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IVI - IPv4/IPv6 Coexistence and Transition
Xing Li2009-03-04
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Unexpected situation
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Transition
• IPv4 and IPv6 is NOT compatible • There is NO flag day• Transition is REALLY difficult
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IPv6 Road Map
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Transition methods
• Dual-stack • Tunneling• Translation
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IPv6 Workshop, Sigcomm 2007
Crossroad
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Background
CERNET (IPv4)
Global IPv4
Global IPv4
CNGI-CERNET2 (IPv6)
Global IPv6
Global IPv6
IVI
2,000 universities connected20M users
100 universities connected400K users
IPv4-accessibleservers
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The lessons learned• The only viable option for future Internet is IPv6
– The transitions can only starts when the part of it is pure IPv6• The scenarios of building new IPv6 network for the
unwired population– The cost-effective way for building a new infrastructure
• The natural transition– Construction and operation single stack costs less than dual-
stack– Construction and operation simple (stateless) network costs less
than complex (stateful) network • The resources should be shared via inter-communication
– The IPv6 servers should be IPv4 accessible – The IPv4 servers should be IPv6 accessible
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IPv6 S Curve
2008
Many IPv4 ServersFew IPv6 Servers
Many IPv6 ServersFew IPv4 Servers
IPv6 promotion•Dual stack X•IPv6 single stack + IPv4 accessible √
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The IVI model
Global IPv4Global IPv4IVI
networkIVI
network
Global IPv6 (non-IVI)
IVI
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IVI address format
LIR Prefix IPv4 addr
0 32 40 72 96 127
Prefix part Host part
64
Entirely 0
For example LIR consists of ISP prefix (usually /32) and IVI flag
CERNET/CNGI-CERNET2’s selection– LIR = 2001:da8:ff00::/40– ISP’s IVI service IPv4 address mapping
• 202.38.108.0/24 2001:250:ffca:266c:0000::/64 – ISP’s non-IVI service IPv4 address mapping
• 202.38.96.0/20 2001:250:ffca:2660:0000::/60– Other ISP’s IPv4 address mapping
• 0.0.0.0 2001:da8:ff00::/40• 18.181.0.31/32 2001:250:ff12:b500:1f00::/72
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Address Mapping (1)
IPG6
IPS6(i)
IVI4(i)
IVIG46(i) IVI6(i)
4 66 4
IPS4(i)
IPG4
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Address Mapping (2)
IVIG46(i) IVI6(i) IVIG46(j) IVI6(j)
IPG4 IVI4(i)
6 4
IVI4(j)
4 64 6 6 4
IPS6(i) IPS6(j)
IPG6
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Conceptual example
IPv6IPv4
Real IPv6 hostReal IPv4 host mirrored IPv6 host mirrored IPv4 host
IVI
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IVI routing
Longest prefix match
IVIR1 R2IPv4IPv4 IVI IPv6IVI IPv6
2001:da8:ff00::/40
2001:da8:ffca:266c:0000::/640.0.0.0/0
202.38.108.0/24
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IVI DNS service• Normal DNS
– Algorithm based
• DNS translation– Algorithm
basedIPv6 initiated
IPv4 initiated
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Stateless (1:1) operation
• Stateless – SIIT extension
• Based on ISP’s prefix• The mapping between IPv4 and IVIIPv6 is
based on algorithm• Support both IPv6 initiated and IPv4
initiated communications
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Stateful (1:N) operation
• Stateful – NAT-PT (NAPT-PT) improvement
• IPv4 address multiplexing• Based on ISP’s prefix• Support IPv6 initiated communication
