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Introduction toIndustrial HygienePatrick N. Breysse, PhD, CIH
Peter S.J. Lees, PhD, CIH
Johns Hopkins University
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Section A
Definition of Industrial Hygiene
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What Is Industrial Hygiene?
Definition– Science and art devoted to the
anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those workplace environmental factors which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among citizens of the community
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What Is an Industrial Hygienist?
A person who by study, training, and experience can:– Anticipate– Recognize– Evaluate– Control
workplace environmental hazards
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Some Occupational Hazards
Chemical agents– Gases, vapors and particulate aerosols
Physical (energy) agents– Noise, ionizing / non-ionizing radiation,
heat and cold stressBiological agents– Infectious agents, allergens
Psychological stressorsErgonomic/safety 6
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Industrial Hygiene Concepts
Anticipation/recognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of:– Materials– Operations– Processes– Conditions
Scope of IH activities encompasses the “cradle-to-grave” concept (research through waste disposal)
Continued 7
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Industrial Hygiene Concepts
Evaluation of environmental factors through:– Measurement of exposure intensity– Determination of exposure
frequency, and duration– Comparison with regulatory,
professional, and internal standards– Judgement: weigh all factors
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Control of Exposures
Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through:– Engineering (including process)
interventions– Administrative/programmatic
measures– Personal protective equipment
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Opportunities for Control
Illustration by Patrick Breysse 10
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Section B
Environmental/Occupational Health Paradigm
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Environmental/Occupational Health Paradigm
Source ExternalExposure
InternalExposure
EarlyBiological
Effect
HealthEffect
ExposureAssessment
GrindingChippingMillingSawing
SweepingHeatingWelding
Biomarkers BiomarkersClinical Manifestation
Disease Death
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IH in the Exposure-Response Paradigm
Res
pons
e (in
divi
dual
or
pop
ulat
ion)
Exposure13
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Exposure Definitions and Concepts
Contact between outer boundary of the human body (skin, nose, lungs, GI tract) and a pollutant or mixture of pollutantsRequires the presence of a pollutant and the contact between the person and that medium (vs. potential exposure)Quantified by concentration of the contaminant and the time of contact
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Exposure Assessment
Route of exposure: Inhalation, ingestion, dermal, injectionMagnitude of exposure: Concentration in media (ppm, mg/m3, f/cm3)Duration of exposure: Minutes, hours, days, lifetimeFrequency of exposure: Daily, weekly, seasonally
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Section C
The Industrial Hygiene Profession
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Education of an Industrial Hygienist
Usually requires advanced education in engineering and the biological sciencesA combination of education and experience is necessary in order to take the American Board of Industrial Hygiene (ABIH) exam for certification in industrial hygiene (CIH)
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Who Is an Industrial Hygienist?
Education– Undergraduate degree in sciences
or engineering (28%)– Graduate level (68%)
ContinuedSource: Taken from AIHA membership survey, 2000 18
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Who Is an Industrial Hygienist?
Employed by– Industry (47%)– Consulting (23%)– Government (14%)– Academia (5%)– Insurance (3%)– Labor (1%)
Source: Taken from AIHA membership survey, 2000 19
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American Board of Industrial Hygiene
Established to improve the practice and educational standards of the professionPrimary influence through certification– CIH by written exam and five years
practice– Not required for practice (no
licensing)– Five-year recertification cycle– Approximately 9,000 in United States
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Professional Organizations
American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)– Founded 1939– Nonprofit professional society for IH
professionals– Exists to promote the field– 12,500 members in 2000
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Professional Organizations
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)– Founded 1938– Free exchange of ideas and
promotion of standards and techniques in industrial health
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Professional Organizations
ACGIH– Approximately 5,000 members– Full members government and
academic IHs only – Increased role for associate
members– Publish threshold limit values (TLVs)
and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs)
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Section D
Risk Assessmentand Industrial Hygiene
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Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is usually considered to be an environmental term, but it is an essential part of the industrial hygiene professionBroadly defined as the methodology that predicts the likelihood of unwanted events (explosions, injuries, natural catastrophes, diseases, death)
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Risk AssessmentComparison of Terminology
Industrial Hygiene Environmental
Anticipation and Recognition
Hazard identification
Evaluation Exposure and toxicity assessment and Risk characterization
Control Risk management
Hazard communication Risk communication
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Risk Assessment
The act of comparing exposure measurements with exposure limits (TLVs, PELs, etc.) is a fundamental aspect of risk characterization which is the final step in the risk assessment process
Continued 27
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Risk Assessment
Risk assessment Equation 1:
( )Exposure of LevelExposure of Unit
Effect Health of Prob.Risk
×⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛
=
Continued 28
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Risk Assessment
Another form of Equation 1:
( )Dose AbsorbedDose Absorbed
Effect Health of Prob.Risk
×⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
=
Continued 29
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Risk Assessment
Equation 1: Determining the probability of a negative health effect by combining the dose-response and exposure assessment over some relevant period of timeExposure is an approximation for doseAbsorbed dose is the relative or specific amount of material that gets into the body and therefore can do harm
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Role of Risk Assessment
Source: The Federal Register, 2 August 1986 31