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IntroducingCross
LaminatedTimber
NewOpportunitiesforTimberConstruction
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“TheWoodProductsCouncil”isaRegisteredProviderwithTheAmericanInstituteofArchitectsContinuingEducationSystems(AIA/CES),Provider#G516.
Credit(s)earnedoncompletionofthiscoursewillbereportedtoAIACESforAIAmembers.CertificatesofCompletionforbothAIAmembersandnon-AIAmembersareavailableuponrequest.
ThiscourseisregisteredwithAIACESforcontinuingprofessionaleducation.Assuch,itdoesnotincludecontentthatmaybedeemedorconstruedtobeanapprovalorendorsementbytheAIAofanymaterialofconstructionoranymethodormannerofhandling,using,distributing,ordealinginanymaterialorproduct.________________________________Questionsrelatedtospecificmaterials,methods,andserviceswillbeaddressedattheconclusionofthispresentation.
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CourseDescription
Crosslaminatedtimber(CLT)isanengineeredwoodbuildingsystemdesignedtocomplementlight- andheavy-timberframingoptions.Becauseofitshighstrengthanddimensionalstability,itcanbeusedasanalternativetoconcrete,masonryandsteelinmanybuildingtypes.ThispresentationwillintroduceCLTwithaseriesofprojectexamplesthatdemonstrateitsuseandassociatedbenefitsinarangeofapplications.Informationonmanufacturing,specificationandcode-relatedconsiderationswillalsobediscussed.
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LearningObjectives
1. ReviewcompletedCLTprojectsthatdemonstratearangeofapplicationsandsystemconfigurations.
2. DiscoverhowCLTcanbeusedundercurrentandfuturebuildingcodesandstandards.
3. DiscussbenefitsofusingCLTinplaceofconcreteandsteel,includingstructuralversatility,prefabrication,lightercarbonfootprintandreducedlaborcosts.
4. DiscussthefirecharacteristicsofCLT,includingthebenefitsofcharring,currentseismicapproachesthatcanbeusedforCLTbuildings,andhowtheacousticandmoistureperformanceofCLTassembliescaninformthedesignofaproject.
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Outline
• WhatisCLT?• MassTimber• TheAppeal• History• Availability
• UsingCLT• ProjectExamples• Bestapplications• Costeffectivedesign• BuildingCodesandStandards
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Outline
• WhatisCLT?• MassTimber• TheAppeal• History• Availability
• UsingCLT• ProjectExamples• Bestapplications• Costeffectivedesign• BuildingCodesandStandards
![Page 7: Introducing Cross Laminated Timber - WoodWorks...Benefits of CLT Shaft Walls: • 23 CLT Panels used to form two stairwells • Each Panel was 5-ply, 6-7/8” thick, 7.5’ x 24’](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040823/5e6e53305a29b334f351d895/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
NewClassofWoodProducts
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MassTimberStructures
• Incorporatingtimberplateelements• Includinglargetimberelementssuchassolidsawn,NLT,
LVL,LSL,glulam,andCLT• Astructuralsystemresistingbothverticalandlateralloads
Thenewheavytimbermovementismotivatedby….• Demandforlowerimpactstructures• ManufacturingTechnology• MaterialTechnology• AdvancesinPre-fabrication• SophisticatedSuppliers
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MassTimberFramingOptions
NailLaminated Timber (NLT) GlueLaminated Timber (GLT)
Laminated Veneer Lumber(LVL) CrossLaminated Timber (CLT)
Images Source:Structurecraft
GlulamBeams&Columns
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MassTimberBuildingOptions
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WhatisCrossLaminatedTimber(CLT)?
