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The Unification of Italy and Germany
Garibaldi Bismarck
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What is Nationalism?
Nationalism is a feeling of belonging andloyalty that causes people to think ofthemselves as a nation.
During the 19thand 20thcenturies,
nationalism was apowerful force that could:
Create one nation from many separate
countries (ex. Italy and Germany) Break one nation up into many countries
(ex. Austria-Hungary, and Turkey)
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Nationalism
Nationalism can be a cause of war (ex. WWIand WWII)
It has encouraged colonies to seekindependence from their colonizers. (ex.India, Indonesia, and countries in Africa)
Nationalism can take many different formsbut certain factors need to be present for it
to grow.
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The Italian States Unite, 1859-1870
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Barriers to Italian Nationalism
Italy was divided into several states.
Italy did not threaten the balance of power inEurope.
After the Congress of Vienna, Italy was made up ofnine different states:
Piedmont-Sardinia (the largest state)
Venetia and Lombardy belonged to Austria
the Pope ruled the Papal States in central Italy
the other states were ruled by foreign princesunder Austrian control
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Barriers to Italian Nationalism
Geography - mountains split Italy West andEast; the Po river, North and South
Illiteracy as most of the population couldnot read and write, nationalistic propaganda
was difficult to spread
The Pope - felt a united Italy would lessenhis rights in the papal states
Lack of consensus - Italian states disagreedon a leader and type of government
Lack of European support - Europeannations felt a strong Italy would interfere
with their plans
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Factors That Led to Italian Unification
Geography
Italy is isolated
The Alps are to the North, surrounded by oceans.
Geographic isolation allows Italy to develop its
own ways, customs. History
Italians are very proud of their heritage, includingthe Italian Renaissance.
Napoleons conquest of Italian states led to adesire not to be conquered again Italian unity.
Efforts of Three Men: Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour
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Giuseppe Mazzini,Prophet of Italian Unification
He was a member of the
Carbonari. The Carbonari were a
secret group which usedviolence to obtain what
it wanted. He formed Young Italy,
made up of youngpeople whose job it wasto arouse enthusiasmfor a united nation.
Tried revolution but itfailed.
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Mazzini- Essay on Nationalism
(1852)
Directions: Read the essay andanswer the following questions
1. What are the two questions at the heart
of the revolutions? How are the twoquestions exemplified in the FrenchRevolution?
2. What does consanguinity mean?3. How can you sum up the second argument
for unity?
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Count Cavour,Architect of Italian Unification
Count Camillo di Cavour was thearchitect (planner) of Piedmont-Sardinias revolt against Austria.
This revolt encouraged other Italianstates to revolt.
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How Italy was United
The Addition of the Papal States:Victor Emmanuel conquers the Papal States; stops
Garibaldis advance.
Unification nears completion.
1860: elections were held in all of Italy, except
Venetia and Rome.
1861: in the city of Turin, representatives of a united
nation formed a parliament and proclaimed the establishment of
Italy under Victor Emmanuel II.
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Victor Emmanuel II
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Problems Faced by a United Italy
Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy is a constitutional monarch.
Right to vote is limited to upper and middle class propertyholders. Many Catholics refuse to participate in new nation (as did the
Pope). Bribery and corruption were frequent in poor, uneducated
lower classes.
Some Italian speaking areas were not united with the centralgovernment. Some felt Italy should become a world power and fight for
colonies. Italy lacked industrial development, agriculture, and natural
resources.
Prices were high, people could not afford manufactured goods.
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A German Nation is Forged
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Background to German Unification
Prior to the French Revolution, there were more than 300
German states. Prussia and Austria were the largest.
The Congress of Vienna reduced the number of German statesto 39.
The smaller number of German states encouraged feelings ofnationalism and patriotism among these German states.
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Barriers to German Unification
France preferred 39 weak states to one nation.
Austria knew Prussia was most powerful state.
Rulers of smaller states feared loss of power in aunited Germany.
Protestant/Catholic hostility (from Thirty Years
War).
Economic differences between western industrialstates and agricultural eastern states.
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Factors Encouraging German Unification
Napoleon encouraged German unification with the
Confederation of the Rhineunder the NapoleonicCode.
Intellectuals supported a German Nation:
Heinrich von Treitschke envisioned a GermanFatherland
Goethe and Schiller saw a common nationality forall Germans
Congress of Vienna created a German Confederationwhich was made up of 39 states.
Zollvereincreated to increase trade, reduceproblems of many state governments; taxes, coinageand postal system.
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How Bismarck United Germany
Otto von Bismarck
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How Bismarck United Germany
Prussia led German unification. Otto von Bismarck led Prussia
Conservative chosen as Prime Minister stood for absolutism, Divine Right Monarchy and the
Protestant Lutheran church did not trust people or democracy
Master of Realpolitick Politics of reality
Tough power politics No idealism
William I, King of Prussia appointed Bismarck chiefminister in the Prussian Parliament ,1848
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Bismarcks Policy of Blood and Iron
Not by speeches andresolutions of majorities arethe great questions of thetime decided upon but by
blood and iron.
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German Unification
Could not persuade parliament
Declared he would rule without theconsent of parliament and without alegal budget
Aligned with Austria to attack Denmarkfor Schleswig and Holstein
Quick victory increases Prussiannationalism
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German Unification
Prussia controls Schleswig and AustriaHolstein
Hoping this will lead to turmoil he can use
Border conflicts with Austria betweenSchleswig and Holstein
Austria declares war on Prussia in 1866
Seven Weeks war
Prussia Annexes more territory Eastern and Western Prussia united for first
time
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France: Bismarcks Strategy
Spanish throne is offered to a relative of the King ofPrussia after leaders of the Spanish revolutionremoved their leader.
Louis Napoleon (Napoleon Bonapartes nephew),Emperor of France convinces German prince to
refuse crown then sends an envoy to convinceWilliam I of Prussia not to accept the crown.
From the City of Ems, William I sends a telegram toBismarck about the request, this is called the EmsDispatch.
Bismarck, seizing his opportunity, rewords thetelegram and publishes it in the newspapers.
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Bismarcks Plan Pays Off
Prussians become upset about unfair demands to their
king; French are insulted by Prussia. France declares war though unprepared
Prussia thus acquires:
French provinces of Alsace & Lorraine
money to cover the cost of war
The Franco-Prussian War completes the unification ofGermany.
South German states unite with north to fight France
1871: German Empire is formed, William I of Prussia asEmperor.
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Kaiser Wilhelm I
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Problems Faced by a United Germany
Germany was far from democratic:
The Government of the German Empire was afederal union of states with the King of Prussia asruler and a two house legislature with:
A powerful 61 member appointed upper house
A 400 member lower house chosen by universalmale suffrage (all men could vote)
Strong king who made government appointments,strong upper house had power
strong army, soldiers prominent in society
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Bismarcks Policies
Made socialism illegal
Improved working conditions
Persecuted national and religious minorities,especially Catholics
In foreign affairs, tried to isolate France by making
friendships with Austria and Russia
Use of Realpolitik
Realpolitik was Bismarcks foreign policy decisionsare not based on ideological or moral considerations;
decisions should be based on self-interest.
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Comparing Revolutions, Revolts,
and Unifications
What is one factor that has been present
in all of the conflicts we have studied so
far? Why do you think this factor
repeatedly shows up?