59: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Political Institutions (1)
• Japan’s system of government– Parliamentary, bicameral, and nonfederal
• The National Diet: House of Representatives– House of Councillors
• Local government– 47 Prefectures
• Each elects its own governor and legislature
• All local government authority is delegated and may be retracted
• The Judiciary– Judicial independence; guaranteed in the Constitution
– Cabinet directly appoints the 15 members of the Supreme Court• Helps to appoint all lower court appointments as well
• LDP - only elderly judges; forced retirement
• Secretariat
• Malapportionment case
![Page 60: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Political Institutions (2)
![Page 61: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Electoral Systems AndElectoral Competition (1)
• Two chambers of the National Diet use different electoral rules
• Old electoral rules –House of Representatives– Return to Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV) system
– LDP allowed candidates to create decentralized campaign organizations
– Barriers to challengers
– Lowered the electoral salience of issues
– Restrictive rules for campaigning
![Page 62: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Electoral Systems AndElectoral Competition (2)
![Page 63: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
• New electoral rules- House of Representatives– Size of the House of Representatives set at 500, later
reduced to 480
– 4 year terms• 300 elected on the basis of equal-sized single-member districts
• 180 are elected from 11 regional districts by proportional representation
• Each voter casts two votes: one for a candidate in the SMD and one for a party in the PR district
– Zombies
– Goal of new rules: eliminate intraparty competition
Electoral Systems And Electoral Competition (3)
![Page 64: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
• Electoral Rules – House of Councillors– Fixed six year terms
– Half elected every three years
– Each voter has two votes: • One cast in the prefectural SNTV district for an individual candidate
• Second cast for a party in the national district (with each party receiving a share of the 50 PR seats that matches the share of the vote it receives)
• Not much intraparty competition
• Focus is on parties, not individuals
• More issue-based campaigning
Electoral Systems AndElectoral Competition (4)
![Page 65: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
The Japanese Party System
• Japanese party system combined multipartisim with the sustained dominance of one majority party.– The LDP
• The Party System, 1946-1955– Somewhat chaotic– Socialist Party - force in the Diet– Japan Communist Party– Japan Socialist Party– Liberal Democratic Party
• The Party System, 1955-1993– The 1960s– The 1970s– The 1980s
![Page 66: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
National Vote Share
![Page 67: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
The Japanese Party SystemSince 1993 (1)
• Stability disappeared for a while– LDP tried to put together coalition party
– Coalition was established• Contained seven parties except the LDP and the
Communists
• Goal: to complete the reform of the electoral system that the LDP had failed to accomplish
![Page 68: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
The Japanese Party SystemSince 1993 (2)
![Page 69: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
• Electoral reform passed– Next on the agenda: tax reform
• Conflict and the coalitional government collapsed
• Who emerged? The LDP with the help of their once enemy, the Japan Socialist Party and a smaller party.
• Produced the first Socialist prime minister
• New party system has elements of single member district systems plus proportional systems– Effect: party consolidation, campaigns have changed,
intraparty organization, advent of coalition government
The Japanese Party SystemSince 1993 (3)
![Page 70: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Distribution Of Lower House Seats
![Page 71: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Political Participation AndVoting Behavior
• By international standards, ordinary Japanese are not very politically involved.– Identify with political party through personal identification with
candidate or through an interest group affiliated with the party.– Koenkai
• Changing nature in modern Japan given the end of intraparty competition• Transformed themselves into district level party organizations
• Voter turnout declining steadily on a nationwide basis• Recently party identification has declined as well
– More independents
![Page 72: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Interest Groups
• Big Business– keiretsu
• Small-and medium-sized businesses• Agriculture• Organized labor
– Enterprise unions
![Page 73: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Political Culture AndIssue Cleavages (1)
• Hierarchy, homogeneity, and conformity to group objectives– Key concepts in the discussion of Japanese
political culture– The feudal experience: hierarchy– Meiji attempt to Westernize culture may have
produced backlash of nationalism found in pre-War and wartime Japan
– Social hierarchy: family, workplace and in politics
