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Introduction to
Total Station and GPS
Dr. P. NANJUNDASWAMY
Professor of Civil Engineering
J S S Science and Technology UniversityS J College of Engineering
Mysuru – 570 006
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Overview
Introduction
History
GPS
Remote Sensing
GIS
Not on the survey mathematics or detailedelectronics, but to provide some backgroundto Modern Surveying basics.
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Introduction
We Measure – Why?
Mapping - determining the location
of existing features
Setting-out - marking the location of
new features
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Application #1 - Mapping
House
Shed
Path
Tree
Trees
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Application #2 - Setting out
e.g. determining the location of a new construction on a site
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House
Shed
Path
Tree
Trees
Chainage and offset
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House
Shed
Path
Tree
Trees
Distance-distance intersection
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House
Shed
Path
Tree
Trees
Angle-angle intersection
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House
Shed
Path
Tree
Trees
Distance-angle intersection
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Orientation
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We Measure – What?
Linear
Angular
Introduction Cont…
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History
Tape & Compass
Stadia
Self-Reducing Tacheometer
EDM
EDM with Data Collector . . . . .
Continuing Evolution of Measurement Technologies
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History Cont…
Tapes & Chains
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History Cont…
Compass & Levels
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History Cont…
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History Cont…
Hand held EDM
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History Cont…
Digital Levels
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Modern Equipments
Requirements
Accuracy
Functionality
Integration
Productivity
Ease of Use
Field to Finish Operation
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Modern Equipments . . .
EDM = Electronic Distance Measuring
Two Types:
IR or Light-wave (100 m – 7 km)
Microwave (up to 100 km)
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Modern Equipments . . .
EDM Operation:
A wave is transmitted and the
returning wave is measured to
find the distance traveled.
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Modern Equipments . . .
EDM to Total Station
Advances In Computers
Lasers
Batteries
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Total Station
Electronic Theodolite
with
Distance Meter
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EDM
Electronic theodolite
On-Board Micro-processor
Data Collector (built in or separate unit)
Data Storage (internal or memory card)
Prisms
Components of a Total Station
Total Station Cont…
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Total Station Cont…
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Total Station Cont…
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Total Station Cont…
Measures and Records
Horizontal Angles
Vertical Angles
Slope Distances
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Total Station Cont…
Calculates
Horizontal Distance
Vertical Distance
X,Y,Z Coordinates
Layout Etc.
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Total Station Cont…
Technologies Optical Total Station
Servo Driven
Auto Tracking
Robotic
Reflector less
Software Integration
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Total Station Cont…
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Total Station Cont…
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Total Station Cont…
Accessories
BDC60
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Total Station Cont…
Uses
Topo and As Builts
Construction Layout
Monitoring & Control
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Examples
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Examples….
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Examples….
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Examples….
Handling spatial data
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Total Station Cont…
Downside Battery Dependant
► Heavy
► Temperature Dependant
► ‘is it charged’
Failures (Hard & Soft)
Data Loss
Durability
Computer Dependant !!
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G P S
Since Earliest Times We’ ve Been Trying to Figure Out Where We Are And Where We’ re Going
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GPS Cont…
Fundamental Problem
How to know my location precisely ?
In any condition
At any time
Everywhere on earth (at least outdoors!)
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GPS Cont…
How to locate a landmark or target precisely ?
– Guidance or Navigation
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GPS Cont…
Global Positioning System
A shortened term for NAVSTAR GPSNavigation Satellite Timing And Ranging
A system for locating ourselves on earth
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GPS Cont…
GPS is a satellite-based radio positioning, navigation, and time transfer system
Designed to provide continuous, real-time, all-weather coverage worldwide
A fundamental revolution in navigation!
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What does GPS provide?
3D position
Navigation information
position
heading
velocity
Time
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GPS Cont…
Three Basic Segments
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GPS Cont…
Space Segment
Three Basic Segments
User Segment
Control Segment
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GPS Cont…
Space Segment
24 Satellites in 6 Orbital Planes inclined at 55o
Near Circular Orbits with Radius 26,560km
Orbital Period : 11hr 58m
Signals : L1 and L2 bands
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GPS Cont…
Control Segment
Monitor Satellite Orbits
Maintain Satellite Health
Maintain GPS Time
Update Satellite Navigation Messages
Command small maneuvers of satellites to maintain orbit and relocations to compensate and failures
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User Segment
GPS Receivers and Users Civilian Users
► Mapping, Surveying
► Navigation
► Search and Rescue (SAR)
► Pleasure, Sports, Hiking
Military Users
►Navigation
►Guidance
►Artillery
GPS Cont…
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How GPS Works
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How GPS Works….
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How GPS Works….
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How GPS Works….
The whole system revolves around time!!!
Distance = Rate x Time
• Rate = 186,000 miles per second (Speed of Light)
• Time = time it takes signal to travel from the SV to GPS receiver
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How GPS Works….
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How GPS Works….
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How GPS Works….
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How GPS Works….
A measurement from one satellite locates a point somewhere on a sphere with the satellite in the center.
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How GPS Works….
