Download - Introduction to Rome
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Introduction to Rome 01/20/2014
sRome comes onto the world map around the year 509
The year romans picked as their founding
Rome is ust emerging while !reece is already in their heyday
Their half of the "editerranean was a lot #ehind$ as opposed to the near
east
%merge around &&'
&&'(290 they ha)e all of Italy
241 sicily *orsica +ardinia
190 spain$ parts of Italy
Rome in 1 ,* was huge
"are nostrum
Imperium sine fine$ empire without #orders
*ultural identity was that they were destined to rule
-5&(509 ,*. Regal eriod
509(&1 ,* Repu#lic
in the concept of rei pu#licae$ all citiens ha)e a share of the empire
the %nglish took this and came up with a term$ commonwealth
&1,* 4- 3. %mpire$ Imperial
starting here$ there was an emperor
meant general
they created a new kind of rome
Italy
In contrast to !reece$ Italy is a great place to start a ci)iliation
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"outains with tim#er$ lowlands$ )olcanic mountains$ ha)e lots of minerals
*an feed a much greater population per suare mile
The )olcanic mountain range$ that continues into sicily are called the
3pennines
The winds #low clockwise in the mediterannean
Its )ery hard for the !reeks to sail there
"oisture from the ocean #lows from the west$ hits the west coast
and rain collects in Italy when it hits the mountains
!reeks and hoenicias c '00
The romans are not terri#ly important at this time
& main cultures are dominant
the greek colonists$ sought out southern italy
hoenicians didn6t li)e in Italy$ #ut traded with them
The hoenicians dominated the seaways$ the closest colony was
carthage
The first non(italian power the romans signed a treaty wit were the
hoenicians
%truscans -00(4'0
Third early power the Italians met with
ominant during this period$ in land called %truria
The etruscans were )ery influential on the romans$ who were )iewed #y
other powers as #ar#aric
+cientific #reakthroughs
7ederation of 12 cities$ with each city go)erning a certain region
3t one point %truria a#sor#ed rome$ and at one point rome #ecame
a region of %truria
,y roman standards they were cultured
8iterate when romans were functionally illiterate
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epatoscopy
%:amining the li)er
,elie)ed you could tell the future #y taking the li)er and
interpreting the discoloration
!reek imitations$ gorgon$ temple
;rientaliing
Influence #y anything from the east
%truscans would trade raw materials for culturally ad)anced things from
the east
%ntruscan tom#s . taruinia
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two cones meeting
they dressed with a ro#e that was pinned down
these were the lu:ury goods
kni)es$ pins
Romulus and Remus$ 3eneas
Romulus and Remus are descendents of 3eneas$ a prince of troy
!reat great grandfather of the twins
>umitor was deposed #y his #rother 3mulius
+laughtered all of numitor6s sons
Rhea +il)ia is made a )estal )irgin
"ars is sent to impregnante rhea sil)ia$ who gi)es #irth to the twins
They are put into a #asket$ and are sent down the ri)er
They are found #y a shewolf$
Then found #y a shepherd 7inds out who they really are
Restores their grandpa
!oes off to find their own city$ fights$ remus is killed
Romulus founds rome$ ust dudes
Runaway sla)es$ criminals$ etc oin
olds a festi)al$ in)ite them to #ring their daughters of
neigh#ouring places
They kidnap the girls$ and take them as wi)es
They start to fight$ #ut the sa#ine women step in and stop the fight
Romulus disappears$ and is taken up to hea)en
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3nother myth he was ripped apart
-5&(509. Regal eriod
there were - kings
no historical e)idence
its too neat$ 245 years$ with - kings who each rules for &5 years
if you didn6t know how long$ the go to num#er was &5 years
they ha)e the year 509$ same year as 3thenian democracy
e)ery king is responsi#le for one cultural ad)ance or acti)ity
all suspiciously tidy
instead of kings$ we define things thematically with decades
first king was Romulus
credit for in)enting almost all primal institutions
roman senate$ etc
numa pompilius ?numen @ spiritA religious things
tullus hostilius
war stuff
taruinius priscus #uilds stuff
