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INTRODUCTION TO BIOENGINEERING II
BioE 411, AE/CE/BRT 511
J.(Hans) van LeeuwenT.H. Kim
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Instructor (33%)
Professor J. (Hans) van Leeuwen from/of the Lions
• Born in Gouda, Netherlands• Grew up in South Africa• Lived in Australia for 7 years• Lived in Ames for 11 years
Specialty: Environmental and BioengineeringIndustrial wastewater treatment and
product development based on waste materials
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Research activities
Beneficiation of biofuel co-Beneficiation of biofuel co-products by cultivating fungiproducts by cultivating fungiBeneficiation of biofuel co-Beneficiation of biofuel co-products by cultivating fungiproducts by cultivating fungi
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Ozonation applications
Selective disinfectionSelective oxidationAlcohol purification
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Keeping exotic aliens out of our ports
ET
Zebra mussels
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Human technological development
From scavengers…
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Use of fire was the turningpoint in the technologicaldevelopment of humans
leading to extended diet food preservation better hunting agriculture industry
Top of the food chain!
…to use of fire…
but, this ultimately led to…
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…Overpopulation…
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Pollution..
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Pollution of a small stream
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Consequence of pollution
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…and ecological disasters
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…and more disasters
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Distribution of Earth’s water
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Dangers lurking in water
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Pollution from informal housing
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Waterborne diseases
Map by Lord John Snow of the cholera outbreak in London in 1854 – the Broad Street Epidemic.This is considered the root of epidemiology.
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Spread of Cholera in London 1854
1-3 September: 127 deadBy 10 September: 500Ultimately: 616 dead
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Cholera – the rapid killerSEM micrograph of Vibrio cholerae, a Gram-negative bacterium that produces cholera toxin, an enterotoxin, which acts on the mucosal epithelium lining of the small intestine This is responsible for the disease's most salient characteristic, exhaustive diarrhea.
Bottom: cholera toxin
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Examples of organisms secreting enterotoxins
BacterialEscherichia coli O157:H7 Clostridium perfringens Vibrio cholerae Yersinia enterocolitica Shigella dysenteriae Staphylococcus aureus (pictured)
ViralRotavirus (NSP4) (Institute for Molecular Virology. WI)
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Dissolved oxygenImportance Why is oxygen in water important?
Dissolved oxygen (DO) analysis measures the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in an aqueous solution. Oxygen gets into water by diffusion from the surrounding air, by aeration (rapid movement), and as a product of photosynthesis. DO is measured in standard solution units such as
milligrams O2 per liter (mg/L), millilitres O2 per liter (ml/L), millimoles O2 per liter (mmol/L), and moles O2 per cubic meter (mol/m3).
DO is measured by way of its oxidation potential with a probe that allows diffusion of oxygen into it.
The saturation solubility of oxygen in wastewater can be expressed asCs = (0.99)h/88 x 482.5/(T + 32.6)
For example, in freshwater in Ames at 350m and 20°C, O2 saturation is 8.8 mg/L. (Check for yourself, with = 1)
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BODBiochemical oxygen demand or BOD is a procedure for determining the rate of uptake of dissolved oxygen by the organisms in a body of water BOD measures the oxygen uptake by bacteria in a water sample at a temperature of 20°C over a period of 5d in the dark. The sample is diluted with oxygen saturated de-ionized water, inoculating it with a fixed aliquot of microbial seed, measuring the (DO) and then sealing the sample to prevent further oxygen addition. The sample is kept at 20 °C for five days, in the dark to prevent addition of oxygen by photo-synthesis, and the dissolved oxygen is measured again. The difference between the final DO and initial DO is the BOD or, BOD5.
Once we have a BOD5 value, it is treated as just a concentration in mg/L
BOD can be calculated by:Diluted: ((Initial DO - Final DO + BOD of Seed) x Dilution Factor
BOD of seed (diluted activated sludge) is measured in a control: just deionized water without wastewater sample.
Significance: BOD is a measure of organic content and gives an indication on how much oxygen would be required for microbial degradation.
