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Introduction to EMI/EMC Challenges and Their Solution
Dr. Hany Fahmy HSD Application Expert Keysight Technologies Davy Pissort, K.U. Leuven Charles Jackson, Nvidia Charlie Shu, Nvidia Chen Wang, Nvidia Amolak Badesha, Avago
October 2014
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Current Solution
Put on a band aid to stop the Bleeding (radiation..)
•Not optimal •Does not always work •Costly
R4N Suppressor band-aid
Copper band-aid
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Complexity of EMI problem
Connectors
High-speed PCB
High-speed IC
M i n i m i z e I C , P K G , a n d P C B E M I t o R e d u c e O v e r a l l
S y s t e m E M I
* From EM-Scan Measurement of GPU Board
− I/Os can inject Common-mode Noise Or − Power-pins inject Noise into PDN − Badly routed traces generate EMI − High-speed connectors and cables amplify the EMI
problems
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Mechanism of Noise Propagation
Noise Source
Equipment or device
exposed to noise
(1) Conductive Noise
(2) Radiation Noise
Noise Source
Equipment or device
exposed to noise
(3) Conductive
Noise Radiation Noise
Noise Source
Equipment or device
exposed to noise
Conductive Noise
(4) Radiation Noise
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Different types of Emission
I/O-Buffers Injecting Signal
Trace-Emission Power-Pins Injecting Noise
Common-Mode noise travelling through Connectors
GND Return-currents & Slots
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Introducing the concept of “Virtual-EMI Lab”
O p t i m i z e f o r E M I D e v e l o p E M I
G u i d e l i n e s
V a l i d a t i o n w i t h M e a s u r e m e n t s
**Measurements to Isolate the problem and Correlate with Simulation
*Full-wave EM Simulation, What-if Analysis, Root-cause debugging
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Radiated-emission on packages due to return-path-discontinuity
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DDR3 Package Modeling using MOM DC to 20GHz Data- (DQ-) nets major referencing to GND
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Routing of DQ signals from Die-Bumps-Top to Layer-3 running as Symmetric-SL sandwiched between GND on Layers 2 & 4
DQ signals @ Die-Bumps DQ signals on Layer-3 as Symmetric-SL
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Moving from Layer-3 to Layer-6 through Signal-PTH to pickup the Balls
DQ signals on Layer-3 DQ signals on Layer-6 routed between GND on layers 5
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Impact of GND-PTH stitching: Proximity & #
Original-Package:
With 15-GND-PTH
Cost-Reduced-Package:
with 3-GND-PTH
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Comparison of Return-current on GND-L4 Original-Package: With 15-GND-PTH
Cost-Reduced-Package: With 3-GND-PTH
Larger NEXT by 10dB Copyright © 2014 Keysight Technologies
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Comparison of eye-diagram @ 1.33GBps Original-Package: With 15-GND-PTH
Cost-Reduced-Package: With 3-GND-PTH
+95ps worst Setup-Margin +55ps worst Setup-Margin
40ps loss of margin DQ DQ
DQS DQS
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PKG-Antenna-Parameters Comparison of 15-GND-PTH compared to 3-GND-PTH
Maximum Intensity: 5u-watts/Steradian 40-uwatts/Steradian (8X)
Angle of U-max: 160-degrees vs. 140-degrees
Antenna-Gain -19dB -11dB (+8dB)
Radiated-Power 40-uWatts 220-
uWatts (6x)
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Trade-off Low-cost & Performance
– Reducing # of GND-Stitches Medium-2-low-risk for 1.33GB/s operation with +55ps worst-case Setup-margin but with +8dB Antenna-Gain
– Most probably we need to Turn-ON Spread spectrum.
What is the cost of PLL vs. Reduction of GND-Stitch?
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Trace Emission on PCBs due to cost-reduction Low-Layer count PCB
CASE:1 Memory emission from MA/CMD lanes
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4-layer PCB with Memory Emission Problem
Problem: Investigate Emission problem at 1.25 times the memory clock frequency (1.623 GHz)
Notes: Address/Command Nets are routed on bottom-layer Referencing power plane (due to lack of real-estate)
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EMI Simulation Methodology Step-1: Simulate and Visualize Current-density plot*
*Using Keysight Momentum Field Solver
Method-of-Moments (Momentum) Simulations showing current-density
plots and hot-spot regions on the PCB
Emscan Measurements
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EMI Simulation Methodology, Cont’
Root-cause: There is small λ/8 power-plane patch that is radiating like patch-antenna
Use the Momentum-uwave EM-engine with Antenna-Gain parameter to measure the merit of the PCB as non-intended antenna Develop EMI guidelines along with SI/PI Guidelines using Antenna-Gain Parameter to compare Layout guidelines
– Step-2: Isolate Problem Observe hot-spot area closely, and identify root-cause
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What is the remedy?