A second measurement from another satellite narrows the location of the point to any point on the circle where the two spheres intersect.
Two measurements puts us somewhere on this circle
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How GPS Works….
A third measurement from yet another satellite puts the location of the point at one of the two points where the third sphere intersects the circle
Three measurements puts us at one of two points
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How GPS Works….
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How GPS Works….
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Differential positioning
GPS Cont…
DGPS correctionsDifferential
transmitter
DGPS reference
receiver
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What is GPS used for? ...
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Navigation
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Navigation
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Navigation
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In-car navigation
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In-car navigation
City Maps
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Building/engineering set out
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Mapping
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Control Points
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Mapping
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Mapping
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Crustal DynamicsPangea to the Present Day
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Machine guidance
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Machine guidance
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Machine guidance
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Deformation monitoring
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Missile guidance
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How Accurate is GPS?
1 m
1 cm
1 mm
10 m
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GPS Cont…
Upside No control needed
Fast
Large Areas / Intervisibility
Minimum disturbance at site
Downside: Highly Trained Personnel
Expensive Equipment
Multipath & Horizon
Vegetation & Horizon
Post processing required?
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GPS errors
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GPS errors
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Future of GPS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1995 2000 2005
US Non US Total
U S
$ B
illio
ns
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Future of GPS….
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In 1995 GLONASS achieves FOC. 9 satellites currently operating. GLONASS-M satellites planned for deployment between 2003-2006 with two civil frequencies. Launch of 27 GLONASS-K satellites planned for launch between 2005 and 2022. Full 24 satellite constellation expected by 2010
In 1995 GPS achieves FOC. 28 satellites currently available. Modernised GPS with additional L2C code to achieve IOC by 2008 with FOC 2010. Third civil signal L5 to achieve IOC by 2012 and FOC by 2014.
In 1998 Europe launch the implementation phase of GNSS-1, EGNOS.
In 2000 Chinese Beidou launched. 3 satellites currently in orbit. China has signed agreement with EU
Galileo. 30 satellites planned. Development and in-orbit validation 2002-2006. Deployment 2006-2008. Operations from 2008
Japanese QZSS….
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Smart Station
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Smart Station ….
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Smart Station ….
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Smart Station ….
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Smart Station ….
Topographic Survey in a remote area
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Smart Station ….
Stakeout on a large construction site
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Smart Station ….
Property surveys in a rurl locality
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Smart Station ….
Surveying utilities in an urban environment
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The digital flowSurvey
Communication
Calculation Traverse Net adjustment
Mapping, CAD
ArcGISPlans & drawings
Design
Stake out
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The digital flowSurvey
Communication
Calculation Traverse Net adjustment
Mapping, CAD
ArcGISPlans & drawings
Design
Stake out
Software
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Survey and communication
• Software communicates with total stations and GPS receivers.
• Input and output.+Manual input
• Field module for direct communication from GPS to the map.
Survey
Communication
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Calculation
• Least square calculation within survey calculation.
• Base package with built-in traverse calculation
• Net adjustment module Plan and height
Error tests
Reports
Simulation
Add new known points to database.
Add graphic to drawing and GIS database.
CalculationTraverseNet adjustment
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Mapping and CAD
• Built-in CAD engine
• 3D system
• Settings for maps – projections
and transformations.
Mapping, CAD
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Mapping and CAD
• Built-in CAD engine
• drawing contains more data than other file formats – made for GIS solutions.
• 3D system
• Settings for maps – projections and transformations.
Mapping, CAD in 3 dimensions
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GIS adaptations
• GIS/database storage possibility:
ArcGIS adapter for personal geodatabase or ArcSDE database.
ArcGIS
Seamless connection to ArcGIS:
Open, save, add, version management
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Remember this!It should work from the surveyor to ready GIS without too much of editing!
Code tables, layers, attributes, map setup, geo database makes this happen!
Survey
Communication
CalculationTraverseNet adjustment
Mapping, CAD
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Plans and drawings
for sketches, situation plans, as-built drawings, 3D pictures, etc.
Plans & drawings
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Design
Design
Digital terrain model
Software is also a design application.
Use it for road and railway design, sewer, pipes, excavations, concrete and asphalt calculations.
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Design
Software is also a design application.
Use it for road and railway design, sewer, pipes, excavations, concrete and asphalt calculations.
Design
Volume calculation
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Design
Software is also a design application.
Use it for road and railway design, sewer, pipes, excavations, concrete and asphalt calculations.
Design
Profiles
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Design
Software is also a design application.
Use it for road and railway design, sewer, pipes, excavations, concrete and asphalt calculations.
Design
Sections
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Stake out and output
• Export to instruments and GPS.
• Export to co-ordinate files
• Export to drawing files.
• Export to databases.
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Software
• Autodesk Civil 3D
• Carlson
• LisCAD
• Microsurvey
• TopoCAD
• Trimble Model
• Golden Software Surfer
• CivilCAD.......
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Having the technology is not enough
It has to be applied
Using
• Right tool
• Right time
• Right place
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“The great successof Electronic gadgetsis not technical, butits human impact”
Last Word