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INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY SCIENCE
Wind for Schools Webinar: August 12th, 2010
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Ability to do work or cause changeProduces WarmthProduces LightProduces SoundProduces MovementProduces GrowthPowers Technology
What is energy?
Courtesy of NEED
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POTENTIAL
KINETICStored
energy or energy of position Gravitational,
Stored Mechanical,
Nuclear, Chemical
Energy of motion
Motion, Electrical, Sound, Radiant,
Thermal
Classes of Energy
Courtesy of NEED
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Gravitational Energy – energy an object or substance has because of its positionAnything “up high”
Potential Energy
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Stored Mechanical Energy – stored in an object by the application of forceMust push or pull on an object
Potential Energy
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Nuclear Energy – energy stored in the nucleus of an atomHolds the atom together
Nuclear Energy – energy stored in the nucleus of an atomHolds the atom together
Potential Energy
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Chemical Energy – energy stored in the bonds between atoms
Holds molecules together
Potential Energy
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Mechanical (Motion) Energy – movement of objects or substances from one place to another
Kinetic Energy
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Electrical Energy – movement of electrons
NOT AN ELECTRON PARADE!
Kinetic Energy
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Sound Energy – movement of energy through substances in the form of longitudinal/compression waves
Kinetic Energy
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Radiant Energy – electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves
Kinetic Energy
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Kinetic Energy
Thermal (Heat) Energy – internal energy of a substance due to the vibration of atoms and molecules making up the substance
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1 – Energy can not be created nor destroyed, only changed.
Law of Conservation of EnergyFirst Law of Thermodynamics
2 – Energy will always transfer from high to low.3 – No energy transfer is 100% efficient.
Energy Transfers
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Conservation of Energy
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Units of Energy
Energy requires a force. Each form of energy has it’s own force: gravity, strong & weak nuclear forces, electrical, and kinetic forces.
Kinetic Force = Mass x Acceleration Unit of force = 1 Newton = 1 Kilogram x 1 m/s
Energy is a measurement of work accomplished by a force
Energy = Force x Distance 1 Joule = 1 Newton x 1 Meter
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Energy and Power
Energy is a quantity, like distance. 1 kilowatt-hour = 1000 Watts x 1 hour 1 kilowatt-hour = 3.6 x 106 Joules
Power is a rate, like speed, it is the rate that energy is converted from one form to another. 1 Watt = 1 Joule / Second
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The Difference Between Energy and Power
EnergyEnergy PowerPower
QuantityQuantity RateRate
UnitUnit kWhkWh kW, MW*kW, MW*
Water analogyWater analogy GallonsGallons Gal / MinGal / Min
Car analogy-Car analogy- - How far?- Gallon of gas- How far?- Gallon of gas
Engine HPEngine HP
Cost exampleCost example 12 ¢/kWh12 ¢/kWh $1,500,000/MW$1,500,000/MW
GridGrid Consumption & productionConsumption & production Installed capacityInstalled capacity
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Laws of Thermodynamics
First Law: In any transformation of energy from one form to another, the total quantity of energy remains unchanged. “Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it only changes forms.”
Second Law: In all energy changes, the potential energy of the final state will be less than that of the initial state – (useful energy is always lost.) “Lost” energy is usually energy that has been
converted to heat, but it could be noise (kinetic energy of air), or other forms of wasted energy.
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Efficiency
The ratio of the amount of useable energy obtained to the amount of energy input is the efficiency of a process. This is usually expressed as a percent and
it is always less than 100%.
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Energy definitions
Primary Energy – amount of energy contained in the initial source of energy
Delivered Energy – amount of useable energy delivered to the customer
Useful Energy – amount of energy attributed to the amount of work accomplished
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What is Electricity?
Electricity is energy transported by the motion of electrons
Electricity is energy transported by the motion of electrons
**We do not make electricity, we CONVERT other energy sources into electrical energy**
**We do not make electricity, we CONVERT other energy sources into electrical energy**
Conversion is the name of the gameConversion is the name of the game
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Energy Conversion Options for ElectricityNon-Thermal Paths
• Source to Electrical Source ConverterSun Photovoltaic (photon to electron)Chemical Fuel Cell
• Source to Potential/Kinetic to Mechanical to Electrical Source Converter Kinetic to Mechanical Mech to ElectricalDam Penstocks Turbine (water) GeneratorTides Machine Turbine (air or water) GeneratorWind N/A Turbine (air) Generator
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Energy Conversion Options for ElectricityThermal Paths
• Heat to Mechanical to Electrical Source Heat to Mechanical Mech to ElectricalGeothermal Turbine (vapor) GeneratorOTEC Turbine (vapor) Generator
• Stored Energy to Heat to Mechanical to Electrical Source Reactor Heat to Mechanical Mech to ElectricalFuel Combustor Turbine (gas or vapor) GeneratorU, Pu Reactor Turbine (gas or vapor) GeneratorSun Collector* Turbine (gas or vapor) GeneratorH, H2, H3Reactor Turbine (gas or vapor) Generator
* More a modifier or concentrator than a reactor
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Faraday Effect
• Faraday Effect
• Basic Concepts• Voltage – V – Potential to Move Charge (volts)• Current – I – Charge Movement (amperes or amps)• Resistance – R – V = IxR (R in =ohms)• Power – P = IxV = I2xR (watts)
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Electric Motor
MElectricalEnergy
MechanicalEnergy
DC MotorDC Motor
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Model Electric Motor
Beakman MotorBeakman Motor
What do you need?What do you need?1. Electric Energy2. Coil3. Magnetic Field
1. Electric Energy2. Coil3. Magnetic Field
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Electric Generator
GMechanicalEnergy
ElectricalEnergy
Stationary magnets - rotating magnets - electromagnetsStationary magnets - rotating magnets - electromagnets
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AC/DC (not the band)
Alternating Current Large-scale
generators produce AC
Follows sine wave with n cycles per second
1, 2, 3-phase? US:120 V,60 Hz Europe: 240 V,50Hz Transforming ability
Direct Current Batteries,
Photovoltaics, fuel cells, small DC generators
Charge in ONE direction
Negative, Positive terminals
Easy conversion AC to DC, not DC to AC
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Generator Phases 1 Phase – 2 Phase – 3 Phase…Smooth Power
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035150
100
50
0
50
100
150
200
250220
110
V t( )
V 1 t( )
V 2 t( )
V 3 t( )
0.0330 t
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035150
100
50
0
50
100
150110
110
V t( )
V 1 t( )
V 2 t( )
V 3 t( )
0.0330 t
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035150
100
50
0
50
100
150
200155.563
110
V t( )
V 1 t( )
V 2 t( )
V 3 t( )
0.0330 t
Polyphase Systems 3 phases for smoother torque delivery
Force Driving Motor (Red)
Single Phase Two Phase Three Phase
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WHERE DO WE GET ENERGY FROM AND WHAT DO WE USE IT FOR?
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Energy Sources
Non Renewable Fossil Fuels Natural Gas Shale Oil Tar Sands Nuclear Fusion Fuel
Renewable Solar Geothermal Tidal
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Solar
Direct Sunlight Wind Hydroelectric Ocean Currents Ocean Thermal Gradients Biomass
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World Primary Energy Consumption
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Energy Consumption Versus GDP
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2008 US Energy Flow
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US Energy Consumption
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Alaska Energy Consumption
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Alaska Energy Consumption
The United States uses more energy per capita than any other country in the world, and Alaska as a state has the highest energy per capita energy use in the narration at 1112 MMBtu per person. This is three times higher than the national average of 333 MMBtu.
This is due to our cold harsh winters, high level of air travel
43% of total energy is from jet fuel most of which is for international flights.
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Alaska Energy Consumption
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Climate Change Logic
1. The Burning of fossil fuels cause carbon dioxide concentrations to rise.
2. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.3. Increasing the greenhouse effect
increases average global temperatures (among other impacts)
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“Does Skeptic mean a person who has not looked at the data?”
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1000 years of CO2 Concentration
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1000 Years of Temperature Changes
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Every Year an Average Coal Plant Releases
3,700,000 tons of CO2 10,000 tons of SO2. 500 tons of particulates 10,200 tons NOx 720 tons of CO 220 tons of volatile organic
compounds (VOC) 170 pounds of mercury 225 pounds of arsenic 114 pounds of lead
And there are over 600 of them in the US.Source: Union of Concerned Scientists: www.ucsusa.org
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Types of Pollutants
CO2 – Global Warming CO – Health problem PM –Respiratory and
heart disease, haze SOx – Acid Rain,
respiratory illness, haze
NOx – Ozone formation, acid rain, smog, nutrient loading, global warming
Mercury – Neurotoxin
Lead – Neurotoxin Arsenic - Poison VOCs – Numerous
health problems Ozone – Health
problems, damage to flora & fauna
Hundreds of other toxic chemicals
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Power in the Wind
Power = Work / t
= Kinetic Energy / t
= ½mV2 / t= ½(ρAd)V2/t= ½ρAV2(d/t)= ½ρAV3
d/t = V
Power in the Wind = ½ρAV3
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A couple things to remember…
Swept Area – A = πR2 (m2) Area of the circle swept by the rotor.