41/8”to191/2”
10’X40’8’X64’
• Solidwoodpanel• 3layersmin.ofsolidsawnlams• 90deg.cross-lams• Similar toplywoodsheathing
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CLTComposition
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StructuralCompositionofCLT
Laminations:(PerPRG320-2012)5/8”to2”thick2.4”- 9.5”wideMachineStressRatedorVisuallyGradedDimensionalLumberor
SCLDriedto12%MoistureContentbeforelayup.AcommonNAthicknessis13/8”(planed2xstock)PRG320providesthicknesstowidthrequirementsoflaminations
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StructuralCompositionofCLT
Layers:(PerPRG320-2012)OrientedinorthogonalarrangementOddnumberofsymmetriclayersmostcommonDoubleparallelexteriorlayerspermittedUnbalancedlayuppermittedReferenceglu-lamadhesivestandard(AITC405)
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StructuralCompositionofCLT
Panels,alsoknownasBillets.
20inchmaxthicknessinPRG320Upto8ft ormorewidepermanufacturerandshippingUpto40ft ormorelongpermanufacturerandshippingMajoraxis:stronger,stiffer,usuallylongdirectionMinoraxis:lessstrongandstiff,usuallyshortdirection
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WhatisCrossLaminatedTimber(CLT)?
PhotoCredit:DRJohnson
CLTFabricationPress
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CommonCLTLayups
3-ply3-layer
9-ply9-layer
5-ply5-layer
7-ply7-layer 7-ply5-layer
9-ply7-layer
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CLTAdhesives
AdhesivesusedinCLTmustmeetthesamestandardasadhesivesusedinglulam:AITC405-2008StandardforAdhesivesforUseinStructuralGluedLaminatedTimberCLTadhesivesarealsorequiredtobeevaluatedforheatperformanceinaccordancewithDOCPS1.
SeveraltypesofstructuraladhesiveshavebeensuccessfullyusedinCLTproductionincluding:• Phenolictypessuchasphenol-resorcinolformaldehyde
(PRF)• Emulsionpolymerisocyanate (EPI)• One-componentpolyurethane(PUR)
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CLT:APrefabricatedMaterial
• Finishedpanelsareplaned,sanded,cuttosize.ThenopeningsarecutwithpreciseCNCrouters.
• Thirdpartyinspectionatfactory.
• Customengineeredformaterialefficiency.
• Customdesignedforproject.• Eachpanelnumbered,
delivered&installedinpredeterminedsequence
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HowtouseCLT- Assembly
Images Source:Structuelam
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HowtouseCLT- Assembly
Source:USCLTHandbook
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HowtouseCLT- Assembly
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HowtouseCLT– SingleSpanFloor
Source:Structurlam CLTguide
SAMPLESPANTABLES– CONTACTPANELMANUFACTURER FORACTUAL SPANS
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WhatistheappealofCLT?
• EmbodiedCarbonSustainability
Performance
ConstructionEfficiency
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ReducedEmbodiedCarbon
Volume of wood used 950m3
Carbon sequesteredand
stored(CO2e) 760metric tons
Avoidedgreenhouse
gases(CO2e) 320metric tons
Total potential carbon
benefit (CO2e) 1,080metric tons
Carbon savingsfromthechoiceofwoodinthis
onebuildingareequivalentto:
1,615passenger vehicles offtheroadforayear
Enough energy to operate ahome for 803 years
Stadhaus,London,UKArchitect:WaughThistleton ArchitectsPhotocredit:WaughThistleton Architects
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• ReducedEmbodiedCarbon• MinimalwasteproductionSustainability
Performance
ConstructionEfficiency
WhatistheappealofCLT?
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MinimalWaste
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WhyaredesignersdrawntoCLT?
• ReducedEmbodiedCarbon• Minimalwasteproduction• HighlyEnergyEfficient
Sustainability
Performance
ConstructionEfficiency
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EnergyEfficient
CLThasanR-valueofapproximately1.25perinchofthickness.Source:USCLTHandbook
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• ReducedEmbodiedCarbon• Minimalwasteproduction• HighlyEnergyEfficient
Sustainability
• DisasterResilientPerformance
ConstructionEfficiency
WhatistheappealofCLT?
