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IRRADIATION MEASUREMENTS ON GROUND EEP Workshop, Windhoek, Namibia Dr. Norbert Geuder CSP Services
25 July 2012
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 2
Po
litical +
Eco
no
mic
Fra
mew
ork
Resource mapping • Available Resources
Solar irradiation is the „fuel“ of solar power plants
Potentials • Technical and economic potentials
Which technologies are feasible?
Scenarios
• Possible capacity development
How can they contribute to the
national energy system?
Strategies • Market introduction
How to get them into the market?
Where to start?
Instruments
• Political and financial instruments
Legislation, incentives
Investments • Private investments
Private investors need
resource data for
investments
GETTING RENEWABLE ENERGY TO WORK
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 3
Finding suitable sites
with high resolution maps
and economic evaluations
Resources
(Atlas)
Project development
Resources
(time series)
Engineering
Construction
Commissioning
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
13 14 15 16 17 18
day in march, 2001
W/m
²
ground
satellite
Detailed engineering
with site specific data
with high temporal
resolution as input to
simulation software
Operation
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 4
PATH OF SOLAR RADIATION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE
Source: DLR
Rayleigh scattering and absorption (ca. 15%)
Absorption (ca. 1%)
Scatter and Absorption ( ca. 15%, max. 100%)
Reflection, Scatter, Absorption (max. 100%)
Absorption (ca. 15%)
Ozone.……….…....
Aerosol…….…………...……
Water Vapor…….……...……………….
Clouds………….………………….
Air molecules..………..
Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) at ground
Radiation at the top of atmosphere
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 6
INFLUENCE OF AIR MASS ON IRRADIATION
Source: DLR
AM = 0 (outside of atmosphere)
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 7
RADIATIVE TRANSFER TROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE
Source: DLR
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 8
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR IRRADIATION DATA
• Component:
– DNI (Direct-Normal Irradiation)
– DHI (Diffus-Horizontal Irradiation)
– GHI (Global-Horizontal Irradiation)
• Source:
– ground measurements:
• precise thermal sensors: thermopiles
• Rotating Shadowband Irradiometers
– satellite data
• Properties of irradiation:
– spatial variability
– inter-annual variability
– long-term drifts
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 9
DIRECT, DIFFUSE AND GLOBAL IRRADIANCE
When measuring solar irradiance, the following components are of particular interest:
• Direct normal irradiance (DNI)
(also: beam irradiance)
• Diffuse horizontal irradiance (DHI)
(also: diffuse sky radiation)
• Global horizontal irradiance (GHI)
(also: total solar irradiance)
GHI = DHI + DNI * sin (γ)
Zenith angle θ,
solar elevation γ
γ
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 10
INTER-ANNUAL VARIABILITY
Source: DLR
Average of the Direct Normal Irradiance
from 1999-2003
1999
2001
2000
2002
2003
deviation to
mean
kWh/m²a
Strong inter-annual and regional variations
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 11
LONG-TERM VARIABILITY OF SOLAR IRRADIANCE
Source: German Weather Service (DWD) / Volker Quaschning
An
nu
al
GH
I in
kW
h/m
²
Year
Potsdam, Germany
Deviation from mean: -10 % to +15 %
(depending on site and irradiation component)
Global Irradiation
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 12
LONG-TERM VARIABILITY OF SOLAR IRRADIANCE
Source: DLR
7 to 10 years of measurement to get long-term mean within 5%
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 13
COMPARING SOLAR IRRADIATION DATA FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES
Several sources for solar resource data available:
different origines of data: satellite data or ground measurements, differing sensors and measurement methods
covering different periods
different access mechanism and data format
different and unknown data quality and accuracy
Results are difficult to compare
Sa
lam
an
ca
Se
villa
Co
rdo
ba
Mu
rcia
Gra
na
da
Alm
eri
a
Ma
lag
a
Ca
diz
Pu
nta
Um
bri
a
Hu
elv
a
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
5200
5400
5600
PV-GIS Helio-Clim 2004 Helio-Clim1996-2000
Satel-light
Wh
/m2
/da
y
There is a number of data
sources, but this creates
uncertainty of the results,
especially as they usually
do not coincide
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 14
UNCERTAINTY OF SATELLITE DERIVED ANNUAL DNI
Generally a bias of <10 % is stated for satellite DNI,
in single cases deviations of 20 % and more were found!
What if my prospected plant is affected?
