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Introduction to Wetland Plant Identification
Webinar Association of State Wetland Managers & EPA
Region 7
Joseph S. Ely, Ph.D. University of Central Missouri
Department of Biology and Agriculture 1 June 2017
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Tour of Wetlands
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Is this Missouri?
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Allred Lake Natural Area, SE Missouri Tupelo-Bald Cypress Swamp Nyssa aquatica and Taxodium distichum
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Pin Oak Slough Natural Area, Knob Noster State Park, MO Pin oak - Button Bush Quercus palustris - Cephalanthus occidentalis
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Saline Seep, Blue Lick Conservation Area, MO Spartina pectinata prairie cordgrass
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Oxidized Rhizospheres
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Saline Valley Conservation Area, Spring and seep
Big Buffalo Creek Fen, Big Buffalo Creek Conservation Area
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Otter Slough Conservation Area, MO Hymenocallis caroliniana spider lily
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Outline 1. Wetland Tour 2. Plant Habit 3. Plant Organs & Characteristics
1) Roots 2) Stems 3) Leaves
4. Reproductive Organs 1) Cones 2) Flowers
5. Dichotomous Key 1) Major Plant Groups 2) Selected Monocot and Dicot Families
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Bryophytes (Mosses, Liverworts & Hornworts)
Pteridophytes – Vascular seedless plants (Ferns, Equisetum spp. and Lycopodium spp.)
Gymnosperms – Woody cone bearing plants with naked seeds (Pinaceae, Cupressaceae)
Angiosperms –The flowering Plants (Monocots and Dicots)
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Tools for the Identification of Wetland Plants • A plant to identify (preferably fresh-not herbarium
specimen) • 10 x hand lens or Stereoscopic (Dissecting)
Microscope • Single edge razor blade and a pair of dissecting
needles • Dichotomous Key (we will use these later on) • State or regional Flora (often with Dichotomous
Keys)
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Vegetative & Reproductive Morphological
Characteristics needed to Identify Wetland Plants
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Type of Roots
Fibrous Tap
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Crocus chrysanthus
Phalaris arundinacea
Sagittaria latifolia
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Terminal Bud
Lateral Bud
Node
Internode
Leaf Scar Vascular Bundle Scars
Bud Scales
Lenticel
Node
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Chambered Solid Diaphragmed Hollow
Tendrils Spur Shoots Thorns Prickles Spines
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Leaf Morphology and Phyllotaxy (leaf arrangement on Stem)
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Leaf Shape, Venation, and Margins
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Leaf Shape, and Margins
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Leaf Apices
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Leaf Bases
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Leaf Surfaces
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Gymnosperm and Angiosperm Reproductive Structures
Gymnosperms – Woody cone bearing plants with naked seeds (Pinaceae, Cupressaceae)
Angiosperms –The flowering Plants (Monocots and Dicots)
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Gymnosperm Reproductive Structures
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http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/art0021.jpg
Hypanthium is a tubular outgrowth of the receptacle or corolla tube
Angiosperm Basic Reproductive Structures
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Bryophytes (Mosses, Liverworts & Hornworts)
Pteridophytes – Vascular seedless plants (Ferns, Equisetum spp. and Lycopodium spp.)
Gymnosperms – Woody cone bearing plants with naked seeds (Pinaceae, Cupressaceae)
Angiosperms –The flowering Plants (Monocots and Dicots)
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1. Plants lacking vascular tissue, roots, stems, leaves, and seeds; mainly reproducing by spores; gametophyte green and photosynthetic and dominant phase of life-cycle, Sporophyte non-photosynthetic and dependent on the Gametophyte – BRYOPHYTES (Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts).