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IVI Reachability• 4Host1 IVI1 (stateless)• IVI1 4Host1 (stateless)
• 4Host1 --X 6Host1• 6Host1 4Host1 (stateful)
• 4Host1 4Host2• 4Host2 4Host1
• 6Host1 IVI1• IVI1 6Host1
• 6Host1 6Host2• 6Host2 6Host1
• IVI1 IVI2• IVI2 IVI1
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IPv4 initiated communication (1:1)
IVI IPv6IPv6
IVI DNS
IPv6 IVI server
IPv4client
IPv4IPv4
Ask for A record
src=59.66.24.42 src=2001:250:ff3b:4218:2a00::ivi.sasm3.net dst=202.38.114.1 dst=2001:250:ffca:2672:0100::0
IPv4 to IPv6 translation
IPv6 to IPv4 translation
ivi.sasm3.net src=202.38.114.1 src=2001:250:ffca:2672:0100::0dst=59.66.24.42 dst=2001:250:ff3b:4218:2a00::
stateless
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IPv6 initiated communication (1:1)
IVI IPv6IPv6
IVI DNS
IPv6 IVIclient
IPv4server
IPv4IPv4
GlobalDNS
Ask for AAAA record
Ask for AAAA record or A record
IPv6 to IPv4 translation
IPv4 to IPv6 translation
src=202.38.108.5 src=2001:da8:ffca:266c:0500::www.mit.edu dst=18.7.22.83 dst=2001:da8:ff12:0716:5300::
src=18.7.22.83 src=2001:da8:ff12:0716:5300::dst=202.38.108.5 dst=2001:da8:ffca:266c:0500::
stateless
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IPv6 initiated communication (1:N)
IVI IPv6IPv6
IVI DNS
IPv6 non-IVIclient
IPv4server
IPv4IPv4
GlobalDNS
Ask for AAAA record
Ask for AAAA record or A record
IPv6 to IPv4 translation
IPv4 to IPv6 translation
src=202.38.102.1#2000 src=2001:da8::100#3000www.mit.edu dst=18.7.22.83#80
dst=2001:da8:ff12:0716:5300::#80
src=18.7.22.83#80 src=2001:da8:ff12:0716:5300::#80dst=202.38.108.5#2000 dst=2001:da8::100#3000
stateful
IPv4 pool 202.38.102.0/24
state
state
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IVI ICMP extension• Operation
– IPv4 IPv6– IPv6 IPv4
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i=2
i=1
2001:da8:ffca:266c:0500::4:0
2001:da8:ffca:266c:0500::4:1
2001:da8:ffca:266c:0500::4:2
2001:da8:ffca:266c:0500::4:3
202.38.108.5
84
85
86
87
8786
8584
i=0
i=3
IPv4 address
IPv6 address
port
port
Port number keep the same
Stateless 1:N operation
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The multiplexing ratio
• If the multiplexing ratio is 256。• One IPv4 /8 can support 4.3 billion IPv6
hosts, same as the size of the global IPv4 space.
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IVI multicast
• IVI supports PIM SSM– Group address mapping– RPF mapped IPv6 address– PIM Spare-mode ALG
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Transition mechanisms
• When IPv4 addresses are running out– IPv4 + NAT
• Short term solution– Pure IPv6
• Cannot reach the global IPv4, unacceptable– Dual stack
• The cost increases, ISPs want others to deploy dual stack
– IVI IPv6• The cost is the same as the single stack, but the
IPv6 host can be reached by global IPv4
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Dual stack
Dual stackDual stack
Global IPv4Global IPv4 Global IPv6Global IPv6
IPv4access network
IPv4 private network
IPv6access network
IPv6 enterprise network
IPv4+IPv6access network
IPv4+IPv6 enterprise network
• Not easy
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IVI
Dual stackDual stack
Global IPv4Global IPv4 Global IPv6Global IPv6
IPv4access network
IPv4 private network
IPv6access network
IPv6 enterprise network
IPv4+IPv6access network
IPv4+IPv6 enterprise network
• Encourage transition
IVIIVI
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Transition
Support IPv4 Support IPv6 (IVI)
SupportIPv6 (IVI)
Support IPv4
IPv4 area IPv6 area
Service
Netw
orkU
ser
V4 only Network V6 only Network
IVI
SupportIPv6 (non-IVI)
Support IPv6 (non-IVI)
Transition IPv4 IPv6
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http://www.ivi2.org/IVI/