Oleh:
RAGIL PRATIWI
GEOSERVICES
Introduction to Petroleum Geochemistry and its Significance in Hydrocarbon Exploration and How to Get Your Scholarships Abroad?
UNDIP SHARING SESSION
Semarang, 20th June 2015
Biomarker Outline
• How does petroleum form?
• What is biomarker?
• What is biomarker for?
• How can we understand oil – oil and oil – source rock correlations?
2
Petroleum Originates From Organic-Rich Source Rocks 3
Peters (2010)
Biomarkers
• Biomarkers are compounds that characterize certain biotic sources and retain their source rock correlations to assess their source information after burial sediment.
Meyers (2003)
• It is used for oil – oil and oil – source rock correlations to assess the source organofacies, kerogen types, and the degree of thermal maturity.
Waples and Machihara (1991)
4
Biomarkers: Micro–Microfossils Establish Petroleum Systems 5
Peters (2010)
Information can be
obtained from biomarkers :
a. type of organic matter
b. type of lithology
c. environment of
deposition
d. age of source rock
e. maturity
f. alteration history
Satyana (2014)
Biomarkers (Biological Markers)
Biomarker
GC
Alkanes Isoprenoids
GCMS
Saturates Aromatics
CPI Ph/Ph ratio Isoprenoids / n alkanes ratio
Triterpane Sterane
C27, 28, 29 MPI
Oleanane Index
Gammacerane
Index Ts/Tm Ratio
6
Gas Chromatography
• Gas Chromatography (GC) is used to separate volatile components of a mixture.
• The injector is set to a temperature higher than the components’ boiling points.
7
Gas Chromatography : n – Alkanes ratio
Carbon Preference Index
CPI shows source input and maturity
CPI = 0.5 x ΣC25 – C35 (odd number carbon)
ΣC24 – C34(even number carbon)
High CPI = immature source rocks from land – plant input
Low CPI = mature source rocks from marine input
8
Peters, et all. (2005)
Gas Chromatography : Isoprenoid ratio
Pristane (iC19) / Phytane (iC20)
(Pr / Ph)
High Pr/Ph ( > 3.0 ) = terrigenous organic matter under oxic condition
Low Pr/Ph ( < 0.8 ) = hypersaline or carbonate organic matter under
anoxic condition
9
Peters, et all. (2005)
Isoprenoids / n-Alkanes Ratios 10
OIL C
OIL B
OIL A
0.07
0.7
7
1 10
Pr/n
C1
7Pr/Ph
HIGHLY ANOXICANOXIC TO SUBOXIC
LACUSTRINE OR MARINEOXIC TERRESTRIAL
contamination
Selected Ion Monitoring GCMS: Characteristic Fragments 11
Peters (2010)
Selected Ion Monitoring GCMS: Characteristic Fragments 12
Peters (2010)
Mass Chromatograms Show Peaks Not Visible on GC 13
Peters (2010)
14 Biomarkers as Source and Paleoenvironment Indicators
Hunt (1996)
15 Biomarkers as Source and Paleoenvironment Indicators
Hunt (1996)
STERANES 16
Waples and Machihara (1991)
Steranes inherited directly from higher
plants, animals, and algae.
Measured by GCMS m/z 217 and m/z 218.
Steranes : C27 – C29 Plot Helps Establish Petroleum Systems in West Siberia
17
Triterpanes 18
Waples and Machihara (1991)
- Triterpanes inherited directly from bacteria.
- These compounds arepotentially powerful markers for diagenetic conditions.
- Measured by GCMS m/z 191.
Triterpanes : Oleanane 19
Oleananes are thought to be derived from a variety of terrestrial precursors,
especially angiosperms that produce abundant resin.
(Ekweozor and Udo, 1988;
Riva et al., 1988)
Because angiosperms are
believed to have evolved in
Late Cretaceous time, the
absence of oleananes in
Lower Cretaceous and older
sediments is understandable.
(e.g., Bagge et al., in press)
Triterpanes : Gammacerane 20
Gammacerane is believed to be derived from tetrahymanol. Tetrahymanol
occurs in protozoa. (Venkatesan, 1989; ten Haven et al.,1989).
Gammacerane is highly
spesific for water – column
stratification (commonly due
to hypersalinity) during source
– rock depositional position
Gammacerane is useful to
distinguish petroleum family.
4Peters and Moldowan (1994)
Caelho, et all. (2008)
21
Visser (2010) in Satyana (2014)
22
Visser (2010) in Satyana (2014)
23
Visser (2010) in Satyana (2014)
Biomarker as Maturity Parameter
24
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C29 aaa
S/aaa
R S
teran
es
C29 abbR+S/aaaS+R Steranes
Crossplot of Sterane Maturity Parameters
oil A
oil B
oil C
peakmature
late matureor facies effect
Maturity calibrated from Mesozoic
clastic sediments, after Miles, 1989
immature
early mature
0.05
0.5
0.1110C
30
Mo
reta
ne/H
op
an
eTm/Ts
Crossplot of Triterpane Maturity Parameters
oil A
oil B
oil C
peak
mature
late
maturepost
mature
Maturity ranges for clastic source rocks after Miles, 1989
Both parameters are relatively high in coals/coal-sourced oils
terrestrial plant influence
immature
early mature
After Milles (1989)
Biomarker as Maturity Parameter 25
F2 F1 MPI-1MPR-2
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Eq
uiv
ale
nt
Ro
.
MP Index
OIL A
OIL B
OIL C
peak mature
late mature
After Radke et al, 1983, 1984
and Kvalheim et al, 1987
early mature
often unreliable
METHYLPHENANTRENE INDEX
Biodegradation 26
Biodegradation 27
Wenger, et all (2002)
Biomarkers as Oil – Oil and Oil Source Correlations 28
Satyana (2014)
Questions that you like to be answered by
biomarker work:
a. Which source rock correlates with this oil?
(oil –source rock correlation)
a. Are these oils from the same source rock?
(oil –oil correlation)
Biomarkers for Oil - Source Correlation 29
Bissada, et all. ( 1992) in
Satyana (2014)