1. Plants possessing true roots, stems and leaves; vascular tissue present; reproducing by spores or seeds; sporophyte is dominant phase of the life-cycle ------------------------------------------ 2
2. Plants not producing flowers or seeds, mainly reproducing by spores; gametophyte and sporophyte generations independent at maturity (gametophytes sometimes subterranean, very small, or included in the spore wall) ------------------- PTERIDOPHYTES (Fern and Fern Allies)
2. Plants reproducing by seeds; gametophytes reduced and enclosed entirely within tissues of the sporophyte at maturity, not independent ------------------------------------------------------- 3
3. Flowers not produced; ovules not enclosed in an ovary, instead borne on the surface of a scale, the scales commonly grouped into a strobilus (cone), this becoming more-or-less woody in texture or berrylike at maturity; plants shrubs or trees with needlelike or scalelike leaves ------------------------------------------------- GYMNOSPERMS
3. Flowers are produced; ovules enclosed in an ovary, this becoming a fruit at maturity; plants herbs, shrubs, or trees with variously shaped leaves (if leaves all scale like or needlelike, then the plant is an herb) ---------------------------------------------- 4 (ANGIOSPERMS)
Major Plant Group Dichotomous Key
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4. Flower parts (sepals, petals, stamens and pistils) or the perianth whorls mostly with multiples of 4 or 5 parts (rarely none); leaves often lacking sheaths, mostly with pinnate, palmate, or netted venation, the main veins usually not parallel and not joined only at the base and tip of the leaf blade; cotyledons usually 2 ------------------------------- DICOTS
4. Flower parts (sepals, petals, stamens and pistils) or perianth whorls mostly 3 or multiples of 3 (in flowers with modified perianth structure, such as grasses and sedges, the stamens and/or stigmas often in multiples of 3); the main veins usually parallel, joined at the base and tip of the leaf blade, the smaller veins parallel or forming a network; cotyledon 1 or less commonly absent; stem usually not forming a ring (appearing as 1 or more rings in groups with hollow stems) -------------------------------------------------------------- MONOCOTS
Major Plant Group Dichotomous Key
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Monocot Dicot Monocot Dicot
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A Modification of the Key to Groups of Wetland Plants in the Midwest*
1. Plants vascular or non-vascular, reproducing by spores, not seeds ---------------------- 2
1. Plants reproducing by seeds (naked or enclosed in an ovary), herbaceous or woody, reproductive structures either through cones or flowers --------------------------------------- 3
2. Plants lacks vascular tissue; roots, stem and leaves absent ------------------ Bryophytes 2. Plants with vascular tissue; roots, stem and leaves present --------------- Pteridophytes 3. Plants woody; naked seeds born on a scale in a woody cone ---------- Gymnosperms 3. Herbaceous or woody plants that maybe aquatic or terrestrial with flowers (either
showy or reduced); seeds borne within the ovary; fruits are produced ---------------- 4 (Angiosperms or Flowering Plants)
4. Parallel veins; flower parts usually in 3's or multiples there of --------- 5 (Monocots) 4. Netted leaf veins; flower parts usually in 4's or 5's or multiples there of --- 7 (Dicots)
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Monocot Key
5. Plants without apparent sepals and petals or perianth, each flower associated with (often hidden) by scales or scale like structures with flowers arranged in spikelets ------- 6
6. Leaves 2-ranked, the sheaths usually open; Stems typically hollow, round or flat (not
triangular) and jointed; stamens with the anther attached to the middle with the filament -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Poaceae (Grasses)
6. Leaves 3-ranked, sheaths closed (maybe ruptured); stems typically triangular or
round; stamens attached at the base of the filament ------------- Cyperaceae (Sedges)
5. Flowers with normal sepals and petals (green or brown in Juncaceae), not arranged in spikes or spikelets ----------------------------------------------------------------------- other Monocots
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Poaceae habit and Morphology Note leaves are two-ranked along the stem
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Poaceae Inflorescence, Spikelets and Florets
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Agrostis stolonifera L. creeping bentgrass
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Arundinaria gigantea (Walter) Muhl. giant cane
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Chasmanthium latifolium Michx.) Yates river oats
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Cinna arundinacea L. sweet woodreed
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Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould deertongue
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Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark (tapered rosette grass)
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Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees redtop panicgrass
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Panicum virgatum L. switchgrass
Steve Hurst, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
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Douglas Ladd, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1989. Midwest wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. Midwest National Technical Center, Lincoln.
Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. prairie wedgescale
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Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald rough barnyardgrass
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Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. fowl mannagrass
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Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. rice cutgrass Steve Hurst, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
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Paspalum fluitans (Elliott) Kunth horsetail paspalum
Douglas Ladd, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1989. Midwest wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. Midwest National Technical Center, Lincoln. Jose Hernandez, hosted by the USDA-
NRCS PLANTS D t b
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Phalaris arundinacea L. reed canarygrass
Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1989. Midwest wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. Midwest National Technical Center, Lincoln.
Sheri Hagwood, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
Steve Hurst, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Databas
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Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1989. Midwest wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. Midwest National Technical Center, Lincoln.
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. common reed
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Poa compressa. L Canada bluegrass
Steve Hurst, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
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Spartina pectinata Bosc ex Link prairie cordgrass
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Cyperaceae Inflorescence, Spikelets and Flower
leaves are three-ranked along the stem (stem typically triangular)
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Carex conjuncta
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Carex granularis
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Carex lupulina
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Carex radiata
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Carex squarrosa
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Carex tribuloides
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Carex vulpinoidea
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Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. blunt spikerush
Steve Hurst, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
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Alisma subcordatum Raf. American water plantain
Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1989. Midwest wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. Midwest National Technical Center, Lincoln.
