Widha K Ningdyah, ST., MTPsikologi Industri 2012
JOB SATISFACTION & ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT
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IMAGINE!!
CONDITION 1
Jean Davis and Maria McDuffie have worked as customer service representatives at Fuller Technologies for the past two years.
Jean loves her job and wants to stay with Fuller until she retires in ten years.
Maria hates her job, uses all of her available sick days, and would leave in a heartbeat if she could only find a job that paid as well.
CONDITION 2
Rhonda Beall recently met with a career adviser to chart a new course for her life.
She hates her current job and has hated every job she has ever had.
She is hoping that the career adviser can find “the job” for her
CONDITION 3
David Spoto loves his job and can’t wait to get to work in the morning.
He loves to work, loves his current job, and has loved every job he has ever had.
CONDITION 4
• Darnell Johnson, human resources (HR) director for Simmons Enterprises, is frustrated because his company has the highest turnover rate in the area.
• Even more frustrating is that employees stay with Simmons just long enough to gain experience and then leave for lower pay with Raynes Manufacturing, another local employer.
OUTLINE
WHY & WHAT CAUSES?
Job Satisfaction & Commitment
MEASURING
Job Satisfaction & Commitment
CONSEQUENCES
of Job Dissatisfaction & Other Negative Work
WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES
(Judge et al., 2001)
• The relationship between job satisfaction and performance is not consistent across people or jobs
• CATATAN PENTING!• Pembahasan tentang attitude kerja (dalam hal ini
KEPUASAN KERJA DAN KOMITMEN) bersifat
MULTIFACET
(Meyer & Allen, 1997).
TERDAPAT 3 ASPEK MOTIVASI TERHADAP KOMITMEN ORGANISASI
Affective commitment
• employee wants to remain with the organization, cares about the organization, and is willing to exert effort on its behalf.
Continuance commitment
• employee believes she must remain with the organization due to the time, expense, and effort that she has already put into it or the difficulty she would have in finding another job.
Normative commitment
• employee feels obligated to the organization and, as a result of this obligation, must remain with the organization.
PERBEDAAN INDIVIDU
Individual difference theory
“variabilitas kepuasan kerja antara lain disebabkan olehKECENDERUNGAN INDIVIDU untuk menikmati apa yangdilakukannya”
NOTE : it would be essential that job satisfaction be consistent across time and situations.
WHAT’S THE CAUSE?
Misalnya , terdapat type manusia yang mudah puas pada pekerjaan mereka, apapuntype pekerjaannya.
Faktor yang berpengaruh pada manusia yang konsisten puas pada pekerjaannya
Berdasarkan Riset :
• Kecenderungan Genetis
(Lykken & Tellegen, 1996)
• Core self-evaluations
(Judge, Locke, Durham, & Kluger, 1998)
• Kepuasan Hidup(Tait, Padgett, & Baldwin, 1989)
WHAT’S THE CAUSE?
Kecenderungan Genetis
Sekitar 30% kepuasan kerja dipengaruhioleh faktor genetis(Ilies & Judge, 2003)
Faktor personality bawaan, kecenderungan untuk memiliki emosi negatif(seperti ketakutan, kebencian, kemarahan), cenderung memiliki hubungandengan kepuasan kerja (Ilies & Judge, 2003).
WHAT’S THE CAUSE?
Core self-evaluations
HIPOTESA Judge, Locke, and Durham (1997)
• Empat type variabel personality yang dimilikioleh seseorang yang cenderung puas terhadapkerja dan hidupnya :
• emotional stability• self-esteem• self-efficacy (perceived ability to master their environment)• external locus of control (perceived ability to control their
environment).
People prone to be satisfied with their jobs and with life in general have high self-esteem and a feeling of being competent, are emotionally stable, and believe they have control over their lives.
WHAT’S THE CAUSE?
Kepuasan Hidup
• 75% populasi yang diteliti menunjukkanKEPUASAN HIDUP BERKORELASI DENGAN KEPUASAN KERJA
(Judge and Watanabe, 1994)
• Judge (1993) demonstrates the importance of individual differences :
• People who are unhappy in life and unhappy on their jobs will not leave their jobs, because they are used to being unhappy.
• But for people who are normally happy in life, being unhappy at work is seen as a reason to find another job.
WHAT’S THE CAUSE?
PERBEDAAN EKSPEKTASI KARYAWAN
discrepancy theory
“perbedaan antara kebutuhan, nilai danekspektasi karyawan dibandingkan dengankondisi aktual kerja dapat memicu timbulnyaketidakpuasan kerja dan menurunnyamotivasi”(Wanous, Poland, Premack, and Davis. 1992)
WHAT’S THE CAUSE?
KARYAWAN ‘COCOK’ DENGAN PEKERJAAN DAN ORGANISASI
• Aspect of “fit” with a job or an organization :
by matching values, interests, personality, lifestyle, and skills VS vocation (e.g., a career such as nursing, law
enforcement, or psychology), job (its particular tasks),
organization, coworkers, and supervisor (Kristof-Brown, Zimmerman, & Johnson, 2005).
• In addition to these five aspects of fit, Cable and DeRue (2002) believe that needs/supplies fit is also important.
Needs/supplies fit is the extent to which the rewards, salary, and benefits received by employees are perceived to be consistent with their efforts and performance.
WHAT’S THE CAUSE?
