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ISS IMAGES FOR OBSERVATORY
PROTECTION
Alejandro Sánchez de MiguelJaime ZamoranoMartin Aubé& Jesús Gallego
Departamento de Astrofísica y CC. de la AtmósferaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid
Cegep de Sherbrooke
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INDEX
1. Motivation
2. Research goals
3. Methods and Results
4. Work in progress
5. Conclusions
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• The Light pollution increases
the brightness of the sky
• The sky brightness is an
astronomical quality parameter
• The effects of light pollution on
the sky brightness increase can
be measured by photometric
astronomical techniques.
Model ILLUMINA Aubé 2005
1. MOTIVATION:LIGHT POLLUTION AND ASTRONOMY
Variación espacial, temporal y espectral de la
contaminación lumínica y sus fuentes:
Metodología y resultados. A. Sánchez de
Miguel 2015
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• The evolution of light pollution used
to be measured in astronomical
observatories
CAHA
ORM
1.5 m EOCA
10.4 m GTC 2006
2006
• Astronomical observatories move away
as possible from sources of light
pollution
IAU Commission 50 works to safeguard
professional astronomical sites
and their members are involved with
scientific projects such as
the monitoring and modelling of light
pollution.
1. MOTIVATION:LIGHT POLLUTION AND ASTRONOMY
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Paranal
Mt. GrahamMauna kea
Mauna kea
Madrid
Montsec
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SOURCES OF SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION
Air Molecules -> Rayleigh diffusion
Aerosols -> Mie diffusion
O3 absorption
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SOURCES OF THE SKYBRIGHTNESS
Airglow
Moon
Milky way
Zodiacal light
Light pollution
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SOURCES OF THE SKYBRIGHTNESS
Airglow(sun activity)
Moon
Milky way
Zodiacal light
Light pollution
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SOURCES OF THE SKYBRIGHTNESS
Airglow(sun activity)
Moon
Milky way
Zodiacal light
Light pollution
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1. MOTIVATION:LIGHT POLLUTION AND ASTRONOMY
• The sky brightness is affected by light pollution sources located at great
distances. The effect of these sources can be predicted by models of
atmospheric diffusion
• The models need some inputs:
(a) Physical relationships. For example, the variation of sky brightness with
distance to the sources.
(b) Radiance emitted into the atmosphere from pollution sources
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This study contributes to the study of light pollution from ground
and space. Studying emission sources and their effect on the
brightness of the sky.
Tools and techniques have been developed for this purpose,
they have been applied to several typical cases.
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• Develop methods to calibrate night time observations from
satellites, for the measurement of absolute radiances of light
pollution sources
• Study of the spatial, temporal and spectral variation of the light
pollution sources and its relationship with the sky brightness
variations
• Get a broad data set needed to validate the models of
propagation of light pollution
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2. RESEARCH GOALS
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3.METHODS AND RESULTS
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Teledetection of the L.P.
and its sourcesMeasurements of the Sky Brightness
Relationships
Temporal
Spatial
Spectral
Temporal
Spatial
Spectral
Variation
3. WORKFLOW OF THE STUDY
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3.1. Study of the light pollution sources
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3.1.1. LIGHT POLLUTION STUDIES FROM SATELLITES
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Meteorological and Earth observation satellites that take pictures at night on
one panchromatic band, that is not designed for the study of light pollution.
Although, it is possible to detect the presence of artificial light sources, they
were not designed primarily for measuring radiances.