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DisasterResilient
SeismicRUnderAlternateMeans
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• ReducedEmbodiedCarbon• Minimalwasteproduction• EnergyEfficient
Sustainability
• DisasterResilient• FireResistantPerformance
ConstructionEfficiency
WhatistheappealofCLT?
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FireTestResults
• ASTM E119 Fire Endurance Test
• 5-Ply CLT (6-7/8” thick)• 5/8” Type X GWB each side• 2 hour target• Actual 3 hours 6 minutes
• 2015 NDS Chapter 16 includes char rates for CLT to achieve up to 2 hour fire rating
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• ReducedEmbodiedCarbon• Minimalwasteproduction• HighlyEnergyEfficient
Sustainability
• DisasterResilient• GoodFireResistance• HighperformingAcoustics
Performance
ConstructionEfficiency
WhatistheappealofCLT?
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HighPerformingAcoustics
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WhyaredesignersdrawntoCLT?
• ReducedEmbodiedCarbon• Minimalwasteproduction• HighlyEnergyEfficient
Sustainability
• DisasterResilient• GoodFireResistance• HighperformingAcoustics• StructuralFlexibility
Performance
ConstructionEfficiency
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StructuralFlexibility
PhotoCredit:APA
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• ReducedEmbodiedCarbon• Minimalwasteproduction• HighlyEnergyEfficient
Sustainability
• DisasterResilient• GoodFireResistance• HighperformingAcoustics• StructuralFlexibility
Performance
• ~75%lighterthanconcreteConstructionEfficiency
WhatistheappealofCLT?
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75%LighterWeightThanConcrete
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• ReducedEmbodiedCarbon• Minimalwasteproduction• HighlyEnergyEfficient
Sustainability
• DisasterResilient• GoodFireResistance• HighperformingAcoustics• StructuralFlexibility
Performance
• ~75%lighterthanconcrete• Reducedconstructiontime
ConstructionEfficiency
WhatistheappealofCLT?
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ReducedConstructionTime
MurrayGrove,London
UK
• 8storiesofCLTover1storyconcretepodium
• 8 storiesbuiltin27days(~1/2thetimeof
precastconcrete)
FranklinElementary
School,Franklin,WV
• 45,200ft2 2storyelementaryschool
• 8weekstoconstruct
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• ReducedEmbodiedCarbon• Minimalwasteproduction• HighlyEnergyEfficient
Sustainability
• DisasterResilient• GoodFireResistance• HighperformingAcoustics• StructuralFlexibility
Performance
• ~75%lighterthanconcrete• Reducedconstructiontime• Pre-fabricatedandPrecise
ConstructionEfficiency
WhatistheappealofCLT?
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Pre-fabricatedandPrecise
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CLTHistoryTimeline
1990 2000 2005 2010 2015
Significantly
increaseduse
inEurope
• 2010– 1st
Production
• 2011- PRG320
• 2011-Canadian
Handbook
• 2013– US
Handbook
interest
began
.3millionm3
ofbuiltCLT
projects
Recognized
in2015IBC
Austria
industry-
academia joint
research
.6-1million
m3ofbuilt
CLTprojectsEur
ope
Nor
th
Am
eric
a
1stUSCLT
Manufacturer
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Outline
• WhatisCLT?• MassTimber• TheAppeal• History• Availability
• UsingCLT• ProjectExamples• Bestapplications• Costeffectivedesign• BuildingCodesandStandards
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LongHall,Whitefish,MTDesigner:DarrylByle,JasonHatten
• 1st CommercialCLT“Building”inUS• $145/sqftcompletedprojectcost• Structuralshellcompletein<5days• Saved30%infoundationcosts• Saved6-12%overCMU
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PromegaGMPFacility,Fitchburg,WIArchitect:UihleinWilsonArchitects
• Completedin2013• 1st CommercialCLTBuildinginUS
builtwithNorthAmericanCLT• CLTusedonlyintheroof
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CooleyLandingEducationCenter
EastPaloAlto,CA
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EastPaloAltoCooleyLandingEducationCenterPhotos:Structurlam
3,500sfCLTRoofPanelsGlulamRoofBeams
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EastPaloAltoCooleyLandingEducationCenterPhoto:Structurlam