![Page 74: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Political Culture AndIssue Cleavages (2)
• Women: At home and in the workplace– “good wives and wise mothers”– Equal Employment Opportunity Law
• Glass ceiling low and impenetrable• Little help from government; little social welfare• Japanese women marry later and bear fewer children• Impact of aging society
![Page 75: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Persistence Of Traditional Gender Roles
![Page 76: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Political Culture AndIssue Cleavages
• Ethnic homogeneity vs. immigration– Japan is not completely homogenous– A few minority groups
• High discrimination• Koreans- brought to Japan during the war as laborers
– Still treated poorly today; a few become naturalized citizens– Citizenship does not come with birth– Demands of Japanese citizenship and impact if one chooses not to
• Ainu• Burakumin
– Few strong issue cleavages– New immigrants
• Need for young workers
• Conformity• Theory of Japaneseness
![Page 77: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Feelings Of Confidence
![Page 78: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Political Socialization (1)
• The family– Urban society with nuclear families– Role of women
• Education– High achieving in math and science– “cram schools”– Good basic skills; university system in sad shape
• Extremely difficult entrance exams, but little challenging coursework
• Entry into workforce after four years unspoiled by liberal ideas• School refusal syndrome• Portrayal of war against China
![Page 79: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Political Socialization (2)
• Mass media– Play a highly visible role in public life– Television media– “press club”
• Transforming political culture– Role of issues/policy in politics – Koizumi
![Page 80: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Attitudes Toward Politics (1)
![Page 81: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Attitudes Toward Politics (2)
![Page 82: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
The Policymaking Process
• Japan: parliamentary democracy with both houses of the Diet directly elected; with a prime minister and a cabinet chosen by the Lower House.– Tends to leave proposal of laws to the Cabinet and
the Diet reserves the right to accept or reject or amend the proposals.
– Cabinet delegates to bureaucracy the drafting of legislation
![Page 83: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
The Policymaking Process:How A Bill Becomes A Law
• Members of either house may submit legislation– Member bills are almost always exercises in
grandstanding
![Page 84: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
The Policymaking Process:How Bills Become Law – Path (1)
• Ministry drafts legislation and submits it to Cabinet; Cabinet acts on it (accept, reject, or amend). If it is to go on, the Cabinet will send it to the Diet. Diet may do whatever it wishes to the bill.
• Normal legislation must be passed identically in both houses unless the Lower House can override(2/3’s vote) an Upper House objection. – Never happened
![Page 85: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
The Policymaking Process:How Bills Become Law – Path (2)
• If the bill is the annual budget, a treaty needing ratification, then only the Lower House need pass it. Upper House may delay it but not hold it up indefinitely.
• Any bill passed by the Diet becomes the law of the land.
• Final steps involve implementation: the bureaucracy• Elections allow the public to respond the
performance of the government in power.
![Page 86: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
The Policymaking Process:The Bureaucracy
• Very competent bureaucracy– Best and the brightest– Long hours; little pay– Prestige suffered in the 1990s
• Heavily involved in the policy-making process but not dominant given the parliamentary system
• Why do they do it?– Devotion to public service; prestige; potential for early retirement and
a second more lucrative career– Amakudari– Compensation loaded on the back end
• Bureaucrat bashing
![Page 87: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
The Policymaking Process
• The Diet: Rubber Stamp or Sovereign?– Weak and ineffective?– Majority party, LDP, intraparty conflict
resolved– No need for conflict within Diet; not
necessarily weak
![Page 88: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Policy Performance
• Industrial policy and the economic miracle• Trade policy• Security and foreign policy• Environmental pollution policy• Welfare policy: health care and pensions• Policy implications of political reform
![Page 89: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Japan’s General Account Expenditures
![Page 90: John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 2 Modern World ......Political Science 2 Modern World Governments Fall 2017 / Spring 2017 ... • The Separation of Powers –Basic Law](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9f11db8c0b7d465a2d6b82/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Concluding Thoughts About Japanese Politics
• The most important lesson is that theJapanese policy process has been, andcontinues to be, supremely political – even if,on the surface, it seems that an insulatedarmy of smart bureaucrats is calling the shots.