ρ = air density – in Colorado its about 1-kg/m3
Power in the Wind = ½ρAV3
R
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Example – Calculating Power in the Wind
V = 5 meters (m) per second (s) m/sρ = 1.0 kg/m3
R = .2 m >>>> A = .125 m2
Power in the Wind = ½ρAV3
= (.5)(1.0)(.125)(5)3
= 7.85 WattsUnits = (kg/m3)x (m2)x (m3/s3)
= (kg-m)/s2 x m/s= N-m/s = Watt
Power in the Wind = ½ρAV3
(kg-m)/s2 = Newton
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Wind Turbine Power
Power from a Wind Turbine Rotor = Cp½ρAV3
Cp is called the power coefficient. Cp is the percentage of power in the wind that
is converted into mechanical energy.
What is the maximum amount of energy that can be extracted from the wind?
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Betz Limit when a = 1/3 Vax = 2/3V1
V2 = V1/3
Actuator Disk Model of a Wind Turbine
V1
(1) (2)
Where
Free stream velocity, V1
Wake velocity, V2=(1 2a)
Velocity at rotor, Vax = V1(1-a)
Induction factor, a
5926.27
16C max,p
Rotor Wake
Rotor Disc
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Tip Speed Ratio
Capacity Factor
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Reality Check
What’s the most power the .6 ft turbine in the example can produce in a 5 m/s wind?
7.85 Watts x .5926 (Betz Limit) = 4.65 Watts
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Maximum Possible Power Coefficient0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Cp
109876543210Tip Speed Ratio
Betz - Without Wake Rotation With Wake Rotation
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Tip-Speed Ratio
Tip-speed ratio is the ratio of the speed of the rotating blade tip to the speed of the free stream wind.
ΩRV
=
ΩR
R
Where,
Ω = rotational speed in radians /sec
R = Rotor Radius
V = Free Stream Velocity
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Blade Planform Types Which should work the best??
Rectangular Reverse Linear Taper
Linear Taper
Parabolic Taper
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Airfoil Nomenclaturewind turbines use the same aerodynamic principals as aircraft
α
VR = Relative Wind
α = angle of attack = angle between the chord line and the direction of the relative wind, VR .
VR = wind speed seen by the airfoil – vector sum of V (free stream wind) and ΩR (tip speed).
V
ΩR Ωr
V
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Airfoil Behavior
The Lift Force is perpendicular to the direction of motion. We want to make this force BIG.
The Drag Force is parallel to the direction of motion. We want to make this force small.
α = low
α = medium<10 degrees
α = HighStall!!
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Airfoil in stall (with flow separation)
• Stall arises due to separation of flow from airfoil• Stall results in decreasing lift coefficient with
increasing angle of attack• Stall behavior complicated due to blade rotation
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Gradual curves Sharp trailing edge Round leading edge Low thickness to
chord ratio Smooth surfaces
Making Good Airfoils
Good
Not so good
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Energy Production Terms• Power in the Wind = 1/2AV3
• Betz Limit - 59% Max
• Power Coefficient - Cp
• Rated Power – Maximum power generator can produce.
• Capacity factor– Actual energy/maximum
energy
• Cut-in wind speed where energy production begins
• Cut-out wind speed where energy production ends.
Typical Power Curve
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Performance Over Range of Tip Speed Ratios
• Power Coefficient Varies with Tip Speed Ratio• Characterized by Cp vs Tip Speed Ratio Curve
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Cp
121086420Tip Speed Ratio
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Considerations for Optimum Blade
• Optimum blade will have low solidity (10%) and tip speed
ratio, λ, about 5-7. (match speed to generator)
• High λ means lower pitch angle (blade tip is flat to the
plane of rotation).
• Lower λ means higher pitch angle (feathered).
• Pitch angles should be equal for all blades.
• Optimum blade has large chord and large twist near hub
and gets thinner near the tip.
• Optimum blade is only "optimum" for one tip speed ratio.
• The optimum blade will have smooth streamlined airfoils.
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Number of Blades – One Rotor must move more
rapidly to capture same amount of wind Gearbox ratio reduced Added weight of
counterbalance negates some benefits of lighter design
Higher speed means more noise, visual, and wildlife impacts
Blades easier to install because entire rotor can be assembled on ground
Captures 10% less energy than two blade design
Ultimately provide no cost savings
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Number of Blades - Two
Advantages & disadvantages similar to one blade
Need teetering hub and or shock absorbers because of gyroscopic imbalances
Capture 5% less energy than three blade designs
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Number of Blades - Three Balance of
gyroscopic forces Slower rotation
increases gearbox & transmission costs
More aesthetic, less noise, fewer bird strikes