came from the etruscans$ who was a greek who emigrated
was assassinated
#uilt stuff
ser)ius tullius
was arranged#y pre)ious kings wife
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ha)ing #een a sla)e
taruinius super#us
the girl married lay #rother$ married the am#itious #rother$
con)inced him to run o)er her father with a carriage
did it herself
the #oy took o)er$ and #ecame the se)enth king
forces the romans to work$ dig sewers$ pa)e roads
he has an awful son$ who decides to rape the most faithful wife$
8ucretia
calls together e)eryone$ tells e)eryone a#out it and then kills
herself
#rutus$ picks up the knife and swears that #y this pure #lood rome
will ne)er allow a king to rule
theyre #oth dri)en out from the city
#rutus pretended to #e dum#$ and was allowed to hang around the king
he stepped forth and ga)e this great speech after lucretias death
re)ealed he wasn6t a derp
=illano)an Rome 900(500
-5& mythic founding
900/'00 rome was inha#ited
-50 huts and a wall
00 stone houses
50(550 drainage
550 new construction
525 pa)ed road$ )illas
500 widespread destruction
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nRank and status were really important
It was awfully difficult to rise to the top of roman society
%asy to get in$ hard to get up there
*u##y holes for all the mementos of a family6s accomplishments
3 funeral would #e pu#lic
Bou would #ring all the images of famous people in your family
The entire family$ including the dead$ would #e there to pay honor
to a person
3s a man$ you had a #urden
Reminded of your status$ and comparison to your father
Their idea of culture comes from farming
+eason after season$ you culti)ate a culture
!room$ snip$ and de)elop o)er time
Bour o# is to promote your family to raise it and
3trium
Theres a huge room that pays tri#ute to e)erything the family does
Room with a collection of stuff
"ain room$ would greet whoe)e)er the guest was
7irst thing a guest saw
aterfamiliasC hus#and and wife
us#and should farm$ #e a#le to fight in war
Industrious$ working etc
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The wife
*omes with property$ outside the family
,rings property to the family$ #ut if they di)orce$ she takes that
property #ack
& nights in a row apart is enough to #reak a marriage contract
atron and client
Related to the idea of the father figure
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Instead of the kings$ the new ruling elite is called the patricians
%)ery year$ they will elect two consuls who work together to rule
There were a group of romans as opposed to the ple#ians
atricians insisted only they could #e priests$ officials$ hold any
position of responsi#ility
;nly patricians could marry other patricians
In reaction$ o)er 220 years$ there was a struggle of the years #etween
the classes
+ecessions
8ower class citiens would ust get up and lea)e the city
They wanted Tri#ues$ whose sole o# is to look o)er ple#eian interest
They ha)e )eto power 494 #c
They could stop the rule of the consuls
They didn6t ha)e any power
%nds in 2'-$ with #reakthrough that people are allowed to pass their own
laws
They can come together as a #ody and )ote on their own laws
le#eian assem#ly
8aws of the 12 ta#les and decem)irs
le#eians can marry patricians
le#ains can #e consuls
le#eian laws #inding on all Romans 2'-
*ursus onorum$ annual and collegial
ad a )ery status run go)ernment %lected annualy$ consul$ praetor$ aedile$ uaestor
Bou couldn6t run for the higher office$ unless you were elected for
e)erything #elow
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*hain of commad
Bou could only #e a dictator or censor if you had already #een
consul
Tri#une of the ple#s
In e)ery one of these offices$ there are other people you share
responsi#ility with
Imperium
2 *onsuls$ imperium$ ware$ e:ecutes laws$ 1 year
2 praetors$ legal disputes$ #ack up imperium$ 1 year
when the consuls are gone$ they ha)e power
e)entually they get full control of the law courts
2 aediles$ city maintenance$ 1 year
4$ ?'$20A uaestorsG 7inances$ 1 year
accountants$ #ureacrats$ ta:es
10 tri#utes$ ci)il rights$ 1 year
2 censors$ census$ audit$ 5 years
e)ery fi)e years Rome has a census$ to make sure people who say
they are citiens are
all elected officials ha)e no #usiness connections
you couldn6t run for office with any #usiness interests
1 dictator$ martial law$ months
in emergency$ consuls can elect to hire a dictator
only as long as the crisis e:ists
The 7asti
The list of e)ery single person who was elected consul
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There were certain super influential families
1stname is regular
2ndis family name
&rdname is funny
The ways people elected pu#lic officials was confusing
8ots of different ways to elect and pass laws
,ased on how much wealth you had$ you got more )otes
The +enate
8ife time mem#ership$ unless kicked out #y a censor
The collection of old guys/elders
*omposed of all who held office in the curusus honorum
>o real power
*ouldn6t pass laws$ ta:es They ga)e ad)ice
Influential$ patrons$ e: officials
8ike parents gi)ing students ad)ice
Bou really should listen to them
Tremendous unofficial power
"i: of monarchy$ democracy$ oligarchy
3merican constitution was formed on the lines of the roman
+enate appoints interim king
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It took a 8;T for the roman people to challenge the paternal authority
%arly Roman Religion
,efore contact with greeks
+ky god$ war god$ etc
>umina. animism
,elie)ed in spirits
Related to >uma
,elie)e that things are animated$ such as a gro)e$ spring$ etc
Traditional$ typically human worship
"ost early cultures are mono(theistic
Theres %truscan influence
redicting the future$ looking at entrails
ames are changed$ #ut gods are superimposed onto the roman
EThe conuered greeks conuered the romansF
3ncestorsC ietas
8ooked at strange phenomena$ tried to di)ine things
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3ncestors played a #ig role in Roman religion
+mall structure that had statues and figurines that represented gods of
the household
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This religious ;* was a sign of pietas
%)ery fort had to look e:actly a certain way
ontife:
7irst #ridges were #uilt #y priests
ontife: means maker of #ridges
"ade #ridges at first needlessly for religion
on(professional priesthood
Bou wouldn6t go to religious school$ it was part of the education
riesthoods were ust part of the duty of the roman people
riestly *olleges
ontiffs
3dministrati)e. religious contracts
3rranged the calendar$ holy days$ festi)als
Tell you what to do for something
3ugurs
riests who o)ersaw the oracles$ took omens
Reuired to ask augurs for opinions
ismissed started meetings
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7lamens
riests to specific gods
*arried out the actual ceremonies
=estal =irgins. the home fire
!reat honor$ were )irgins for a period and li)ed at the temple of
)esta
!oddess of the hearth$ fireplace
ept the fire
If you wanted to depositi your will$ put in temple
It was )ery safe
Roman +yncretism
Romans were )ery open to outside cultures and ideas
If they saw practicality$ theyd adopt them
iety was com#ined with pragmatism
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8ike the greeks$ e:plain the gods
;ffer moral code
irect contact with the god
urification
8ife after death
,acchanalian cult. ionysus
*onsidered accepta#le for romans to go to the countryside and get drunk
and cele#rate this god
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The romans came into war with the other cities in latium
Rome )sG the rest of the latins
This war lasted 5/ years
*assian Treaty
*assius$ in the #attle against other latins offered them a deal
Rome would alternate leadership with other cities$ rome then the
latins$
,and together to attack outsiders
Rome gest half the spoils
3ll cities ha)e free trade$ marriage$ and immigration
+imilar to the delian league
8ike a merger/acuisition
Incredi#ly effecti)e
rofessional army. 405
Rome decides to pay its soldiers
3s a citien$ in most other cities you wouldn6t ha)e compensation for your
ser)ice
Rome decides to gi)e compensation
Bou still ha)e to fight$ #ut pay
;pens to the idea that soldiers ha)e a right to something in return
,ig #enefit$ soldiers can afford to #e away from home
+o they can hire someone who hasn6t #een conscripted to maintain
their farms *an #e away for long periods of time on military duty
%conomically feasi#le for e:tended military campagins
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!auls sack Rome &'-
