Download - Introduction to 1.2
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Introduction to 1.2
“Totally Ultimate”
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1.2 Totally Ultimate
• Demonstrate knowledge of body structure and function in a physical activity (Ultimate)
• Students will participate in a ultimate Frisbee tournament and analyse anatomical and physiological concepts in relation to this
• 5 Credits
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Lesson Structure
Anatomy
• Body structure• Skeletal System• Joints• Joint Movement• Muscular System• Muscle Movement
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Lesson Structure
Physiology
• Energy Systems• Exercise Systems• Short Term/Long term effects• Body Types
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Lesson Structure
Biomechanics
• Motion & Gravity• Stability & Balance• Levers• Newton's Laws• Force Summation
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Skeletal System• Foundation on which the body is
structured • Used to support and protect internal
organs as well as allowing movement to occur.
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Muscular System
• Made up of muscles, which provide force for movement
• Pulls bones around a joint, either closer together or further apart, allowing movement to occur
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Respiratory System• Takes oxygen from the
environment to the lungs• Removes carbon dioxide from the
lungs to the environment
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Cardiovascular System
• Pumps blood around the body, where it is used by the muscles and organs
• Transfers oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the lungs and blood
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The Skeletal System
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Skeletal System
oMade up of 206 Bones and 200-350 joints oAct as a hard framework that gives shape and structure to
the bodyoProtects fragile organs such as brain and heart by
surrounding with strong boneoProvide muscles with places to attach to each boneoCreates movement as a muscle that is attached to 2 bones
at either end is activated, it can then pull the bones together.
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Cranium
Mandible
Sternum
Rib Cage
Clavicle
Radius
Carpals
Phalanges
Tibia
Humerus
Ulna
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tarsals Metatarsals
Phalanges
Meta-Carpals
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Cervical Vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebrae
Illium
Coccyx
Sacral orSacrum
Scapula
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The Muscular system
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The Muscular System
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The Muscular System
o3 different types of muscles in the body, skeletal, smooth & cardiac
oMain type of muscle is skeletal muscle. These attach to the bones and act over joints. As contraction occurs they shorten and pull the bones together to produce movement
oMuscles are connected to bones by tendons. Muscles can enlarge or reduce in size depending on the amount of exercise or activity people do.
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Pectoralis MajorBicep Brachii
Rectus Abdominus
Quadriceps
Tibialis Anterior
Brachioradialis
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Deltoid Tricep
Latissimus DorsiGluteus Maximus
Hamstring
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
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Joints
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Joints of the Body
Joints are the connection point between each bone in the body. Where two bones meet is known as a joint
• Ball and Socket
• Hinge Joint
• Pivot Joint
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Ball-and-Socket Joints
• Made up of round end (ball) and a depression on the other bone (socket)– head of humerus
into cavity of scapula
– head of femur into cavity of hip bone
• Movement in all directions
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Ball-and-Socket Joints
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Hinge Joints
• Similar to hinge on a door. Restricted movement between 2 bones, only forward and backwards– ulna and humerus at
elbow joint– femur and tibia at
knee joint– finger and toe joints
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Hinge Joints
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Pivot Joints
• Allows fixed movement between the two bones. Movement occurs in rotary direction both forwards and backwards
• E.g Neck
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Pivot Joints
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Joint Movement
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Flexion
Decreasing the angle around a joint, between two body parts’
Flexion Leg
Reducing the angle between the gastrocnemius and the hamstrings.
Bringing foot towards the bum.
Flexion Arm
Reducing the angle between the Bicep and the Brachioradialis.
Bringing forearm towards the bicep.
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Extension
Increasing the angle around a joint, between two body parts’
Extension Leg
Increasing the angle between the gastrocnemius and the hamstrings. Bringing foot away from the bum.
Extension Arm
Increasing the angle between the Tricep and the Brachioradialis. Bringing forearm away from the
bicep.
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Abduction
‘Taking a limb away from the midline of the body’
Abduction Leg
Taking the leg out and away from the body’s core.
Abduction Arm
Taking the arm out and away from the body’s core.
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Adduction
‘Bringing a limb back towards the midline of the body’
Adduction Leg
Bringing the leg back towards the body’s core.
Adduction Arm
Bringing the arm back towards the body’s core.
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Plantar & Dorsi Flexion
Plantar Flexion Foot
Pointing the toes down so that the angle between the tibialis anterior
and the metatarsals increases.
Dorsi Flexion Foot
Pointing the toes up so that the angle between the tibialis anterior and the metatarsals decreases.
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Rotation & Circumduction
Rotation (forearm)
the act of rotating, so the circular movement of the forearm
Circumduction (arm/shoulder)
Circular motion involving all movements. Distal end moves in a circular motion while the proximal
end remains stable
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Pronation & Supanation
Pronation
Rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face downward e.g
spilling your soup
Supanation
Rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face upward e.g
receiving money
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Muscles & Bones Actions
Muscles cannot push, they can only pull. For this reason, they work in pairs – one muscle pulls
by shortening its length (contraction), while its partner relaxes and lengthens. To return to the
original position, the muscles reverse their roles. At the end of a movement the
antagonist muscle slightly contracts to slow the movement down.
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Muscles & Bone actions
• Agonist/Prime Mover:– The contracting muscle causing
the movement over the joint
• Antagonist:– The muscle that relaxes to allow
movement to occur on the other side of the joint
– Note that the antagonist may also be an agonist in another exercise