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INTRODUCTION TO UTM COORDINATES AND MAP
DATUMS
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UTM COORDINATES
ZONE CENTRALMERIDIAN = 500,000 m
300,000 700,000500,000
108 102105105
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TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
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UTM ZONES UNITED STATES
NM
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UTM CARTISIAN COORDINATES
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USGS MAPS AND UTM
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COORDINATE SYSTEMS
• NAD 27 = North American Datum, 1927
• NAV 29 = North American Vertical, 1929
• NAD 83 = North American Datum, 1983
• WGS 84 = World Geodetic System 1984
• (ALL GPS)
• CORPSCON – CONVERSION PROGRAM
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• INTRODUCTION TO MAGNETIC METHODS
– Earth’s Magnetic Field– Rock Magnetism– Geologic Models Magnetic Anomaly Sources– Planning a Survey– Examples
REFERENCE:Sheldon Breiner, Applications Manual for Portable Magnetometers
www.georentals.co.uk/ampm-opt.pdf
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TOTAL FIELD MEASUREMENTS
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EARTH’S DIPOLE FIELD
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MAGNETIC ELEMENTS
H = F cos I Z = F sin I = H tan IX = cos D Y = H sin D
X² + Y² = H² X² + Y² + Z² = F²
F = Total Field IntensityI = Inclination
D = DeclinationH = Horizontal Component
X = North ComponentY = East Component
Z = Vertical Component
East
North
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TOTAL INTENSITY
25
70
X 1000 nTeslas
50
50
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GEOMAGNETIC INCLINATION
60N
80N
0
80S60S
GEOMAGNETIC INCLINATION DEGREES OF ARC FROM HORIZONTAL
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CHANGES IN DECLINATION AND INCLINATION AT LONDON SINCE 1540
SECULAR VARIATIONS
2010
Declination
Incl
inat
ion
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SOLAR DIURNAL VARIATIONSMID NORTHERN AND MID SOUTHERN LATITUDES
50 nT
EQUATORIAL LATITUDES
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MICRO PULSATIONS
10 nT
10 minutes
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TYPICAL MAGNETIC STORM
50 nT
1 day
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CORRECTING FOR TIME VARYING FIELDS
• F = f(x,y,z,t)– x = Easting (Longitude)– y = Northing (Latitude)– z = Elevation (very small effect)– t = time
• FB = Field at Base Station (time dependent)
• FR = Field at Rover (space/time dependent)
• FC = Time Correct Field at Rover = FB – FR
• GEOREF = Geomagnetic Reference Correction
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AVERAGE MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES
BASIC IGENOUS
ACID IGNEOUS
METAMORPHICSEDIMENTARY
Mag
netic
Sus
cept
ibili
ty x
106
(c.g
.s.)
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MEASURED SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF ROCK MATERIALS
Material K x 106 cgs At H, OeMagnetite 300,000-800,000 0.6
Pyrrhotite 125,000 0.5
Ilmenite 135,000 1.0
Franklinite 36,000
Granite 28-2700 1.0
Diorite 46.8 1.0
Gabbro 68-2370 1.0
Basalt 680 1.0
Sandstone 16 1.0
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INDUCED VS REMANENT MAGNETIZATION
• Induced Magnetization– Polarization in direction of Earth’s Field
• Remanent Magnetization– Thermoremanent (Curie Temperature)– Detrital (Depositional)– Chemical
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GEOLOGICAL MODEL REPRESENTATIONS OF COMMON MAGNETIC ANOMALY SOURCES
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Dipoles vs. Monopoles vs. Arrays of Poles
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ANOMALIES FOR GEOLOGICAL BODIES AT VARIOUS ORIENTATIONS AND FIELD INCLINATIONS
↓ F F F→F→F
T N-ST E-WT N-ST E-W
12345
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TOTAL INTENSITY INDUCED DIPOLE SIGNATURESAT VARIOUS INCLINATIONS OF THE FIELD
Induced dipoleVertical Field
(North or South Poles)
Induced dipole(Inclination 60º)
Induced dipoleEquatorial Field(Inclination 0º)
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REMANENT DIPOLE SIGNATURESMOMENT NOT PARALLEL TO INDUCING FIELD
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EFFECT OF DEPTH ON ANOMALY WIDTH
The amplitude of the anomaly is maintained constantBy adjusting the size of the anomalous body.
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DEPTH/AMPLITUDE BEHAVIOR OF DIPOLE
ANOMALIES
M
8M M
Note: Same Amplitude butChange in width
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F
DISTANCE
nT
500
100
1
10
20010 Ft
1 ton iron
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ANOMALIES OF COMMON OBJECTS
• OBJECT Ft/nT Ft/nT• Automobile (1 ton) 30/40 100/1• Ship (1000 ton) 100/300-700 1000/1• Aircraft (light) 20/10-30 50/1• Pipeline (12”) 25/50-200 50/12-50• Wellhead 50/200-500 500/2-5• Fenceline 10/15 25/1-2• Rifle 5/10-50 10/ 2-10 • Revolver 5/10-20 10/1-2
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TYPICAL MAGNETIC ANOMALIES OF COMMON ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES
Kiln-baked brick wallSandstone wall in
more magnetic soil
Shallow grave or pathway
Humus-rich siteof habitation
Shallow tomb Deeply buried tomb Bricks in disarray Fire pit with bricksIn original position
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PLANNING A SURVEY
• SIZE OF TARGET
• AERIAL EXTENT OF SEARCH
• GROUND OR AIRBORNE
• RESOLUTION OF SURVEY
• FIELD METHODS
• PITFALLS
• EXAMPLES
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TYPICAL SEQUENCES OF TRAVERSES DURING SEARCH PROCEDURES
Secondary Traverse
Prim
ary
Tra
vers
e
Prim
ary
Tra
vers
e
Prim
ary
Tra
vers
e
Fin
al T
rave
rse
Object location
Total magnetic field contours(not known during search)
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ESTIMATION OF DEPTH TO TOP OF ANOMALOUS BODIES USING MAXIMUM SLOPE
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52490 nT
52195 nT
52280 nT
Contour Interval 5 nT
GNTN
Maximum slope 5 m
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F
DISTANCE
nT
500
100
1
10
20010 Ft
1 ton iron
SOLUTION FOR BILLSCRATER
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MAGNETIC EFFECT OF LATERAL SUSCEPTIBILITY CHANGE VS STRUCTURE
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HIGH RESOLUTION AIRBORNE MAGNETIC MAP OF THE SAGE 2010 FIELD AREA
SAGE 2005SEISMIC PROFILE
SAGE 2005MT PROFILE
SAGE 2010ARCH SITE