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EastPaloAltoCooleyLandingEducationCenterPhoto:Structurlam
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NewStanfordHeatRecoveryCenter
Stanford,CA
ImageCredit:ZGFArchitects
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StanfordHeatRecoveryCenterPhoto:Structurlam
CLTRoofPanelsusedoverentrance/walkway
Partof125,000sf buildingthatisexpectedtoreducecampuscarbonemissionsby50%andsaveanestimated$300Moverthenext35years
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StanfordHeatRecoveryCenterPhoto:Structurlam
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ChicagoHorizonPavilion
Chicago,IL
PhotoCredit:TomHarris
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ChicagoHorizonPavilionPhotos:TomHarris
56’squarekiosk
2Layersof3-ply,4-1/8”CLTroofpanelsinoppositedirections,eachpanel8’x56’,creating2wayspanningplate
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ChicagoHorizonPavilionPhotos:AaronForrest
Totalroofstructurethickness8-1/4”
Spansupto30feetbetweencolumnsatpoints
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ChicagoHorizonWonChicagoArchitectureBiennial’s2015LakefrontKioskCompetition
PhotoCredit:TomHarris
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WesternOregonUniversity
RichardWoodcockEducationCenter
Monmouth,OR
ImageCredit:WesternOregonUniversityandMahlum Architects
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WOURichardWoodcockEducationCenterTopPhoto:OregonDept.ofForestryBottomImage:Mahlum Architects
2story,57,000sfOffices,classrooms,andgatheringspaces
CLTutilizedforfloorplatesandbearing/shaftwalls
1st projecttoutilizeUSmanufacturedCLT
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$14MConstructionCostEstimate
WOURichardWoodcockEducationCenterImages:Mahlum Architects
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Projectiscurrentlyunderconstruction,anticipatedcompletionfall2016
WOURichardWoodcockEducationCenterImages:AndersenConstruction&DRJohnson
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BenefitsofCLTShaftWalls:• 23CLTPanelsusedtoform
twostairwells• EachPanelwas5-ply,6-7/8”
thick,7.5’x24’• Eachpanelweighed3,330lbs
whichisabout20,000lbs lessthanaconcretepanelofthesamesize
Source:AndersenConstruction
WOURichardWoodcockEducationCenterImages:AndersenConstruction&DRJohnson
WOURichardWoodcockEducationCenterImage:DRJohnson
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OregonZooElephantLands
Portland,OR
PhotoCredit:SRGPartnership
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OregonZooElephantLandsTopPhoto:OregonZooBottomPhoto:OregonLive
2,000sf visitorcenter
CLTutilizedforroofpanels
UseofCLTallowedeliminationof20percentofthesteelbeamsoriginallyneededtosupportthe
standardwooddecking
1st OregonCLTproject
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ElephantLandsisasmallbutprominentvisitor“hub”buildingattheOregonZoo,comprisingoneedgeofagatewayspacetothenewelephanthabitat.UseofCLTRoofDeckallowed2waycantileversatoverhangs,clean,continuouseavelines
OregonZooElephantLandsImage:OregonZoo
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OregonZooElephantLandsPhotos:SRGPartnership,EquilibriumEngineers,OregonZoo
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InternationalCommunityHealthServices
ShorelineClinic
Shoreline,WA
PhotoCredit:AndrewPoguePhotography
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ICHSShorelineClinicPhotos:ICHS
45,000sf,3storymedicalanddentalservicescenter
CLTutilizedforroofpanelswithlargeexpressedoverhangs
CompletedFall2014
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ProjectcurrentlypendingLEEDGoldapprovalLargestCLTprojectinStateofWAattimeofconstructionUseofCLTroofpanelsresultedinscheduleandlaborsavings,withthepanelsbeingsetinamatterofdays
ICHSShorelineClinicPhotos:ICHS
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ICHSShorelineClinicPhoto:ICHS
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Sauter TimberProductionFacility
Rockwood,TN
PhotoCredit:AndreasSauter,TimClayPhotography
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Sauter TimberProductionFacilityPhotos:AndreasSauter,TimClayPhotography