art of gaul culture to wreak destruction and ha)oc on their surroundings
Right of massage$ mark of pride
"ore feared$ the more isolated they were
Took this as a mark of )alor in their tri#e
;nce in a while$ they would make an e:pedition for their own glory
!eese uacked when guals were entering$ romans fled to highest hill
7ore)er after honored these geese
7or generations after$ these geese were fed
& samnite wars
#ack and forth #attles$ war took 5& years
1G Rome ) samnites$ then latins re)olt
2G %truscans and samnites )G Rome &G =sG +amnites$ etruscans$ gauls$ um#rians$ sa#ines$ and lcanians
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Rome now left in control of most of italty
7rom %truria down$ #ut not sicily
ow did Rome hold on to her %mpireK
Rome was ne)er that generous again after the cassian league
3fter rome conuered a palce$ they would typically offer different degrees
of deals
1G 7ull roman citienship
citiens of rome
cities with full citienship$ romans who went a#road
roman colonists sent to protect #orderlands
cities with ci)il rights #ut no )ote
freed sla)es
2G 8atins and 3llies
didn6t ha)e to pay ta:
had to supply troops$ if rome declared warC rome could draft
&G Italians$ and pro)incials
no ci)il rights
had to pay tri#ute
had to supply troops
Romans t
Rome had a stu##orn attitude of continually fighting was #ecause central
Italy was so rich that the population #ase of rome was huge
ad much man power to draw on hoenicians were known for trade$ and #usiness
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Their empire was #ased almost entirely on trade
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!reeks withdraw$ carthagineans and romans keep fighting
Realiing they had no skill$ the Romans #uilt a cor)us$ ra)en
!iant plank that dropped onto enemy ship$ made a #ridge and then
stormed the enemy ship$ #ut was im#alanced
Then they tried to sail right for carthage$ this fleet got destroyed
,uild a third fleet$ tried a na)al #attle
They got destroyed
7ourth fleet$ finally won stuff$ #ut wasn6t decisi)e
3fter 2& years$ the carthagineans retreated #ecause they felt it wasn6t
worth it pro#a#ly
The general was pissed at this
eace Terms
Romans demanded a #unch of money$ carhtagineans paid it off
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7ore)er after in an argument a#out who was right
Treaty said carthage got spain and 3frica
anni#al #esieged saguntum
+aguntum said they were allies with rome
Romans said he had to lea)e
anni#al ignored roman warnings$ they went to war
+econd punic war starts 21'(201
anni#al has fleets$ so rome fortifies all of its ports
anni#al planned to enter Italy with a small trained army and march right
down the length of Italy
reaching freedom$ the roman allies would rise up
2 accounts of anni#al marching
wanted to ha)e 3frican elephants marching through Italy
wanted to turn the roman allies
failed misera#ly
tried to cross the alps
hanni#als plan failed$ he was stuck in rome
stayed in Italy for 1& years$ foraging and wandering
ne)er lost a #attle
#attle of *annae$ '5000 romans were slaughtered #y the carthagineans
anni#al was a psychological and military genius
+uch as lake tresamine$ would pretend to retreat on a misty day$
anni#al won$ #ut didn6t march on rome
Instead$ sent soldiers around proclaiming freedom
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now how to win a #attle$ #ut couldn6t take ad)antage of it
In the meatime$ they appointed uintus fa#ius ma:imus to dictator
3#oslute control
+tarted getting called cunctator #ecause he wouldn6t fight the
enemy
+hadowed him
Instead attacks small groups
Refuses to fight #ecause soldiers are less e:perienced
anni#al looted e)erything e:cept fa#ius ma:imus6 house
To make it look like hes in cahoots
anni#al didn6t attack rome$ rome gathered its power$ attacked at ama
3fter that$ carthage lost e)erything
"ost of their properties$ power$ etc
The romans were pragmatic$ in the middle of this war$
u#lius *ornelius scipio africanus
!ot honor after lead command against anni#al$ defeated
ot a consul yet$ #ut roman people insisted
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!reek like . The halan: eriod ?'th*entury &50 ,*A
o army was allowed to #ring arms inside this #order
