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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Leopard skull (P. David Polly)
Reading Benton Chapter 5
Introduction to the Skull
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
(from Kardong 1995, Vertebrates) Photo credit
Developmental components of the vertebrate skullDermatocranium (pink)Chondrocranium or neurocranium (blue)Splanchnocranium or visceral arches (yellow)
Learn:Palatoquadrate cartilageMeckel’s cartilageHyomandibulaHyoid arch
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
(Wake, D. B. 1979. In Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, Univ. Chicago)
Early tetrapod skull
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
(after Evans, Anatomy of the Dog)
Mammalian skull in lateral view
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
(after Polly, 2007, Limbs in Mammalian Evolution)
Functions of the skullSupports special senses (sight, olfaction, taste, hearing and balance)
Supports and protects the brain
Conducts nerves to organs of the head
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
(after Polly, 2007, Limbs in Mammalian Evolution)
Functions of the skullFood getting (lips, incisors, tongue)
Food processing (chewing movements, teeth, tongue)
Swallowing (hyoid apparatus)
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
(after Polly, 2007, Limbs in Mammalian Evolution)
Functions of the skullSupports and protects arteries carrying blood to the head (carotid and vertebral arteries and their branches)
Supports and protects veins carrying blood away from the head (jugular vein and its branches)
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
(from Kardong 1995, Vertebrates)
The brain and the cranial nerves
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
The cranial nerves and their functions
On (I) Olfactory Smell *
Old (II) Optic Vision *
Olympus’ (III) Occulomotor Eye movement
Towering (IV) Trochlear Eye movement
Top (V) Trigeminal Facial sensation, tooth sensation, control of muscles for chewing *
A (VI) Abducens Eye movement
Finn (VII) Facial Taste, tears, salivation, facial expression (in mammals) *
And (VIII) Auditory Hearing and balance
German (IX) Glossopharyngeal Taste, salivation, innervation of the throat
Viewed (X) Vagus Swallowing, heart, gastrointestinal system, respiration
Some (XI) Spinal Accessory Muscles of the neck and shoulder
Hops (XII) Hypoglossal Tongue movement *
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Olfactory (I)
Optic (II) + muscles of eye (III, IV, VI)
Trigeminal (V)
Facial (VII)
Auditory (VIII) Vagus (X)
Spinal Accessory (XI)
Exterior openings of cranial nerves on human skull
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
(from Kardong 1995, Vertebrates)
Exploded mammalian skull
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
(Evans, Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog)
External features of the mammalian skullInfraorbital foramen: opening for division II of the Trigeminal Nerve (CN V). In mammals, related to vibrissae
Optic canal: opening for the Optic Nerve (CN II)
External acoustic meatus: opening of the ear canal, ends at the tympanic membrane
Occipital condyles: joint surface shared with the axis (cervical vertebra 1)
Foramen magnum: opening for spinal cord as it exits the brain
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
External features of the mammalian skullPalatine fissure (or palatine foramen): opening for trigeminal nerve and vomeronasal organ
Jugular foramen: opening through which jugular vein drains, also the passage for several cranial nerves including the vagus
Hypoglossal canal (hypoglosal foramen): opening for the hypoglossal nerve (CN XI)
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
(Evans, Anatomy of the Dog)
Carotid arteries and the basicranium
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Scientific papers for further readingEvans, H. E. 1993. Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog. W.B. Saunders Company: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Hanken, J. and B. K. Hall. 1993. The Skull: Volume 2: Patterns of Structural and Systematic Diversity. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, Illinois.
Romer, A. S. 1966. Vertebrate Paleontology. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, Illinois.
Romer, A. S. and T. S. Parsons. 1977. The Vertebrate Body. W.B. Saunders Company: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
ONLINE RESOURCES
Skull Anatomy Tutorial: http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/skull/skulltt.htm
Skull bones: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nc5IRj3OJhE
Cranial anatomy of the dog: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/topics/mammal_anatomy/index.html
Lab manual for mammalian skull anatomy (Hyman): http://books.google.com/books?id=qfoSAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA116&ots=ZsVjj5RiYO&dq=mammalian%20skull%20anatomy&pg=PA116#v=onepage&q=mammalian%20skull%20anatomy&f=false