9,000sf Industrialproductionfacility
CLTroofandwallpanels,glulambeam&columnframe
23’tallwalls
$55/sf installedstructurecost
2015WoodDesignAwardWinner
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GlulamMomentFrameProvidesFacility’sLateralResistance
Sauter TimberProductionFacilityPhoto:AndreasSauter,TimClayPhotography
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RockyMountainInstitute– Basalt,CO
ImageCredit: RockyMountain Institute
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RockyMountainInstitute
InnovationCenter
• Location:Basalt,CO• 2stories• 15,600sf• Goal- 100yeardesignlife
ImageCredit: RockyMountain Institute
PhotoCredit:TheAspen Times
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EnergyEfficientOfficeDesign
PhotoCredit:StructureLam
• Highenergyefficiencyconstructionwasagoalnotonlybecauseitis“green”butbecauseitjust“makessense”
• TargetingNetZeroEnergy• Cross-laminatedtimberusedforfloorstructureutilizes
beetle-killlumberfromBritishColumbia.• UseofCLTallowedstructuredepthtobeminimized,
allowingnaturaldaylighttopenetratefurtherintobuilding
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RedstoneArsenalHotel
Huntsville,AL
ImageCredit:LendLease
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RedstoneArsenalHotelPhotos:LendLease&Schaefer
62,600sf,4storyhotel,92privateroomsCLTutilizedforwalls,roofpanels,andfloorpanels
1,557CLTPanels;Typicalfloorpanelis8’x50’&weighs8,000lbs
CompletedLate2015
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FranklinElementarySchool
Franklin,WV
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45,200sf,2storyschoolCLTutilizedforwalls,roofpanels,andfloorpanels
CLTchosenforitsconstructionschedulebenefits
CompletedJanuary2015PhotoCredit:PamWean,MSESArchitects
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PhotoCredit:PamWean,MSESArchitects
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IntegratedDesignBuilding
UniversityofMassachusetts,Amherst,MA
ImageCredit:LeersWeinzapfel Associates
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UMASSIntegratedBuildingDesignImages:LeersWeinzapfelAssociates
87,500sf facilitywith:classrooms,lounges,meetingrooms,materials-testinglab,green-buildinglab, woodshop,digitalfabrication lab,cafe,exhibitspace,andlibrary
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Currentlyunderconstruction,expectedopeningdate:January2017.Totalprojectbudget:$52M
UMASSIntegratedBuildingDesignImage:LeersWeinzapfel Associates
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CLTPanelsutilizedinfloorsystemswithcompositeconcretetoppingslab
UMASSIntegratedBuildingDesignImage:UMASSBuildingandConstructionTechnology
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Brelsford WSUVisitorCenter
Pullman,WA
PhotoCredit:WashingtonStateUniversity
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Brelsford WSUVisitorCenterPhotos:WSU&BenjaminBenschneider
4,277sf,1storyvisitorcenter
CLTutilizedforroofpanelswithlarge,expressedoverhangs
CompletedLate2013
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CLTBenefits:StructureMass,Thickness&ConstructionSpeed
Brelsford WSUVisitorCenterPhotos:WSU&BenjaminBenschneider
4”CLTroofpanelswere6timeslighterand1/3thinnerthanconcreteroofpanels.Installedfasterasnocuretimeisrequired
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WoodInnovationDesignCenterPrinceGeorge,BritishColumbia8 Levels/6 Stories97 feet tallCompleted Fall 2014
Architect:Michael GreenArchitectureStructuralEngineer: Equilibrium Consulting
Contractor:PCLConstructorsWestcoastPhotos:Ema PeterPhotography
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University ofNorthernBritish Columbia• AllTimberStructure• CLTFloorsandCoreWalls• Glulam Columns
WoodInnovationDesignCenter
PrinceGeorge,BritishColumbia
Photo:Ema PeterPhotography
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FrequentlyAskedQuestions:
1. HowareMEPSystemsaccommodatedwithCLT?.• Routandborethepaneltotaketheelectricalconduit,
plumbingpipesandmechanicalchases.ThiscanbedoneonsitewithtraditionalcarpentrytoolsorinthefactoryusingCNCtechnology,butthelatterwouldrequiremorecoordinationandwouldincreasethecostoftheproduct.