;utside of rome$ consuls could keep discipline from their dangerous
a#ility
3rmy6s domain is outside the city
Introduction of "anipular 8egion &50(100
"aniplus handful
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4 #attle lines
)elites$ skirmishers$ youngest$ light armor$ create confusion
hastati spearmen 2ndyoungest$
principes leaders fresh men$ older$ e:perienced
triari third guys last resort
Thinking a#out winning #attles decisi)ely
They can crush them without waiting for the enemy to approach
,ecause these armies are di)ided$ each manipul was made up of 2
centuries
%ach had a centurion$ commander
!eneral for each$ easier to maneou)er
%asier #ecause of chain of command$ less running #ack and forth
Roman manpower
%)en though they lost$ they had a lot of men
7or e)ery legion rome raised$ the allies would ha)e to raise one too
Romans could dou#le their army ust #y ha)ing allies
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"arius made these two weapons the standard
+tandardiation
+tate system$ where state pays to arm them
>ew pool of people
8egions permanent$ represented #y sym#ols and #ands
Training programme standardied #ased on gladiatorial training
romotion was a new incenti)e within the army$ not in politics
though
Trend towards no land reuirement
4 phases of #attle
1skirmishers
2)elites
&stuff happens
I legionary
1 century is 0 legions
manipule is 2 centuries
legion growing
The 3rmy In 3ction. *ynoscephalae
fighting happens
new manipular army premarius against 3le:andrian phalan:
roman army is more affecti)e
o phillip was winning at first$ #ut then romans #reak off
o fle:i#ility$ since they don6t need a general to dictate e)ery mo)e
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,ut the 7ourth 7leet$$. 3egates Islands
*or)us was )ery effecti)e$ #ut in storms was too top hea)y
"arsala was seied and romans #lockaded it$ roman na)y then protected
it
8ater$ rome use na)y to control pirates
+yracuse
Romans didn6t ha)e a fi:ed siege plan
%nd of hanni#alic wars$ #attle where 3rchimedes legend has it #uilt
mirrors$ etc to defeat romans
o Romans tried to siege with machines$ #ut it didn6t work
o Romans snuck in one day during a festi)al #ecause straight attack
didn6t work
o
*arthage
To take it$ they #uilt giant structure to #lock carthaginean har#or
7rontal attack after
,urned and raed the city
3thens
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o 1-(4
o up or down in emergencies
property ualifications then nothing
ser)ice of 1 seasons$ with ma:mimum of consecuti)e
o you didn6t fight e)ery year necessarily
if there was emergency$ you would #e put into an emergency pool
state paid for you under ser)ice
o compensation
3rmy #ecame a #usiness$ especially a li)elihood for some
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If you acted against a consul you could #e dead
Regular killings$ #eatings$ trickle down
*enturions had the right to #eat you
If there was a mutiny attempted$ regardless of your in)ol)ement
o %)ery tenth man was killed
o To foster #rotherhood
Bour class also defined your position in the army
%uities were #usinessmen
o *ould hold high positions in the army
o *ould #ecome )ery powerful
+enators would use the army as a stepping stone for consulship
The Triumph
If you were super successful$ a triumph was awarded to successful
generals
Boud come with the army and hold a parade
Bou would showcase sla)es$ plunder$ #ooty
+hifting loyalties
There are people that ha)e land$ who will go out and fight then return to
their lands
>ow there are careers in the army for a o#$ they don6t care a#out coming
home
o Instead of seeing the senate all the time$ they are more interested
in their generals If the generals are good$ they could set aside land to the )eterans
o +oldiers would ha)e a portion of the loot
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"oti)ation #ehind conuest
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This promise was enough to deser)e getting attacked
3round && legions$ at the end of the 2ndpunic war
;nly needed & to conuer "acedonia
7orced him to gi)e up all of his land other than "acedonia itself
!reece$the islands$ thrace$ Illyria
2nd"acedonian war 200(19-
& years in & legions
15000 people
roman armies said the greek$ etc people were free to go
