Download - Intro to A& P
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Intro to A& P
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Do Now: Book Form Your Name Your Grade
Text name/author Book # $87 CD Rom $15
Todays Date Your Signature
**When done Bring to instructor
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When blood oxygen levels drop, the kidneys secrete erythropoietin to signal the red bone marrow to increase rbc production. What type of feedback does this illustrate?
1 2
50%50%1. Positive
Feedback2. Negative
Feedback
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Identifying the names of the heart valves is an example of
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25% 25%25%25%1. Anatomy2. Physiology3. Homeostasis4. Pathology
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?
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20% 20% 20%20%20%1. Metabolism2. Composed of
cells3. Respiration4. Homeostasis5. Reproduction
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Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy – study of internal and external structures
Gross Anatomy Surface anatomy Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy Cytology - cells Histology - tissues
Physiology – how organisms and their parts function Cell physiology Special physiology Systemic physiology Pathological Physiology
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Review Characteristics of Life Responsiveness – ability to respond or adapt to
a changing environment Growth – increase in size (multicellular
organisms indiv. Cells become specialized called differentiation)
Reproduction – produce the next generation Movement - internal (transport blood, food),
external (move thru envirn.) Metabolism – chem. Rxns in body including
absorption of materials (ie. Respiration), excretion of waste products, digestion
Cells & Levels of Multicellular Organization Cells-tissues-organ-organ system-organism
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Homeostatic Regulation Homeostatic regulation - adjustments in
physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
Dynamic process in which variable constantly fluctuates around an average value Receptor (Afferent Pathway)–can be stimulated Control Center – processes info from receptor Effectors – respond by either opposing (negative feedback)
or reinforcing (positive feedback) stimulus 2 Types: +/- feedback
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Do Now: Alice’s blood pressure decreases, which
signals aortic receptors of the drop. The brain responds by having artery walls constrict.
What is the result? Which theme does this illustrate? Is it an example of positive or negative
feedback? ID receptor, Afferent pathway, control
center, and efferent pathway, and effector.
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Negative Feedback (most common) Negative Feedback responds by opposing
stimulus Ex. Thermoregulation (heat loss vs. production) Set point for humans is 370C Receptor – skin and related brain cells Control Center – brain Effectors as temp rises above set point
Blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow at surface Sweat glands increase secretion (increase evaporative
cooling) Effectors as temp drops below set point
Blood vessels contract Sweat gland activity decreases
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Positive feedback Positive Feedback - reinforces stimulus,
occurs during drastic events Ex. Blood clotting
Damaged cells release chemicals to increase clotting, more chemicals released to further increase clotting
Ex. Labor delivery Each contraction releases more hormones to
increase each successive contraction Ex. Breast Feeding
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Thirst sensation is a positive feedback system mechanism.
1 2
50%50%1. True2. False
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Organ Systems Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive Systems
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Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position – palms face forward
Supine – lying down face up Prone – lying down face down
Abdominopelvic quadrants – intersect at umbilicus (Note: Right and Left always refer to the subject not the observer)
RUQ LUQRLQ LLQ
Anatomical Directions Anterior – front Posterior – back Ventral – belly side Dorsal – back side (opposite ventral)
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Identify the anatomical quadrant.
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25% 25%25%25%1. Left Upper Quadrant2. Left Lower Quadrant3. Right Upper Quadrant4. Right Lower Quadrant
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Sectional Anatomy Sectional anatomy slices a 3D object
into sectional planes Transverse plane – horizontal slice (cross
section) resulting in superior (above) and inferior (below) sections
Frontal plane (coronal) – lateral slice (side to side) resulting in anterior and posterior sections
Saggittal plane – slice resulting in right and left sections
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Figure 1.9
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Which body plane divides the body into equal halves (mirror images)?
1 2 3
33% 33%33%1. Frontal plane2. Sagittal plane3. Transverse plane
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A body part found in the right upper quadrant is superior to one in the right lower quadrant.
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50%50%1. True2. False
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More Anatomical Terminology Medial – toward body Lateral – away from body Proximal – toward attached base Distal – away from attached base Cranial – head Caudal – tail bone Superficial – close to surface Deep – farther from body surface
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Figure 1.8
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Your elbow is proximal to your hand.
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50%50%1. True2. False
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Which of the following choices would be MOST helpful for describing a wound on the skin?
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25% 25%25%25%1. Proximal2. Cranial3. Deep4. Superficial
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Figure 1.6a
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Figure 1.6b
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What is the common name for the cervicis?
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25% 25%25%25%1. Neck2. Arm3. Hip4. Knee
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The popliteus is the back of the…
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25% 25%25%25%1. Antecubitis2. Carpus3. Axilla4. Patella
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Do Now: Chris got hit by a deer while riding his
motorcycle and sustained the following injuries: Broke bone in his right brachial region Tore ligaments in his cervical and tarsal regions Damaged nerves in his pedal and phallangeal
regions Shattered bones in his carpal region
Explain to him the location of his injuries.
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Body Cavities Body Cavities- function to protect organs
and allow changes in shape and size of organs
Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom) – divided by the diaphragm into a superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity
Viscera – internal organs within cavity Serous membrane lines walls of internal
cavities and surfaces of viscera
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Body Cavities Thoracic Cavity – 3 internal chambers
Pericardial cavity 2 pleural cavities surrounded by pleura
Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal (sup.) – liver, stomach, spleen, sm.
Intestine, most of lg. intestine Pelvic (inf.) – distal lg. intestine, urinary
bladder, reproductive organs
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Figure 1.10