• Furthewallout(fullheightorjustlowerhalf)toaccommodateMEP.ThisislikelytobethemorecommonmethodinNorthAmericabasedonourbuildingpracticesandneedtosatisfysoundinsulationrequirements.
• Runtheconduit,pipesandchasesonthefaceoftheCLTanduseitasanexposedarchitecturalelement.
• Createabuilt-upfloorontopoftheCLTfloordecktoaccommodateMEP
• Createadropceilingtoconceal• TypeIVconstructioncurrentlyrestrictionsconcealedspaces
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Forte’,VictoriaHarbor,Melbourne,AustraliaArchitect:LendLease
• Completedin2012• 10stories• ~105ft.tall,>18.6Ksqft.• 3millioninR&D• Poorsoilsrequiredamuch
lighterbuilding
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Forte’,VictoriaHarbor,Melbourne,AustraliaArchitect:LendLease
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ProductAvailability
• ThreeNorthAmericanproducersofstructuralCLT(2inCanada,1inUS)
• 2-3USCompaniespursuingmanufacturingfacilities
• Non-commoditybasedproduct• Standardizedmanufacturebutcustomfabrication
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Howdoyouminimizeproductcosts?
1. Usetheminimum thickness possible1. Floorsareusuallycontrolled byvibrations.2. Fireratingrequirements caneffectthickness ofpanel.
2. Minimizematerial waste1. Keep inmindpress sizesavailable.2. Selection ofsplice typeeffects%waste.3. Openings canbeaccommodated withoutcutting holes inpanels.
3. Minimize factoryCNCwork1. Consider field accommodation techniques forMEP2. Openings canbeaccommodated withoutcutting holes inpanels.
4. Usethestandardproductoptions1. Species2. Finish3. Lay-up
5. Choose therightapplication forCLT.
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CLTasanalternatetoConcrete/Masonry
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Mid-riseMarketPotential
CLTcostsestimated$30-
$35/sf intoday’smarket
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ModelBuildingCodeAcceptance
2015International Building Code
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CLTisDefined– 2015IBC
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CLTProductStandardization
ANSI/APAPRG320StandardforPerformance RatedCross-Laminated Timber
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BuildingCode-ProductStandard
APA/ANSIPRG320• 7stressclasses• Qualityassurancetesting• Identificationmarking
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CodeApprovals- ProductReports
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ProductReports
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StructuralDesignStandardization
National DesignSpecification forWoodConstruction2015Edition
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NewChapter10 in2015NDScoveringAdjustmentFactorsforCLT
FormattingSimilartoWoodStructuralPanels
CLTinNDS2015
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USCLTHandbook
1. Introduction2. Manufacturing3. Structural4. Lateral5. Connections6. DOLandCreep7. Vibration8. Fire9. Sound
10.Enclosure11.Environmental12.Lifting
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SourceofCLTHandbook
www.rethinkwood.com/masstimber
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ArchieLandreman(262)[email protected]
Questions?
ThisconcludesTheAmericanInstituteofArchitectsContinuingEducationSystemsCourse
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