enough for romans that "acedonians were punished$ then left
#arely got #ack #efore other people from asia minor heard a#out the
proclamation in *orinth$ and asked to #e free from the seleucids
The +yrian war 192(1''
+eleucid +yriaC the arthians
3fter the greeks were freed$ people ruled #y the seleucids asked for help
The romans helped
Romans won the first #attle
+yrian king regrouped and agreed to negotiate with the romans
+yrian king decided to withdraw and gi)e power to the romans
Instead of facing them
3ll of a sudden$ after the 2ndpunic war$ the romans #ecame a
"editerranean power
eclared to the powers they were free Rome didn6t a#sor# these regions$ they could ha)e
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The roman senate was strongly against roman interaction with the
east
+enate ga)e this up willingly$ persuaded the people to agree to this
Roman Rule 1''(14
%:panded mostly in 3frica and spain
Romans took out central powers$ and desta#ilied these regions
"any smaller conflicts arose #ecause there was no one to a#solutely rule
Romans kept #eing asked to come #ack and settle issues$ #ecause there
was no central power
Romans #ecame increasingly impatient
atronship works well o)er short distances$ #ut in long distance is not as
#ene)olent
*ato the %lder
Roman senators were tough men who had pro)en themsel)es through
decades of ci)il ser)ice
The image of the patron
*ato #elie)ed in the dignity of the senate
This period$ senate is enacting rules to maintain their control
3dministering an empire
Imperium$ 2 consuls$ 2 praetors
praetors later
The roman senate wanted to hold power$ would di)ide all of the land
outside rome into pro)inces
rorogation. appoint a consul/praetor in the present year to #e a
go)ernor of a pro)ince the ne:t year
Bou had a#solute authority in that pro)ince$ #ut you could not lea)e your
pro)ince
8ess people with power in rome$ and limits the ruling class
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%uites
3ristocrats not in the senate
*ould conduct #usiness
u#licans
+er)e a pu#lic ser)ice$ and get paid
Ta: collection was the most notorious
*ould offer loans$ at awful rates
3 lot of these euites reap the #enefits
Lpper class will appeal to rome$ and #e protected #y the romans
>ow #ecome important as fa#ulously wealthy #usinessmen
Through aristocratic connections and wealth in e:pansion
"ake themsel)es wealthier #ecause go)ernment is so small$ the roman
go)ernment turns to these euites
=eterans
8arifundium$ latifundia$ sla)es
=eterans came home to find they didn6t like farming$
=eterans #egan selling off their farms to euestrians
Then euestrians would set up huge farms$ plantations
7arms are mo)ing from small families to wealthy euestrians
Italians and ro)incials
Italians in Italy
ro)incials li)ing outside Italy
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>o rights$ #ut )er#al protection from rome
Rome is increasingly a#using their powers
4 periods of roman law
primiti)e '00(200
formati)e 200(&0
classical &0 #c 250
)ulgariing 250(5&4
o Hustinians digest 529(5&4
rimiti)e$ an eye for an eye
Lltimate udge is priest$ king
Rigid$ infle:i#le or open to whims of an indi)idual
Romans came up with a way to maintain law without this rigidity
3 #ar#er and a woodcutter
7ormati)e
It starts to fi:$ and get outside of the rigifity
*lassical
=ery smart people$ dedicated to the art
=ulgariing
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ractice is declining
Hustineans digest was usd #y napoleon$ many %uropeans
*i)il rocedure
,etween two citiens$ not interested in passing laws #y go)ernment
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*ase 8aw )sG +tatutory 8aw
*ontract$ tort$ and criminal law
idn6t care much for criminal law
*riminal law needs a pu#lic prosecutor
idn6t like the idea of a 3 or crown prosecutor
This person can end up #ein a #ully
8egal %:perts
Hurists$ who know the law front and #ack
8awyers$ knew how to plead a case
*riminal procedureC permanent courts
If it happened that you were charged with a pu#lic crime
>eed to #e punished #y rome itself
%m#eling pu#lic funds Treason
oisoning
These had fi:ed ury mem#ers$ a ury of e:perts who would hear case
after case after case
"urder
7orgery
Rape
%nd of the roman repu#lic$ first emperor made adultery a crime