Source: GeoModel
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 15
IMPACT OF SOLAR RESOURCE UNCERTAINTY ON PLANT RENTABILITY
Annual DNI
Annual
expenses
(redemption,
O&M, …)
Electricity
production
e.g. ±10% Earnings expected long-term value (100%)
Losses
With thoroughly performed measurements on ground
an accuracy of approximately 2 % is achievable
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 16
GROUND MEASUREMENTS VS. SATELLITE DERIVED DATA
Ground measurements
Advantages
+ high accuracy (depending on sensors and maintenance)
+ high time resolution
Disadvantages
- high costs for installation and O&M
- soiling of the sensors
- possible sensor failures
- no possibility to gain data of the past
Satellite data
Advantages
+ spatial resolution
+ long-term data (more than 20 years)
+ effectively no failures
+ no soiling
+ no ground site necessary
+ low costs
Disadvantages
- lower time resolution
- low accuracy at high time resolution
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 17
Selection of promising sites
Long-term time series
(>10 years)
Meteorological Station:
Accurate irradiation data
+
Irradiation map: spatial distribution Geographical data: land use, etc.
Plant design, inter-annual variability,
uncertainty analysis, financing, …
GIS analysis
GENERAL PROCEDURE AT SOLAR RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 18
OBJECTIVES FOR MEASUREMENTS ON GROUND
1. Solar Resource Assessment:
usually validation of satellite data via precise measurements on ground
with an accuracy of 1 to 2 %
comparison with satellite data for long-term analysis,
determination of the expectable solar resource
2. Monitoring of operational power plants, evaluation of efficiency
(other conditions and requirements on the performance of measurements)
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 19
INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASUREMENT OF IRRADIANCE
• Silicon photodiode: Rotating Shadowband Irradiometer (RSI) or Rotating Shadowband Pyranometer (RSP) or Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (RSR)
Station costs: 13‘000 – 25‘000 USD
• Thermopile Sensors: pyrheliometer and pyranometer, solar tracker with shading assembly, ventilation
Station costs: 35‘000 – 55‘000 USD
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 20
AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT: MDI AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATION
• RSP sensor for GHI and DHI measurement (DNI calculated)
• Combined ambient temperature and relative humidity sensor
• Barometric pressure sensor
• Wind speed and wind direction measurement
• Precipitation sensor
MDI instrument control box containing PV panel, battery,
datalogger and communication modem
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 21
AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT: MHP AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATION
• Pyranometer for GHI, DHI measurements
• Pyrheliometer for DNI measurement, mounted on sun tracker
redundant measurement, compare DNI measured with pyrheliometer with DNI calculated from GHI, DHI
• Same optional sensors as MDI station
CSPS instrument control box containing grid power connection, UPS, datalogger and communication modem
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 22
TERMOPILE SENSORS
CMP21 Pyranometer (GHI, DHI shaded) with ventilation unit CVF3
CHP1 Pyrheliometer (DNI)
Shading assembly with shading ball
Solys 2 sun tracker
Sun sensor
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 23
ROTATING SHADOWBAND IRRADIOMETER (RSI)
Rotating Shadowband
LI-COR Silicon Photodiode
Housing of mechanics
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 24
RSP – PRINCIPLE OF MEASUREMENT
Source: Solar Millennium AG
Simplified sensor signal during shadow band rotation:
once per minute, rotation lasts about 1.5 seconds
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 25
PRECISE THERMAL SENSORS: PYRHELIOMETER AND PYRANOMETER ON A TRACKER
Advantages:
+ high accuracy (1 to 2%)
+ separate sensors for
GHI, DNI and DHI (cross-check through redundancy)
Disadvantages:
- High acquisition costs
- High maintenance costs
- High soiling sensitivity
- High power demand
(grid connection required)
GHI DNI DHI
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 26
ROTATING SHADOWBAND IRRADIOMETER: RSI SENSOR WITH PHOTODIODE
Advantages:
+ fair acquisition costs
+ low maintenance
+ low soiling sensitivity
+ low power demand (PV panel)
Disadvantages:
- systematic deviations of the
measurement signal
+ corrigible!!
Reachable accuracy:
• uncorrected: ~ 6 % • with corrections: ~ 2 - 3 %
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 27
CHOICE OF MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT
High Precision sensors (thermopiles) Rotating Shadowband Irradiometer: RSI
?
Which equipment is suitable for measurements in Solar Resource Assessment?
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 28
SOILING CHARACTERISTICS OF PYRHELIOMETERS AND RSI‘S
RSP sensor head
Pyrheliometer
Solar
Irradiation
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 29
Delivery of hardware
Installation & commissioning
Operational supervision and control
Equipment monitoring with inspection visits on site
Daily data retrieval via modem (GSM/GPRS)
Data collection and processing:
• accuracy enhancement (correction)
• quality and functionality check
• graphical visualization
Expert office
Daily, monthly, annual report with good quality data
to client (via e-mail)
On site
Client
USUAL EXPERT SERVICE FOR SOLAR RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
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NA.2012.A.002.0 Pre-Feasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Namibia 30
Thank you very much for your attention!