Instead of REF MA/CMD to a VddQ Patch on Bottom layer continue routing on Bottom Layer 3m Chamber at least 16dB Improvement
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Trace Emission on PCBs due to cost-reduction Low-Layer count PCB
CASE:2 TMDS Emissions
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Problem Statement
– TMDS Emission @ 770MHz on 4-layer PCB & Coupling to Neighbor Ethernet-Card
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Which one is better
Copper band-aid
R4N Suppressor band-aid
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Is it E-coupling or H-coupling?
Solution: Simulation shows that suppression material is improving EMI emission, whereas, metallic shied is making it worse Choose Suppression material over metallic shied -> Improve both cost and performance
With Metallic Shield *Lab data confirms
simulation results
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Near-field scan results R4N Suppressor band-aid
Emscan measurements
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What is the Remedy?
– Sometimes it is cheaper to dampen the receiver not Emitter because adding R4N suppression materials is more cost than using RJ45 shielded connector on the Ethernet-card.
– Selected to change RJ45 Connector on Ethernet-card to shielded one to suppress the receiver
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PCB Edge Emission due to Power delivery Noise
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Simulation Challenges in EMI
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− System level (source, coupling path, unintentional antenna − Full wave simulation is often needed − Time and memory consuming
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Combining Measured Icc(t) with FDTD simulations to study the critical on-board-decaps under the GPU
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Drivers Channel Receivers
Power Delivery Network
Current Probe @ VddQ pins
− SSO current is obtained by a combined simulation of the power delivery network model and the memory IO channel model
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Measured Dynamic-current profile Icc(t)
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fft
ifft
steady-state frequencies
− Time-domain noise pattern directly imported into FDTD solver
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Importing PCB layout of the Memory Channel
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11 cm
8 cm
Signal Ground Signal
VDD Ground VDD
Stackup
board thickness: 1.57mm
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SSO Noise Source on Top Layer
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IC
Noise sources
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Decaps on Bottom Layer
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decaps
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Far-Field Radiation
at 0.5 GHz at 1.0 GHz
With Decaps Without Decaps With Decaps Without Decaps
Reduction of 3-4 dB Copyright © 2014 Keysight Technologies 38
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Current Density
At 0.5 GHz At 0.5 GHz
With Decaps Without Decaps
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What is the benefit of PCB decaps?
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– New method to optimize the PCB decaps:
• Measure or simulate the Dynamic-current profile Icc(t) @ the VddQ-pins with maximum activity on the memory-channel
• Import the Icc(t) into FDTD (wide-band-phenomena)
• Study the critical PCB decaps to mitigate the SSO noise emission
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Connector/Cable Emission
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Board +Connector +Mate
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Combining CAD and Board Files
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Precise landing of connector fingers on board signal pad
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Near-Field Radiation:
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Study if improved grounding & shielding of the connector improves EMI behavior
− Simulated with FDTD-solver (Keysight EMPro)
− Accelerated on GPU system
− Simulation time ≈ ½ day with 1-GPU card and 2-hrs with 3-GPU cards
Do we need Shielded Connector? ($0.15 more cost) Do we need copper-tape under connector?
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Improved Grounding of the Connector: What is the impact of a copper-tape under the connector No copper tape Extra copper tape
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Improved Grounding: Far-field impact of CU-tape
Reduction of 5 dB for EMI emission In direction of chassis
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Conclusion
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− “Virtual-EMI” Lab is a MUST for Speed-of-Light Product-to-Market
− Radiated/Conducted-Emission:
− Packages Return-Path-Discontinuity driving the need to turn-ON SS
• PCBs due to Cost-Reduction 4L-PCBs” - MA/CMD Emission by referencing to
VddQ - TMDS Emission due to routing on Bottom
layer
• SSO Noise Emission by VddQ Current-Profile on PCB Decaps are very effective
• Emission of Connector+Cables from HDMI common-mode noise
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