Download - January 12, 2010. What is comparative cognition? What is studied? What approaches are taken?
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January 12, 2010
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What is comparative cognition?
What is studied?
What approaches are taken?
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Darwin:•“the difference in mind between man
and the higher animals, great as it is, certainly is one of degree and not of kind”
Comparative cognition is:• A comparison of mental abilities of species• Cognitive abilities and capabilities
e.g. capabilities: Alex the Grey Parrot
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Review from last class• American vs European approaches
Species used:
From Shettleworth (2009), Behav Process. 80, 210-217
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Why is animal behaviour studied in psych department, not zoology?
4 main reasons:• Uniqueness• Control & irreversible effects • Simplicity & generality• Continuity
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Certain animals have unique properties that allow us to study subjects which could not be studied any other way:• Mice and genes• Giant Squid Axons• High pecking rates of pigeons• Echolocation in bats• Absolute pitch in songbirds
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For practical and ethical reasons, we can have greater control in animals over both:• Genes• Environments
Irreversible Effects:• Drugs, lesions, gene manipulations
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Insights from Model Systems• Mendel studied peas• Impact on study of schizophrenia
Generality of principles• Building blocks of cognition
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Neurobiological continuity• e.g. Hippocampal lesions in mice and men
Evolutionary continuity• Divergent and convergent evolution• Analagous vs homologous traits
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Tim
e
HumansRatsMicePigeons
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Tim
e
HumansRatsMicePigeons
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3 main areas:
• Basic processes
• Physical cognition
• Social cognition
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Includes:• Perception• Attention• Memory• Associative leaning• Category and concept learning
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Includes:• Time• Space• Number• Tool Use• Causal understanding
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Includes:• Social networks
Dominance structures Social Relationships Morality and ethics
• Theory of Mind• Social learning
Observational learning Imitation
• Communication & Language
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How is information acquired or learned?
How is information processed?
How is information retained?
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Types of Studies 4 approaches to studying animal
behaviour:• Naturalistic Observation (Ethological)• Field Experiments• Behavioural Experiments• Behavioural Neuroscience (Physiological)
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Named for ethologist Niko Tinbergen
Proximate (How) vs Ultimate (Why)
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Causation: • Brain – e.g. Broca’s area• Hormones – e.g. Testosterone stimulates
aggressive behaviour• Pheremones – e.g. Spatial behaviour,
tracking Development or Ontogeny
• Nature/Nurture – genes and environment• Critical periods – e.g. language or imprinting
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Function or Adaptation• How has an organism evolved for survival?• e.g. Birds fly south for warmth & food• e.g. Mammal nurture young
Phylogeny• Evolutionary explanations, other than
adaptation• e.g. Genetic drift