Threat to marriage
Infreuently lower class sued one another
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ow happy upper class romans were with the system$ where )ery few
cases were criminal
"ilitary success$ #ut social disaster
*itiens are increasingly unhappy with the organiation of the empire
This is seen #y a fracture in the roman senate
opulares$ optimates
8a#les upon certain kinds of people
opulares were the first to designate themsel)es$ for the people$
emphasied social reform$ attention to the needs of the people
;ptimates were a reply to the populares$ said the oppulares used the
people
*alled themsel)es the #est
7ocus on promoting the #est of what is rome$ sticking to the old
ways
7irst of the populares are of the !racchi #rothers
Ti#erius and gaius !racchus
Ti#erius ran for the lowest office $ uaestor$ and was snu##ed
+enators didn6t lend his support$ and were unsuccessful
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3d)ised the roman people as a tri#une to come to this and )ote
"ost senators were )iolently against for this
,y gi)ing them all land$ he would #ecome their patron
+enate fears hes trying to make himself king
roposed. whene)er rome conuered an enemy and a#sor#ed them$
rome would keep a certain portion as pu#lic land
3ccording to law$ 500 acres was ma:imum amount you could lease
3ny land in e:cess of 500$ they would take
Turns out aristocratics had thusands of acres
!enerals like this #ecause you couldn6t fight unless you owned land
Roman people are e:cited for this #ill
Tri#une steps forward and )etos this #ill
Tri#une was forced out of the city
Then he set up another meeting$ and passed the land #ill
e got no funding from the consul
%)erytime he gathered the romans$ the )otes swayed in his fa)or$ #ut he
was only in office for a year
Roman senate in a meeting said you must arrest Ti#erius
eople tried to siee Ti#erius$ &00 of his supporters surrounded him
e$ plus most of his supporters were killed
7irst politically moti)ated death in roman history
In the aftermath$ no one knew what to do
Rome turned a #lind eye$ kind of ine:plica#le
"any appro)ed of the idea$ #ut didn6t appro)e that this young man
dictated the ideas$ senate was concerned a#out their authority Ti#erius said this land would not #e leased$ #ut #e gi)en to poor people
*ame from wealthy$ influential familis
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10 years later !aius also #ecomes tri#une
proposes a )ery pro)ocati)e #ill$ with lots of features
land$ cheap grain$
non senators$ euestrians acted
senate was not interested in #usiness opportunities$ euestrians
were
promised euestrians increased opportunities
all Italians will #e a roman citien
gaius committed suicided$ &000 people were killed too
seems too neat
sents clear message senate still has full control
umidian Hugurtha 111(105
efied rome
8i)ed in desert
,ri#ed soldiers and commanders so that they would not pursue them
%m#arrassing spectacle to open admission that soldiers were accepting
#ri#es
!aius "arius
e was a new man$
,orn outside of Italy
7irst of his family to #e elected to senate
*onsul 10- roconsul 10(105$ in 3frica latin term for go)erneor
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3fter consul$ you ha)e to still #e a go)ernor
e:t elections$ riots #roke out$ senate commanded marius to arrest
saturninus 3rrested his own political ally
+aturninus died in prison
"arius complained. im like a sword$ without use I rust
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amed himself after a great king
8i)es in the far east
ersuaded east to rise up against the romans
3rranged for a coup +pecific day$ hunt down and kill romans
'0 thousand died
e)ery soldier in rome wants to #e a part of this war$ since it6s against the
oldest$ largest$ richest cities
whoe)er leads the e:pedition picks the soldiers
marius or sulla to lead the army
marius$ old war horse$ support of euestrians$ lwer classes$ his own
soldiers
marius won the command at the )ote
ne:t time sulla won$ after he marched into rome with his soldiers all of his ranking officers refused to go into rome$ working class
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as soon as sulla lea)es$ all the )eterans take up arms and support marius
rules were #ent$ and gradually it came to this