VALUES
INTERESTS
PERSONALITY
LIFESTYLE
SKILLS
VOCATION
J O B
ORGANIZATIONS
COWORKERS
SUPERVISORS
SCHEDULE
REWARDS, SALARY
PEKERJAAN MENYENANGKAN
“karyawan yang merasa pekerjaan merekamenyenangkan dan menarik, akan lebihmerasa puas dan termotivasi “
(Gately, 1997)
WHAT’S THE CAUSE?
HUBUNGAN DENGAN REKAN KERJA & SUPERVISOR
“ kepuasan terhadap supervisor dan rekan kerjaberhubungan dengan komitmen terhadap tim danorganisasi, yang pada akhirnya akan meningkatkanproduktivitas, rendahnya kecenderungan untukmeninggalkan tim, dan kemauan yang kuat untukmenolong tim”
Bishop and Scott (1997)
- riset pada industri apparel -
WHAT’S THE CAUSE?
KELUHAN REKAN KERJA
Social information processing theory (social learning theory) postulates
“ karyawan mengamati level motivasi dankepuasan rekan kerjanya dan cenderungmengikuti kondisi mereka”
(Salancik & Pfeffer, 1997)
WHAT’S THE CAUSE?
TEORI EQUITY
equity theory
“kepuasan dan motivasi kerjaberhubungan dengan keyakinankaryawan bahwa ia telah mendapatperlakuan yang adil di tempat kerja”
Jika ia merasa diperlakukan tidak adil, karyawan cenderung merubah perilakusampai ia merasa diperlakukan adil.
WHAT’S THE CAUSE?
PEKERJAAN YANG MENANTANG DAN KESEMPATAN BERKEMBANG
Untuk memberikan peluang untukberkembang dan tantangan kerja, dapatdilakukan 3 hal :
• job rotation
• job enlargement
• job enrichment
WHAT’S THE CAUSE?
MEASURING : JOB SATISFACTION
Alat ukur yang biasa digunakan
Faces Scale
Job Descriptive Index (JDI )
Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ)
FACES SCALE
JOB DESCRIPTION INDEX (JDI)
Nature of the work itself
Fascinating
Boring
Can see results
Compensations and Benefits
Fair
Well-paid
Bad
Attitudes towards
supervisor
Knows job well
Not supervise enough
Around when needed
Relations with Co-workers
Stimulating
Unpleasant
Smart
Promotion Opportunities
Good opportunities
Promotion on ability
Infrequent promotions
MINNESOTA SATISFACTION QUESTIONNAIRE (MSQ)There are 5 rating scales that include:5 = Extremely Satisfied | 4 = Very Satisfied | 3 = Satisfied | 2 = Somewhat Satisfied | 1 = Not Satisfied
20 questions of Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) Short Form:1. The chance to work alone on the job .2. The chance to do different things from time to time.3. The chance to be “somebody” in the community.4. The chance to do things for other people.5. The chance to tell people what to do.6. The chance to try my own methods of doing the job.7. The chance to do something that makes use of my abilities.8. The chances for advancement on this job.9. Being able to keep busy all the time10. The competence of my supervisor in making decisions.11. Being able to do things that don’t go against my conscience.12. The way my job provides for steady employment.13. The way company policies are put into practice.14. The way my boss handles his/her workers.15. The way my co-workers get along with each other.16. My pay and the amount of work I do.17. The freedom to use my own judgment.18. The working conditions and environment.19. The praise I get for doing a good job .20. The feeling of accomplishment I get from the job.
MEASURING : COMMITMENT
Alat ukur yang biasa digunakan
Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ)
• measure three commitment factors: acceptance of the organization’s values and goals, willingness to work to help the organization, and a desire to remain with the organization.
Organizational Commitment Scale (OCS):
• measures three aspects of commitment: identification, exchange, and affiliation
CONSEQUENCES OF DISSATISFACTION AND OTHER NEGATIVE WORK ATTITUDES
ABSENTEEISM
TURNOVER
COUNTERPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR
• Linking Attendance to Consequences
To increase work attendance :
• Rewards for Attending
– Financial incentives [well pay / financial bonus / games ]
– Time off [ paid time off program (PTO) or paid-leave bank (PLB) ]
– Recognition programs
• Discipline Absenteeism
• Clear Policies and Better Record Keeping
CONSEQUENCES
• Cost of Turnover
• Reasons for Turnover :
– Unavoidable reasons
– Advancement
– Unmet needs
– Escape
– Unmet expectations
CONSEQUENCES
• Reducing turnover :
– Conduct realistic job previews during the recruitment stage.
– Select employees who have been referred by a current employee, who have friends and/or family working for the organization, and who did not leave their previous job after only a short tenure.
– Look for a good person/organization fit during the selection interview.
– Meet employee needs (e.g., safety, social, growth).
– Mediate conflicts between employees and their peers, supervisors, and customers.
– Provide a good work environment.
– Provide a competitive pay and benefits package.
– Provide opportunities to advance and grow.
CONSEQUENCES
• Behaviors aimed at INDIVIDUALS : gossip, playing negative politics, harassment, incivility, workplace violence, harassment, and bullying.
• Behaviors aimed at THE ORGANIZATION : theft and sabotage.
CONSEQUENCES
Antecedents and Consequences ofJob Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment
Bahan Bacaan
• Aamodt,M.G., Industrial/Organizational Psychology: An Applied Approach, Wadsworth Pub, 2006. Chapter 13.
THANK YOU!