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Intro to Ecology
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Ch. 18.1 Intro to EcologyEcology is the study of the interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment.
Key Ecology Concepts:InterdependenceLevels of OrganizationEnergy TransferBiogeochemical CyclesProperties of PopulationsSpecies InteractionsSuccessionTerrestrial & Aquatic EcosystemsHuman Impact
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Levels of Organization
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Ch. 18.2 Ecology of Organisms
Components of an Ecosystem:
Habitat- the place where an organism lives.
Biotic Factors- living parts of the environment.Abiotic Factors- nonliving parts of the environment.
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Organisms in a changing environment:
How organisms survive within a limited range of environmental conditions (abiotic factors):
Tolerance Curve Model
Organisms can adjust their tolerance to the factors by acclimating.
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Control of Internal Conditions:Environments fluctuate in their various abiotic factors. How do organisms respond?
Conformers- do not regulate their internal conditions; depend on their external environment. Example: reptiles
Regulators- use energy to control their internal conditions. Example: mammals
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Escape from Unsuitable Conditions:
1. Organisms only being active during certain parts of the day. Example: Desert animals
2. Dormancy- long term strategy where the organism goes in to a state of inactivity. Example: bears hibernating
3. Migration- organism moving to a more favorable habitat.
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NicheNiche describes the role an organism has within its environment. Examples: conditions the organism can live in; resources it uses; methods it uses to obtain resources; # of offspring it produces; reproduction time; all other interactions with the environment.
Generalists- species with a broad niche. Example: opossum
Specialist- species that have narrow niches. Example: koala, panda
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Chapter 18.3 Energy TransferProducers- organisms that can produce their own food; also called autotrophs. Examples: plants, bacteria, protists.
Bacteria use the process of chemosynthesis; use energy in inorganic molecules to produce carbohydrates.
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Consumers- heterotrophs that must obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
1. Herbivores
2. Carnivores
3. Omnivores
4. DetritivoresDecomposers
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Energy Flow
Trophic Levels represent position of an organism within food chains and food webs.
As steps within a food chain/web increase, only 10% of the available energy is passed to the next organism. Because of the rapid decrease in available energy, trophic levels are limited.
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Ch. 18.4 Ecosystem RecyclingBiogeochemical Cycles- how water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and sulfur pass between living organisms and nonliving structures.
Organisms need these substances to grow and survive, but the substances need to be in a certain form to be useful. The cycles of these substances convert them in to usable forms.
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Water Cycle
-evaporation-transpiration-condensation-precipitation-percolation
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Carbon Cycle
-photosynthesis-cell respiration-decomposition-combustion
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Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Fixation: converting nitrogen gas using bacteria to a usable form (nitrates).
Recycling Nitrogen from Decomposition:1. Ammonification (NH3 to NH4
+)
2. Nitrification (NH4+ to nitrates)
Denitrification (nitrates to N2)
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Phosphorus Cycle