Main contribution of this study:
1) Calibration of the DMSP/OLS data (1992-2010)
2) Evolution of energy consumption in street lighting with satellite
data
3) Absolute photometric calibration of nighttime images of the Earth
from the International Space Station (ISS/D3S)
4) The cataloguing and georeferencing of the ISS image archive
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5 km5 km
ISS/D3S/RGB
VIIRS/DNB
5 km
DMSP/OLSNight images of Madrid
from the space
3.1.1. IMAGES FROM SPACE
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Satellite/Camera
/Band
DMSP/OLS SNPP/VIIRS/DNB ISS/D3S/RGB
Main application Meteorological Earth observation Outreach
Data Range 1992-2012 2012-2015 2003-2015
Calibration A posteriori Lab and day side This thesis
Bands (1) 0.5 -0.9 μm (1) 0.5 -0.9 μm (3) 0.40-0.65 μm
Flybys Sunset & sunrise Midnight Any
Resolution 5 km 742 m 1.5-740 m
Sensitivity ~0.5 nW/cm2/sr ~0.02 nW/cm2/sr ~0.08 nW/cm2/sr
Errors No estimated Estimated 15% Estimated > 15%
3.1.1. IMAGES FROM SPACE
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MEASURE LIGHT POLLUTION FROM SATELLITE
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Variación espacial, temporal y espectral de la
contaminación lumínica y sus fuentes:
Metodología y resultados. A. Sánchez de
Miguel 2015
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3.1.1. IMAGES ISS/D3S
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3.1.1. PHOTOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF IMAGES ISS/D3S
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Spectral response
RAW decoding FITS
Sánchez de Miguel et al. (2012) SpS 17 XXVIII IAU –GA Beijing
• DSLR camera operated by astronauts from the ISS
• Nikon D3S with CMOS sensor and Bayer matrix
• Three-band images (R, G y B)
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Flat field
Astrometry, detection and measurement of stars
TopCat + Aladin
IRAF (ccmap, cctsetwcs)
Sextractor
3.1.1. PHOTOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF IMAGES ISS/D3S
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3.1.1. PHOTOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF IMAGES ISS/D3S
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Extinction
and tilt
Noise
Window transmission
Linearity
3.1.1. PHOTOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF IMAGES ISS/D3S
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VIIRS ISS-G
The proper calibration except for the windows transmission problem
It does not affect the spectrum / color
3.1.1. CALIBRATION TESTISS/D3S VIIRS/DNB
VIIRS ISS-G
La Palma island Madrid
Radiance (nW/cm2/sr) Radiance (nW/cm2/sr)
5 km10 km
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VIIRS ISS-G
3.1.1. CALIBRATION TESTISS/D3S VIIRS/DNB
VIIRS ISS-G
La Palma island Madrid
Radiance (nW/cm2/sr) Radiance (nW/cm2/sr)
5 km10 km
The proper calibration except for the windows transmission problem
It does not affect the spectrum / color
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isla de La Palma
Color - color diagram of the
luminaries of Madrid
3.1.1 EMITTING SOURCES ISS/D3S
5km
5km
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isla de La Palma
Color - color diagram of the
luminaries of Madrid
3.1.1 EMITTING SOURCES ISS/D3S
5km
5km
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3.1.1 VARIATION IN RADIANCE AND TYPE OF LIGHTING
Switching to LED lighting
on Rivas 2014
2011
2014 2011
Detectable spectral variation
Variation in radiance ~ 21%
28Radiance (nW/cm2/sr)
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How to use this to protect an
observatory?
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Guess spectra through synthetic colors
Better identification of the sources
Temporal and angular resolution
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3.1.1 EMITTING SOURCES ISS/D3S
Island of La Palma
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3.1.2 SKY SPECTRUM AND
LAMPS
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3.1.2 SKY SPECTRUM AND
LAMPS
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3.1.1 WWW.CITIES AT NIGHT.ORG
Citizen science program
Categories
Positions
Maps
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First step to build a color
map of light pollution
globally
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3.1.1 WWW.CITIES AT NIGHT.ORG
• IDA Dark Sky defender award 2014
• Science x Kickstarter Hackathon
selected project
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DMSP/OLS
VIIRS/DNB
ISS/D3S/G
Diffuse light
3.3 SKY BRIGHTNESS AND RADIANCES FROM SATELLITES
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3.3 COMPARISON OF MAPS SKY BRIGHTNESS
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3.3 COMPARISON OF MAPS SKY BRIGHTNESS
Variación espacial, temporal y espectral de la
contaminación lumínica y sus fuentes:
Metodología y resultados. A. Sánchez de
Miguel 2015
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4. WORK IN PROGRESS
• Implement measures to new models (Aubé and Falchi)
• ISS application for specific pictures of observatories (U.S.
researchers are welcome)
• Improvement of the light pollution spectra based on image
classification
• Get funds to keep alive this research
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5. CONCLUSIONS
• The Earth observation satellites don’t provide data to make an
spectral protection of the observatories
• None of the first class observatories is completely safe against
light pollution.
• Only the ISS pictures can now give an spectral
information/protection
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