marius in rome$ sulla in the east$ marius waiting for sulla
sulla goes east$ marches rome in a second time
way pack home$ loots e)ery maor city to gather funds to in)ade
rome to fight marius
ictatorship of +ulla E7eli:F '2('0
"any young romans flocked to +ulla6s side
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tri#une only once$ ne)er ha)e political office again
reforms were ignored #y am#itious romans
all were young men when sulla came to power
pompey the great
kid #utcher met with sulla to fight
marched with sulla into rome
wants to #e go)ernor
said he wanted to fight mithridates
making his way to mithridates$ on the way there$ went to repair #uildings$
assist people to earn the goodwill of the people$ won the war easily
rumor is when he comes #ack$ hell do the same thing as sulla did when
he came #ack
crassus
the rich
not officially$ #ut #y far the richest man in rome
put down +partacus re)olt in -&
pompey and crassus were ri)als
pompey thought crassus had too much credit
senate was terrified of the #oth of them
popmey is then offered command of pirate elimination
pompey gets rid of all the pirates
told pirates$ if you gi)e up ill gi)e you a farm almost all of them ga)e up )oluntarily
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pompey finally defeats mithridates
cicero 10(4&
new man
lawyer$ orator rose to power
took on cases for free to gain a following
catiline6s conspiracy &
#est e:amples of persuasi)e speech
came from a hum#le #ackground$ was a great writer
through his speeking a#ility$ he was elected consul
cataline was setting up a conspiracy$ the romans were terrified of him
collected e)idence$ written letters$ signed #y these men
planning to #urn the city$ in the confusion #ring an army of sla)es$
celts$ gladiators and supporters to make themsel)es dictators
cato the younger
tried to form a coalition of conser)ati)e senators to oppose all of these
people
did e)erything they could to stop pompei$ cicero$ crassus
Hulius *aesar
roman aristocrat that said to pompey$ cicero and crassus H;I> L+
this was *aesar
con)inced pompey and crassus to put aside their differences
cicero did not want to oin last name was )ery old$ claimed to come from )enus
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his #ranch of the family wasn6t doing well$ #ut was an aristocrat
his uncle was marius$ married a woman who #elonged to marius6 faction
sulla told *aesar at 1'$ to di)orce$ refused$ fled rome
was e:iled
his friends pleaded$ to let him come #ack
sulla said in this young #oy there are many mariuses
Hulius was kidnapped$ said dou#le the ransom
idnapped #y pirates
8aughed$ oked at his poetry
+aid hed hunt them and crucify them$ they laughed$ #ut then did it
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*aesar in !aul
*onuered all of gaul
*aesars account is ri)eting$ #ut is propaganda
+oldiers lo)ed their asshole
*aesar ended the dissent for soldiers fighting gauls #y saying
*itiens
arthians killed crassus$ took his army
ompey #ecomes a widow$ Hulia dies
+enate says come to our side$ we will make you head of the senate
ompey agrees
7inally$ *aesar is going to end his rule as go)ernor
The elections
In the middle$ *aesar says he wants to run for consul again If hes not re(elected$ hes going to #e hit with a #aillion lawsuits
+tuck running elections in rome
"akes decision to cross the ru#icon$ at the edge of his ri)er
3s soon as he crosses it$ hes committing an illegal act
3lea acta est
*aesar has many supporters coming
ompey lea)es to !reece where his )eterans are
*aesar follows pompey
ompey keeps waiting for )eterans to come
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*aesar #esieges pompey$ with &0k$ to pompeys 0k
harsalus$ *aesar pwns
,efore *aesar lea)es$ makes *leopatra ueen
*leopatra was smart$ cunning etc
That6s what attracted *aesar
+tays for 2 years$ ha)e a lo)e child
,rings her #ack to rome$ with honor for his #astard child
as himself named dictator for life
*ato fights in north 3frica$ *aesar kept forgi)ing them after putting them
down
>o patience for ci)ilian life
"arch 15$ 44 The Ides of "arch
*aesar6s #est friend
ossi#ly #astard child
0 aristocrats
%T TL ,RLT%
*oins were pu#lished cele#rating ides of march
Two kni)es funny hat to cele#rate freedom