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Juncaceae
petals
3 stigmas
stamens
sepals
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Steve Hurst, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
Juncus effusus L. common rush
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Juncus dudleyi Wiegand Dudley's rush
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Typha angustifolia L. narrowleaf cattail Staminate and pistillate portions separated
Typha latifolia L. broadleaf cattail Staminate and pistillate portions continuous
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Dicot Key
7. Plants are woody (Trees, shrubs, vines; stems woody) ------------------------- Woody Dicots (not discussed here) 7. Plants are herbaceous; stems not woody ---------------------------------------------------------- 8 8. Leaves compound; divided into distinct leaflets -------- Dicots with Compound Leaves 8. Leaves single and entire and not compound --------------------------------------------------- 9 9. Most or all the leaves opposite or whorled -- Dicots with Opposite or Whorled Leaves 9. Most or all the leaves alternate ---------------------------- Dicots with Alternate Leaves
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Agrimonia pubescens
Agrimonia parviflora
Rosaceae – Rose Family
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Geum canadense Jacq. white avens
t H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. Midwest wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. Midwest nal Technical Center, Lincoln.
Rosaceae – Rose Family
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Apios americana Medik. groundnut
Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1989. Midwest wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. Midwest National Technical Center, Lincoln.
Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald American hogpeanut
Fabaceae – Bean Family
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Senna marilandica (L.) Link Maryland senna
Fabaceae – Bean Family
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Bidens frondosa L. devil's beggartick
Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1989. Midwest wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. Midwest National Technical Center, Lincoln.
Asteraceae – Composite or Aster Family
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Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1989. Midwest wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. Midwest National Technical Center, Lincoln.
Cicuta maculata L. spotted water hemlock
Apiaceae – Carot Family
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Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz spreading chervil
Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1989. Midwest wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. Midwest National Technical Center, Lincoln.
Apiaceae – Carot Family
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Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed
Asteraceae – Composite or Aster Family
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Dicot Key
7. Plants are woody (Trees, shrubs, vines; stems woody) ------------------------- Woody Dicots (not discussed here) 7. Plants are herbaceous; stems not woody ---------------------------------------------------------- 8 8. Leaves compound; divided into distinct leaflets -------- Dicots with Compound Leaves 8. Leaves single and entire and not compound --------------------------------------------------- 9 9. Most or all the leaves opposite or whorled - Dicots with Opposite or Whorled Leaves 9. Most or all the leaves alternate ---------------------------- Dicots with Alternate Leaves
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Leaves simple and opposite Dicots
Gratiola neglecta Torr. clammy hedgehyssop
Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell purple false foxglove
Scrophulariaceae – Figwort Family
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Eupatorium perfoliatum L. common boneset
Eutrochium maculatum (L.) E.E. Lamont spotted joe pye weed
Asteraceae – Composite or Aster Family
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Mimulus alatus Aiton sharpwing monkeyflower
Scutellaria lateriflora L. blue skullcap
Scrophulariacea – Figwort Family
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Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw
Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop stiff marsh bedstraw
Rubiaceae – Madder Family
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Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell Canadian woodnettle
Urticaceae – Nettle Family
Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. smallspike false nettle
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Ammannia coccinea Rottb. valley redstem
Lythraceae – Toothcup Family
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Asclepias incarnata L. swamp milkweed
Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp
Apocynaceae – Dogbane Family
Asclepiadaceae – Milkweed Family
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Dicot Key
7. Plants are woody (Trees, shrubs, vines; stems woody) ------------------------- Woody Dicots (not discussed here) 7. Plants are herbaceous; stems not woody ---------------------------------------------------------- 8 8. Leaves compound; divided into distinct leaflets -------- Dicots with Compound Leaves 8. Leaves single and entire and not compound --------------------------------------------------- 9 9. Most or all the leaves opposite or whorled -- Dicots with Opposite or Whorled Leaves 9. Most or all the leaves alternate ---------------------------- Dicots with Alternate Leaves
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Rudbeckia laciniata L. cutleaf coneflower
Solidago gigantea Aiton giant goldenrod
Asteraceae – Composite or Aster Family
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Polygonum hydropiper L. marshpepper knotweed
Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. swamp smartweed
Polygonaceae – Smartweed Family
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Thank You for Listening Today 1. Wetland Tour 2. Plant Habit 3. Plant Organs & Characteristics
1) Roots 2) Stems 3) Leaves
4. Reproductive Organs 1) Cones 2) Flowers
5. Dichotomous Key 1) Major Plant Groups 2) Selected Monocot and Dicot Families
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Schizaea pusilla