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20.4 - MUTATIONS AND GENETIC VARIATION
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Introduction
Let’s Read – page 687 paragraph one
What of this to do we agree with?
What don’t we agree with and why?
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Mutations are changes in a sequence of DNA
They may be harmful, neutral or beneficial (there are incredibly few beneficial mutations)
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Broad Types of Mutations
Point mutations – change a single base pair
Gene mutations – change the amino acid that was coded for – usually involve more than one base pair
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Brief to Do:
Fill in the worksheet called “Types of Mutations”
The types and pictures can be found on page 687
The descriptions can be found on page 688
You have 20 minutes
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Other Mutation Vocabulary
A frameshift mutation causes the reading frame of codons to change Result: completely different
amino acids are coded for How many base pairs need to
be inserted or deleted to cause a frameshift mutation?
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Translocation is the movement of a group of base pairs from one part of the genome to another 2 pieces of DNA from different
chromosomes break and switch places
RESULT – ”fusion” proteins produced have altered function if any function at all
Some leukemia is associated with translocation
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An inversion – a piece of chromosome has turned itself around RESULT : a gene may be
disrupted
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Causes of Genetic Mutations A spontaneous mutation is caused
when the DNA is being replicated (ex. By DNA polymerase I)
Mutagenic agents can cause induced mutations
Examples of mutagenic agents are UV radiation,
cosmic rays, X-rays and some chemicals
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To Do:
With a partner or on your own do the case study on page 689 called “Gene Mutations and Cancer”
Hand in your answers together #1-6
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Part 2
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Inferring Relationships from DNA Sequences As a class read page 690 and
691
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Vocab Phylogeny – proposed evolutionary
history of a species or group of organisms SINEs – (short interspersed elements) –
repeated DNA sequences 300 bp long that alternate with lengths of DNA sequences found in the genome of higher organisms
LINEs – (long interspersed elements) - repeated DNA sequences 5000 - 70000 bp long that alternate with lengths of DNA sequences found in the genome of higher organisms
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Any other notes?
Mitochonridial DNA (mtDNA) -
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To Do:
Watch “Animals the Defy Evolution” Make any necessary flashcards
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Next Day to do:
1) Protein Synthesis Review Wksht
2) p. 694 #1-73) p. 702 #1-7, 214) P. 705 #1-15 5) Go to the computer lab and do
“Science Gizmo” – RNA to Protein worksheet