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Oxygen depletion in streams
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DO sag definitions
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Cumulative oxygen supply + demandPlotting the two kinetic equations separately on a cumulative basis and adding these graphically produce the DO sag curve
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Streeter-Phelps Model*
Mass Balance for the Model
Not a Steady-state situationrate O2 accum. = rate O2 in – rate O2 out + produced – consumed
rate O2 accum. = rate O2 in – 0 + 0 – rate O2 consumed
Kinetics Both reoxygenation and deoxygenation are 1st order
* Streeter, H.W. and Phelps, E.B. Bulletin #146, USPHS (1925)
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Kinetics* for Streeter-Phelps Model
• Deoxygenation L = BOD remaining at any timedL/dt = Rate of deoxygenation equivalent to rate of BOD removaldL/dt = -k1L for a first order reaction
k1 = deoxygenation constant, f’n of waste type and temp.
*See Kinetics presentation if unfamiliar with the mathematical processing
kLdt
Ld
][ C
C
tdtk
L
dL0 0
ktkt eLLeL
Lorkt
L
L 000
ln
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Developing the Streeter-Phelps
Rate of reoxygenation = k2D
D = deficit in D.O. k2 = reoxygenation constant*
2
3
21
)20(21
2
025.19.3
H
vk
T
Where– T = temperature of water, ºC– H = average depth of flow, m– ν = mean stream velocity, m/s
D.O. deficit = saturation D.O. – D.O. in the water
Typical values for k2 at 20 °C, 1/d (base e) are as follows:small ponds and back water 0.10 - 0.23sluggish streams and large lakes 0.23 - 0.35large streams with low velocity 0.35 - 0.46large streams at normal velocity 0.46 - 0.69swift streams 0.69 - 1.15rapids and waterfalls > 1.15
There are many correlations for this.The simplest one, used here, is from O’Connor and Dobbins, 1958
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Combining the kinetics
OR
Net rate of change of oxygen deficiency, dD/dt
dD/dt = k1L - k2D
where L = L0e-k1t
dD/dt = k1L0e-k1t - k2D
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Integration and substitution
tko
tktko eDeekk
LkD 221 )(
12
1
tkoc
tko
eLk
kD
DkeLkdt
dD
1
1
2
1
21 0
o
oc Lk
kkD
k
k
kkt
1
12
1
2
12
)(1ln
1
The last differential equation can be integrated to:
It can be observed that the minimum value, Dc is achieved when dD/dt = 0:
, since D is then Dc
Substituting this last equation in the first, when D = Dc and solving for t = tc:
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Example: Streeter-Phelps
Wastewater mixes with a river resulting in aBOD = 10.9 mg/L, DO = 7.6 mg/LThe mixture has a temp. = 20 CDeoxygenation const.= 0.2 day-1
Average flow = 0.3 m/s, Average depth = 3.0 m
DO saturated = 9.1 mg/L• Find the time and distance downstream at which the
oxygen deficit is a maximum• Find the minimum value of DO
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Solution…some values needed
• Initial Deficit Do = 9.1 – 7.6 = 1.5 mg/L (Now given, but could be calculated from proportional mix of river DO,
presumably saturated, and DO of wastewater, presumably zero)
• Estimate the reaeration constant:
k2 = 3.9 v½ (1.025T-20)½
H3/2
k2 = 3.9 x (0.3m/s)½ (1.02520-20)½
(3.0m)3/2 = 0.41 d-1
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Solution…time and distance
days
Lk
kkDO
k
k
kkt
o
oc
67.2
9.102.0
)2.041.0(5.11
2.0
41.0ln
)2.041.0(
1
)(1ln
1
1
12
1
2
12
mdaysdayssmvtx cc 300,6967.2/400,86/3.0
Note that the effects will be maximized almost 70 km downstream
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Solution…maximum DO deficiency
mg/L 1.3
e mg/L) 9.10(41.0
2.0 ))(2.67days(0.2day
2
1
1
1
tkoc eL
k
kD
The minimum DO value is 9.1-3.1 = 6 mg/L
Implication: DO probably not low enough for a fishkill, but if continued could lead to species differentiation and discourage sensitives species like trout.
Note that this BOD could have been calculated from mixing high-BOD wastewater with zero or near-zero BOD