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Introduction
• Global challenge of energy supply
• CO2 output
• Radioactive waste
• Inefficient storage in batteries • Limited resources
• Toxic waste
• Charging time
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Fuel Cells
H2
+
+ + + -
+
An
od
e
Cath
od
e
+ O2
Microbial
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Fuel Cells
+ + + -
Substrate
+
An
od
e
Cath
od
e
+ O2
Microbial
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Advantages
Microbial Fuel Cells
• Same as fuel cell
• Variety of possible substrates
• Renewable resources
• Waste
Fuel Cells
• High efficiency
• Energy on demand
• Easy scaling
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Application
• Already in use with mixed cultures
Escherichia coli vs. Mixed culture
electron transfer +
+ growth -
+ predictability + safety -
+ genetic accessibility -
-
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Application
• Already in use with mixed cultures
Escherichia coli vs. Mixed culture
electron transfer +
+ growth -
+ predictability + safety -
+ genetic accessibility -
+
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Project Levels
• Hardware level • Constructing a Microbial Fuel Cell • Making MFC technology available to the iGEM community • Establishing standardized measurement parameters
• Genome level • Enabling electron transfer across membrane • Enabling electron transport to anode • Implementing biosafety system
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Fuel Cell Evolution
Requirements
Electron transfer Proton transfer □ Anaerobic
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Fuel Cell Evolution
Requirements
Electron transfer Proton transfer Anaerobic □ Nitrogen
aeration □ Easy refill
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Fuel Cell Evolution
Requirements
Electron transfer Proton transfer Anaerobic Nitrogen aeration Easy refill □ Available to
community
Customized for iGEM team York
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Fuel Cell Evolution
Requirements
Electron transfer Proton transfer Anaerobic Nitrogen aeration Easy refill □ Available to
community
Customized for iGEM team York
Introduced reference electrode
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Fuel Cell Evolution
Requirements
Electron transfer Proton transfer Anaerobic Nitrogen aeration Easy refill Available to
community Easy to build with
3D-printer Cheap
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Genome Level
Multiple approaches for each problem
Riboflavin Porins Cyto-
chromes Nanowires GldA
Crossing the cell membrane
Route to the electrode
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Mediators
• Electron shuttles
• Requirements • Redox properties
• Soluble
• Non-toxic
• Chemical mediators • Methylene blue
• Neutral red
e-
e-
e-
e-
e- e-
e-
An
od
e
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Riboflavin from S. oneidensis
• Expensive exogenous mediators
• Heterologous expression of the riboflavin synthesis gene cluster
Wild type E. coli KRX Riboflavin producing strain, Anderson 0.33 (weak)
Riboflavin producing strain, Anderson 0.77 (strong)
Riboflavin
GldA
Porins
Biosafety
Gen
etic
ap
pro
ach
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Riboflavin from S. oneidensis
• Expensive exogenous mediators
• Heterologous expression of the riboflavin synthesis gene cluster
• Enhanced extracellular riboflavin concentration
• Confirmed with absorbance assay, HPLC and LC/MS measurements
Fluorescence assay
Riboflavin
GldA
Porins
Biosafety
Gen
etic
ap
pro
ach
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GldA from E. coli
• Overexpression of glycerol dehydrogenase (GldA) for increasing NADH production
NAD+ + H+ + 2e- NADH
GldA
Gen
etic
ap
pro
ach
Riboflavin
GldA
Porins
Biosafety
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GldA from E. coli
• Overexpression of glycerol dehydrogenase (GldA) for increasing NADH production
• Fluorescence-based NADH assay
• Increased NADH production
Gen
etic
ap
pro
ach
Riboflavin
GldA
Porins
Biosafety
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GldA from E. coli
• Overexpression of glycerol dehydrogenase (GldA) for increasing NADH production
• Average electrical power increased by 40 %
Examination of increased electricity generation
Gen
etic
ap
pro
ach
Riboflavin
GldA
Porins
Biosafety
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Membrane
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
An
od
e
• Membranes natural isolator
• Optimization of mediator transport
• Permeabilization
Gen
etic
ap
pro
ach
Riboflavin
GldA
Porins
Biosafety
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OprF from P. fluorescens
• Heterologous expression of the outer membrane porin OprF
• One of the largest porins on bacterial outer membranes
Wild type E. coli KRX OprF producing strain
• Visualization via Atomic Force Microscopy
AFM was carried out in cooperation with the Physics Department of Bielefeld University
Gen
etic
ap
pro
ach
Riboflavin
GldA
Porins
Biosafety
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OprF from P. fluorescens G
enet
ic a
pp
roac
h
• Membrane permeability assay with 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine uptake assay
• Increased membrane permeability
Riboflavin
GldA
Porins
Biosafety
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OprF from P. fluorescens
• Electricity generation by OprF expressing strain
• 100 % enhanced maximal voltage
Measurements at 200 Ω resistance with methylene blue added
Gen
etic
ap
pro
ach
Riboflavin
GldA
Porins
Biosafety
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OprF from P. fluorescens
• Electricity generation by OprF expressing strain
• 400 % enhanced average electric power
Measurements at 200 Ω resistance with methylene blue added
Gen
etic
ap
pro
ach
Riboflavin
GldA
Porins
Biosafety
![Page 26: Introduction - iGEM2013.igem.org/files/presentation/Bielefeld-Germany_Championship.pdf · 5 Advantages • Microbial Fuel Cells •Same as fuel cell •Variety of possible substrates](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030506/5ab457da7f8b9adc638bf7a9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
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OprF from P. fluorescens
• Electricity generation by OprF expressing strain
Gen
etic
ap
pro
ach
• Increased membrane permeability
• Enabling of efficient electricity generation
• Further optimization possible
Riboflavin
GldA
Porins
Biosafety
![Page 27: Introduction - iGEM2013.igem.org/files/presentation/Bielefeld-Germany_Championship.pdf · 5 Advantages • Microbial Fuel Cells •Same as fuel cell •Variety of possible substrates](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030506/5ab457da7f8b9adc638bf7a9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
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Biosafety
• Novel Biosafety approach inspired by iGEM-Team Paris Bettencourt 2012
• Basis: Biosafety strain
• D-alanine auxotrophic E. coli (Δalr ΔdadX)
• Complementation with safety plasmid carrying alr
• Additional kill switch: toxic gene product RNase Ba (Barnase)
• Three systems with different regulatory mechanisms
Lac of Growth
AraCtive
TetOR Alive
Gen
etic
ap
pro
ach
Riboflavin
GldA
Porins
Biosafety
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pBAD pRha araC alr RNase Ba
D-alanine
Rhamnose
Gen
etic
ap
pro
ach
System AraCtive
Riboflavin
GldA
Porins
Biosafety
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pBAD pRha araC alr RNase Ba
D-alanine
Gen
etic
ap
pro
ach
• Test with GFP instead of Barnase • Functionality indirectly proven • System works as expected
System AraCtive
Riboflavin
GldA
Porins
Biosafety
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Achievements
Design, construction and improvement of a MFC
Printing a biodegradable DIY-MFC
Integration of porins
Riboflavin overproduction
Overexpression of glycerol dehydrogenase
Three advantageous biosafety systems
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Achievements
Human Practice
Conventions SynBioDay Student Academy Media Experts
Dr. Falk Harnisch Dr. Arnold Sauter Aeneas Wanner
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We want to thank…
Prof. Dr. Jörn Kalinowski Dr. Christian Rückert
Nils Lübke Timo Wolf
Working groups: - Fermentation Technology
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology