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From Editor 1
Your Voice 2
Main ReportNational Sanitation Conference 2007 3
Welcoming International Year of Sanitation 2008 7
International Year Sanitation 2008 Momentum for Sanitation
Development in Indonesia 10
Insight:Solid Waste and Flood: Correlation of Environmentally Supported
Urban Management Development 12
Sanitation, Health and Handling 15
Plan When Young, Harvest When Mature 17
WSES From Islamic Perspective 20
RegulationsMinisterial Decree of Public Works no. 18/PRT/M2007 on
The Implementation of Water Supply System Development 24
Interview
Nugie: Speaking about Sanitation 26
Our Guest
Creating Clean and Green Surabaya 28
Reportage
Blitar City Zero Waste Management 30
InspirationCreating a Comfortable Public Toilets 32
Reflection
Nursalam's Recycle Workshop: Keep on Going in the Middle of Jakarta 33
Around PLAN 34
Around ISSDP 36
Around WASPOLA 39
Around WSES 42
Programs
Metropolitan Sanitation Management and Health Project (MSMHP) 46
Abstract
Solid waste Process in Piyungan Final Disposal Site (FDS) Through
Recycling and Composting 47
IATPI Clinic 48CD Info 49
Book Info 50
Website Info 51
WSES Library 52
Information Media for Water Supply and
Environmental Sanitation
Published by:Water Supply and Sanitation
Working Group
Advisor:
Director General for Human Settlement,
Department of Public Works
Board of Trustee:
Director of Settlement and Housing, National
Development Planning Agency
Director of Water and Sanitation,
Ministry of Health
Director of Water Supply Development,
Department of Public Works
rector of Natural Resources and Appropriate
Technology, Director General on Village and
Community Empowerment,
Department of Home Affairs
Director for Facilitation of Special Planning
Environment Management,
Department of Home Affairs
Chief Editor:
Oswar Mungkasa
Board of Editor:
Zaenal Nampira,
Indar Parawansa,
Bambang Purwanto
Editor:
Maraita Listyasari, Rheidda Pramudhy,
Raymond Marpaung, Fanny Wedahuditama
Design/Illustrator:
Rudi Kosasih
Production:
Machrudin
Distribution:
Agus Syuhada
Address:
Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat
Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113
http://www.ampl.or.id
e-mail: [email protected]
Unsolicited article or opinion items
are welcome. Please send to our address
or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and
accompanied by identity.Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id
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1Percik
December 2007
In this December edition, Percik
brings to you a number of topics
centred around sanitation issues
due to the International Year of
Sanitation 2008, which is aiming at accel-
erating sanitation development by givingit high priority. Sanitation is an unpopu-
lar topic to be discussed since it is related
to faeces and waste water, which, general-
ly in Indonesia, continuously makes sani-
tation an important issue as human basic
needs.
As mentioned before by state minister
of PPN/Head of Bappenas, Paskah
Suzetta, on the opening of National
Sanitation Conference 2007 in Jakarta,
last November 19-21 November 2007, alarge number of families do not have
access to sanitation facilities due to inter-
nal constraints such as knowledge,
behaviour, and economy, and external
constraints, such as policy framework,
perceptions, gender, and technology.
All these constraints need to be given
high priority and follow-up actions not
only by the community, but also from the
policy makers both from the central and
regional level. This is also to mention the
need of private sector, Non-governmental
organizations, state institutions and
donors.
According to Paskah Suzetta, National
Sanitation Conference 2007 was not
merely held to welcome the international
year of sanitation, which had been decid-
ed by the general assembly of United
Nations Organization on the 4th of
December 2006. Rather, it was because
sanitation has become mutual need of all
stakeholders in improving the quantity
and quality of sanitations services for the
community. Nonetheless, National
Sanitation Conference 2007 can be the
initial momentum for the implementa-
tion of International Year of Sanitation
(IYS) action plan.
This action plan is aimed to initiate
dialogue at all levels in order to obtain
bigger resources allocation commitment
from the government and political lead-
ers regarding sanitation for the poor.
This edition also discusses the role of
the government in sanitation develop-
ment in Indonesia, particularly sanitation
in the big cities. In turn, the successes in
these cities will act as pilot project, which
will be replicated in other regions.
The discussion on sanitation develop-
ment can be read in the Program column
in project investment in environmental
sanitation sector article (Metropolitan
Sanitation Management and Health
Project - MSMHP) funded by ADB and
other resources.
The Interview column presents envi-
ronment ambassador of the Indonesian
state ministry of environment, Nugie,
who is also known as a consistent singer
with environmental themes. However, in
this interview, Nugie, whose full name is
Agustinus Gusti Nugroho, will not speak
about environment in the broader sense.
Rather, he will speak about sanitation.
This younger brother of Katon Bagaskara,
also a singer, will speak about sanitation
condition in Indonesia and his experi-
ences so far, being a singer, in perceiving
sanitation among the community.
As always, for Our Guest column, we
introduce the readers to our profile, the
head of DKP of Surabaya, Ms. Tri
Rismaharini, who succeed in making the
capital of East Java not only clean but
also greener. The leadership and strategy
of Ms. Risma has set an example for many
regional leaders in Indonesia.
Issues around sanitation, whether
nationally and internationally, have
become important for Percik to put as its
main feature in this edition. It is impor-
tant because many stakeholders consider
sanitation development is not strategic,
nor popular, that more strategic plans
needed in order to have concrete follow-
up actions in the future.
On this occasion, all Percik's editorial
staff would like to wish the readers
"Happy New Year 2008". May this year
becomes the year of awareness, and of
healthier and better living. Let us to-
gether develop sanitation with full con-
sciousness and improved behaviour start-
ing with ourselves.
FROM THE EDITOR
Minister of National Development Planning/ Head of National Development Planning Agency, Paskah
Suzetta, Minister of Public Works, Djoko Kirmanto, Minister of Trade Fahmi Idris, Director General for
Human Settlement Agus Widjanarko and Deputy for Infrastructure National Development Planning
Agency Dedy Supriadi Priatna observing the 2007 National Sanitation Expo. Source: Bowo Leksono
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How to subscribe
Greetings,
I am a student at FKM UNEJ, I am
interested with the content of WSES ma-
gazine which I found at the FKM's read-ing room. I want to know further how to
subscribe, and whether it is possible for a
student like me to subscribe?
Dhany Brian
Dhany,
Greetings from Percik. It is possible
for you to obtainPercikMagazine, even
other information media which might be
needed regarding your study. Just send
your full address. Thank you.
Customer's note
Dear editor,
I would like to subscribePercik ma-
gazine by this address: B. Widyarti,
Rumah Organik, Pesona Kayangan blok
DL No. 5 Jl. Margonda Raya Depok, West
Java. Thank you for your attention.Regards,
Rumah Organik
How to obtain books
reviewed in
Book Info Column
Thank you for sending Percik maga-
zine to Environmental Study Centre of
Surabaya University. I am interested with
the books reviewed in the Book Info col-
umn in Percik August 2007 (Go Green
School and Green's Journey). Where can
I get them? Thank you.
Tuani Lidiawati
You are welcome Ms. Tuani.
Unfortunately, not all books informed
through Book Info in the Percik maga-
zine are available at our library.
However, we can help you to copy the if
you are willing.
Request for books
and magazines
Dear Pokja AMPL &Percik magazine
editor,
Regarding the letter from Bappenas
ref. no. 6855/Dt. 6. 3/11/2007 and
5770/Dt. 6. 3/10/2007 with subject on
WSES related books and information
media for water supply and environmen-
tal sanitation (Percik magazine), here-
with, we would like to thank you for the
books and magazines.
However, since these books are seen
important, which then made us distribute
them to ESP's branches in other regions,
as well as the related ESP's divisions
(such as communication division), we
would like to request five copies of the fol-
lowing books:
1. Turn it into friend when difficult to
handle
2. Compilation of WSES related regu-
lations
3. WSES regulation pocket book
As for the Percik's editor, doesn't
Percik publish the English version dan
Percik Junior? It was unfortunate that we
did not receive those two editions. If there
are still some left, is it possible for us to
have them?
Please kindly consider our request
and we thank you for your kind attention.
Sincerely,
Siti Wahyuni
Administratif Associate - Service
Delivery Team
USAID-ESP, Jakarta Indonesia
62 21 7209594 ext 706
Ms. Siti Wahyuni,
We will try our best to meet all of
your queries, and you are very much
welcome.
Request for Magazine
Dear Percik,
I am an international NGO staff, and I
am interested to subscribe Percik maga-
zine after reading one of your customer's
letter on how to subscribe in October edi-
tion. Supposedly my request is granted;
please send it to the following address:
DEDY M. HURUDJI
d/a Jl. Palma No. 07, Wumialo,
Kota Tengah Sub-district,
Gorontalo City 96128
I am looking forward to hear from
you. Thank you
Warm regards,
Dedy M. Hurudji
We will try to fulfil your request.
Thank you.
YOUR VOICE
Created by RudiKosasih
2PercikDecember 2007
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The bell of new round in developing better sanitation
condition has just been rung. It marked the official
opening of National Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007
by state minister of National Development Planning/Head of
National Development Planning Agency, H. Paskah Suzetta, at
Balai Kartini Jakarta, Monday, 19th of November 2007.
NSC was held for three days with "Resources Mobilization to
Accelerate the Sanitation Development" as the theme. The con-
ference involved ministerial level officers, policy makers, donors
and universities.
Other than the head of Bappenas, the opening was attended
by Minister of Public Works, Djoko Kirmanto, Minister of
Industry, Fahmi Idris, Director General of infrastructure,
Bappenas, Dedy Supriadi Priatna.
In his opening remarks, Paskah Suzetta explained that NSC
2007 was not held merely to welcome year 2008 which had been
decided as International Year of Sanitation by the general
assembly of United Nations Organization (UNO), on the 4th ofDecember 2006. Rather, as the mutual need to improve the
quality and quantity of safe access to sanitation for all level of
community.
According to Paskah, on one hand, internal constraint, such
as knowledge, behaviour, and economic have become the reason
of large number of households who do not have safe access to
sanitation facilities. "Meanwhile, external constraints consist of
policy framework, perceptions, gender and technology" said he.
Paskah emphasized that we have to be able to overcome the
issue of inappropriate sanitation. "Reviews need to be conduct-
ed against the sanitation policy and strategy, which has been
implemented so far, and action plan and improvement efforts of
sanitation services for the community need to be formulated"
said he.
Meanwhile, minister of public works, Djoko Kirmanto, in his
keynote speech, explained that the implementation of sanitation
infrastructure in Indonesia is closely related to the concern, re-
gulation, institution, budgeting priority and community aware-
ness.
"Government institutions at district level who are responsi-
ble for sanitation are still overlapping with each other. Even
worse, sometimes there is no institution responsible for sanita-tion sector" said he.
Budget limitation, add Djoko Kirmanto, whether it comes
from APBN or APBD will result in limited budget allocation for
the development of sanitation infrastructure at almost every dis-
trict/city since sanitation has a very low priority.
Djoko continues, the existing regulations and laws in sanita-
tion sector are very often not properly explained or manifested
intoPerda and not publicly socialized to all community. "On the
other hand, regulations and laws still need to be developed in
order to catch up with other sectors, such as water supply, trans-
portation and others" said he.
The NSC 2007 acted as a forum to develop commitment
among stakeholders in order to jointly agree on an integrated
policy, strategy and efforts in sanitation development program.
On the occasion, a sanitation decree was signed by the mi-
nisters, governors, bupati and mayors. The opening of NSC was
then followed by visit a to the sanitation exhibition which was
held at Balai Kartini's lobby. Bowo Leksono
MAIN F EATURE
National Sanitation Conference 2007
Brings Forth National Policyand Strategy
3Percik
December 2007
Minister of National Development Planning/ Head of National Development
Planning Agency, Paskah Suzetta, Minister of Public Works, Djoko Kirmanto,
Minister of Trade Fahmi Idris, Director General for Human Settlement Agus
Widjanarko and Deputy for Infrastructure National Development Planning
Agency Dedy Supriadi Priatna during the opening of the 2007 National
Sanitation Conference. ource: Bowo Leksono
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We acknowledge sanitation as human basic need,
which has important value for dignity and quality
of life. Failure to fulfil it, will results in the increas-
ing of child mortality rate, decreasing welfare, particularly for
women and children, additional financial burden for medical
services, decreasing productivity and increasing poverty, which
ultimately will lead to national economic loss, and last but not
least, degrading the quality of environment as well as polluting
intake resources. Nevertheless, the rate of basic sanitation ser-
vices for more than ten years, 1990-2004, has not been increas-
ing significantly, 45% in 1990 to 67,1% in 2004.
Various efforts have been conducted to fulfil the need of sa-
nitation services according to these principals:
1. Comprehensive and inclusive approach, which consider the
community's practical needs through the formulation of
Mid term investment plan and program sanitation facilities
with proportional joint funding, and to involve the role of
community and private sector effectively.
2. Step-by-step development approach with initial priority on
the intervention of regions with high risk on community's
health.
3. Optimalization of resources allocation, which is sufficient
in supporting healthy and hygienic behaviour at all level of
society.
4. Increase the provision of integrated sanitation facilities forthe city and environmental scale community-based cen-
tralized services (communal and individual).
5. Sustainable financial and institutional arrangement for the
operational and maintenance of sanitation facilities accor-
ding to cost recovery principles.
By using these principles, many programs have been imple-
mented to increase the basic sanitation services to 69,34% in
2006. However, the challenges to achieve MDGs are still enor-
mous and in needs of support and cooperation, and lastly, com-
mintment from all stakeholders.
Herewith, we who signed jointly agree to:
1. Effectively improve the sustainability of sanitation services
and facilities such as domestic waste management, solid
waste and drainage and to develop clean and healthy
behaviour, particularly hygienic behaviour.
2. Together with all stakeholders through partnership, which
involve central and district level institutions, community,
private sector, NGOs, media, universities, financial institu-
tions, and donors, implement the following actions:
a. Determine sanitation as priority sector within the
national and regional development;
b. Develop and support clean and healty behaviour, par-
ticularly hygienic behaviour;
c. Develop sanitation service provision by private sector
and NGOs;
d. Increase regional government capacity in imple-
menting minimum service standard;
e. Support and strengthen existing partnership network
to improve coordination and synergy among stake-
holders.
We encourage governmental institutions at all levels, com-
munity, private sector, NGOs, media, universities, and donors to
work together in increasing the performance of sanitation sec-tor development for the sake of Indonesian society.
Those who signed were:
State Minister of National Development Planning/ Head of
National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), Minister of
Internal Affair, Minister of Public Works, Minister of Health, Minister
of Industry, State Minister of Environment.
MAIN FE ATURE
NATIONAL SANITATION
CONFERENCE JOINT AGREEMENT
Jakarta, November, 19th, 2008
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Since launched in 2006, the government has been inten-
sively and continuously campaigning on the national
movement of hand washing with soap (HWS). The cam-
paign is aimed to have more effective implementation with
broader coverage by obtaining support from all stakeholders
including the private sector.
The campaign is conducted in improving societal health de-
gree through clean and he-
althy living behaviour to-
wards Healthy Indonesia
2010, as one of the Indonesi-
an Human Development
program.
The World Health Orga-
nization (WHO) notes that
diarrhoea and upper respi-
ratory infection are the cau-
ses of most infant and un-
der-five mortality in the
world. Meanwhile, hand
washing with soap is impor-
tant to prevent the spread-
ing of epidemic, such as di-
arrhoea, avian flu, and
typhus.
Furthermore, hand wa-
shing with soap can also help to wash off bacteria, which cause
infection, cheaply and easily, that makes it considered to be the
most effective way to prevent different kind of diseases. In
Indonesia, hand washing with soap helps to reduce infant and
under-five mortality rate, which is currently registered at35/1000 successful birth of 0-12 months and 46/1000 success-
ful birth of under-fives.
On the occasion of National Sanitation Conference 2007, the
government, via Health Department, once again appealed and
encouraged the campaigning on national movement of hand
washing with soap. The encouragement was brought forth in the
form of the improvement of societal healthy behaviour through
public-private partnership for hand washing with soap.
The chief spokesman of KPS-CTPS who is also the director
general of PP & PL, Health Department, dr. I Nyoman Kandun,
MPH described that the improvement societal healthy beha-
viour such as hand washing with soap needs continuous assis-
tance particularly on the community empowerment strategy
towards healthy living. "National movement of hand washing
with soap is the responsibility of all stakeholders particularly
among the component of community" said he.
Health department considers the need to initiate KPS-CTPS
as an effective model of inte-
grated efforts in encouraging
and widen the capability of
the program. Moreover, this
initiative also helps to main-
tain sustainable concerns
towards health issue at the
community and national
level, and to activate private
sector participation, as well as
to combine expertise and
resources from different
stakeholders.
Based on Curtis and
Cairneross's findings in 2003,
hand washing with soap
behaviour may prevent dia-
rrhoea up to 42-47%. The
research concludes that hand
washing with soap is more effective in preventing diarrhoea
compared to only providing infrastructure, such as toilet.
I Nyoman Kandun further explained, in order to improve
hand washing with soap behaviour as an effective way to
decrease the diarrhoea occurrence among children under-fiveyear in Indonesia, a well coordinated communication within the
public-private partnership needs to be done. "It is one thing that
we want to achieve" he confirmed.
Kandun also explained on the ongoing gap and weaknesses
within the implementation, such as the adoption of project
approach instead of sustainable program, the focus of infra-
structure investment over changing behaviour, and insufficiency
of resources allocation of the program. "In addition, the partici-
pation of private sector has not meet both sides expectation"
said he. BW
MAIN FE ATURE
National Sanitation Conference 2007
HAND WASHING WITHSOAP
HAND WASHING BEHAVIOUR IN INDONESIA 2006
Afterdefecation
After helpinga child todefecate
Beforemeal
Beforefeedinga child
Beforepreparing
a meal
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On the second and third day, National Sanitation
Conference (NSC) 2007 held various discussion.
Three themes were brought forth simultaneously in
celebrating the first sanitation feast in Indonesia. The audiences
were free to participate in one of those discussions.
The audiences were expected to have the opportunity to dis-
cuss openly, so that the conference will not stop only at the dis-
cussion of issues but to be interpreted into regional strategic
plans in order to have concrete actions.
One of the themes was "Social Campaign for Sanitation
Development", which presented four key persons whom one of
them was Mayor of Blitar city, Djarot Syaiful Hidayat.
According to Djarot, the development of sanitation in
Indonesia is only perceived as the backyard of our national
development policy. Sanitation is considered to be less impor-
tant because it has no value-added for the local government he
said.
Djarot continues that many stakeholders consider sanitation
development is not strategic and popular. It is different com-
pare to establishing soccer clubs and building skyscrapers and
smooth roads he said.
The event, then, continued with visit to two locations. Firstly,
a visit to Kelurahan Petojo, Central Jakarta, for the communitys
success efforts in building MCK ++, managing solid waste, and
hand washing with soap. Secondly, visit to Lippo Karawaci real
estate for wastewater and drainage system management.
The discussion on Financing Strategy in Sanitation
Development brought vice major of Banjarmasin city, Alwi
Sahlan, as the speaker. According to him, the strategy to achieve
political commitment on sanitation development is by increas-ing the political lobbies towards the legislative and encouraging
public campaign on clean and healthy living behaviour, as well
as community participation in sanitation development.
The political commitment of Banjarmasin city in sanitation
development is shown through the local regulation on solid
waste, rivers and disturbance. In 2007, our city has allocated
Rp. 52 billion for sanitation sector, while in 2008 up to Rp. 60
billion Alwi said.
Meanwhile, other speaker from faculty of economic,
Indonesia University, Bambang S. Brodjonegoro, explained the
importance of sanitation. According to him, sanitation in devel-
oped countries have become public service standard.Local go-
vernment is responsible to provide sanitation services to its po-
pulation by allocating significant sanitation budget said he.
NSC 2007 Excpetations
After a serial of activities for three days, NSC 2007 had come
to an end. Various possibilities regarding sanitation develop-
ment could be done by the participants in their own place.
We Hope that after the NSC 2007, mobilization of resources
towards sanitation development can really take place saidDeputy of Infrastructure, Bappenas, Dedi Supriadi Priatna, dur-
ing the official closing of NSC 2007 in Mawar Ballroom, Balai
Kartini, Jakarta.
Actually, in the end of the event, a panel discussion with
Prof. Emil Salim and Erna Witoelar as the speakers was meant
to be held. However, both speakers were not available due to
their tight schedule. Seemingly, the success of sanitation deve-
lopment is not only the hope of society, but also the decision
makers. May all these become a realization that the development
target, in general, can be achieved. Bowo Leksono
MAIN FE ATURE
National Sanitation Conference 2007
SANITATION DEVELOPMENTIS YET TO BE POPULAR
Minister of national Development Planning/Head of Development Planning
Agency, Paskah Suzetta hit the gong as a sign of the opening of 2007
National Sanitation Conference. Source: Bowo Leksono
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Global condition of sanitation
More than 1.2 billion people in the world have enjoyed safe
access to sanitation in the last 14 years,which means that the
global sanitation service coverage had increased from 49% to
59% during 1990-2004. However, the world is still far from
MDGs sanitation target, to reduce by halve the population with-
out safe access to basic sanitation by 2015. If the trend is not
changing, by 2015 the population without access to basic sanita-
tion will reach 2.6 billion peo-
ple, or equals to 10 times of
current Indonesian populati-
on, where 980 of them are
under-five.
According to World Health
Organization (WHO), around
1,8 million people die each
year, or around 42.000 people
die of diarrhoea, which caused
mainly by poor sanitation and
low quality of health. From
that numbers, the majority of
mortality occurs in Asia, and
90% of the victim are children
under-five, or around 1.5 mil-
lion of under-five. In average,
an under-five dies every 20 seconds.
Meanwhile, the number of school absent also rises. It is esti-
mated that proper sanitation facilities will reduce the mortalityrate of under-five more than one-third. If hygiene promotion is
conducted, such as hand washing with soap, the mortality rate
could be reduced further up to two-third. Proper sanitation also
can accelerate the economic growth and the social development
of the country with high rate of absent working days and school
days caused by diarrhoea. Many schoolgirls prefer to stay home
when having their periods because of the unavailability of clean
and comfortable toilets.
Motivated by this poor sanitation condition, all stakeholders
felt the need to put together efforts to address the problems.
More commitments are needed from all stakeholders, namely
the donors, governments, and NGOs. The United Nations
Organization (UNO) then took the initiative to facilitate the
commitment and to increase large scale awareness.
The History of International Year of Sanitation
The General Assembly of UNO launched the International
Year of Sanitation (IYS) on the 20th of December 2006 based on
the recommendation of UN
Secretary General Advisory
Board of Water and Sa-
nitation (UNSGAB) to
accelerate the improve-
ment of sanitation by gi-
ving special attention.
Sanitation has become a
less interesting subject to
be discussed because it
relates to faeces and waste
water. UNSGAB recom-
mendation was based on
the Hashimoto Action Plan
(HAP), which launched by
UNSGAB in the World
Water Forum IV in March
2006. UNSGAB it self is an independent body, which provide
advices to the Secretary General of UNO on policy, program and
global management action related to water and sanitation. Theaction plan was meant to motivate dialogues at all levels, so that
it could produce commitment towards more resources allocation
for sanitation for the poor from the government and political
leaders.
As the follow up of the recommendation of HAP, IYS plan-
ning meeting was held for the first time on the 7th of May 2007
at the UNICEF office, New York. NGOs, donors & academicians,
development banks & 29 government representatives attended
the meeting to discuss the agenda. One of the output of the
meeting was the targets of IYS.
MAIN FE ATURE
WELCOMING INTERNATIONAL
YEAR OF SANITATION 2008T he first time hearing about international year of sanitation 2008,
many of the reaction is what about sanitation? Is it that important that 2008 need
to be labelled as international year of sanitation? The story behind it will be
explained in this article.
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December 2007
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IYS Targets
The central objective of the Inter-
national Year of Sanitation is to put the
global community on track to achieve the
sanitation MDG. Sanitation is the foun-
dation of health, dignity, and develop-ment. Increased sanitation access espe-
cially for poor people, is fundamental for
reaching all the Millennium Development
Goals. The International Year of Sanitati-
on aims to:
1. Increase awareness and com-
mitment from actors at all levels,
both inside and outside the sector,
on the importance of reaching the
sanitation MDG, including health,
gender equity, education, sustain-
able development, economic and
environmental issues, via compel-
ling and frank communication, ro-
bust monitoring data, and sound
evidence.
2. Mobilize Governments (from na-
tional to local) existing alliances, fi-
nancial institutions, sanitation and
service providers, major groups, the
private sector and UN Agencies via
rapid collaborative agreements on
how and who will undertake needed
steps now.
3. Secure real commitments to
review, develop and implement
effective action to scale up sanitation
programmes and strengthen sanita-
tion policies via the assignment of
clear responsibilities for getting this
done at the national and internatio-
nal levels.
4. Encourage demand driven,
sustainable & traditional solu-
tions, and informed choices by
recognizing the importance of work-
ing from the bottom up with practi-tioners and communities.
5. Secure increased financing to
jump start and sustain progress via
commitments from national budgets
and development partner alloca-
tions.
6. Develop and strengthen insti-
tutional and human capacityvia
recognition at all levels that progress
in sanitation toward the MDGs
MAIN FE ATURE
HAP, which launched by UNSGAB, originally named Compendium of
Actions, but then replaced after the UNSGAB chairman Hashimoto passed
away in 2006. His name is used instead for a tribute to his commitment.
HAP becomes an important result World Water Forum IV and mentioned in
Ministry Decree and Reports.
HAP mentions "your action, your plan" to quickens water and sanitation
means. "Your action" is done by the main actors, while "our action" shows
UNSGAB's commitment to help main actors to overcome challenges and
obstacles in achieving agreed results. UNSGAB has chosen six main themeswhich is funding, water operator partnership, sanitation, monitoring, har-
monized water source management, and water and disaster
Sanitation
In HAP, as a part of the six main themes, sanitation is given special
explanation. Without radical changes, we will not achieve MDG target in
sanitation. Bigger attention and political will is needed. In global level,
the key is advocacy. Regional and sub regional level organizations must
handle fund raising support campaign, marketing, and technology. Water
for Life Decade (2005-2015) is better used to build political commitment
in achieving sanitation targets. To achieve these targets, the following actsneeded to be done:
a. Determining 2008 as the International Year of Sanitation
b. The UN should give yearly sanitations rewards for they who are
involved and significantly contributes in local sanitation services.
c. UN Global Sanitation Conference should be held in the end of Water
for Life Decade to know global achievements.
UNSGAB will encourage donors, related institutions, and governments
to make sanitation a main priority.
HASHIMOTO ACTION PLAN (HAP)
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involves interlinked programs in hygiene, household and
school facilities (such as toilets and washing facilities), and
the collection, treatment and safe reuse or disposal of
wastewater and human excreta. Community mobilization,
the recognition of women's key role and stake, along with
an appropriate mix of "software" and "hardware" interven-tions are essential.
7. Enhance the sustainabilityand therefore the effective-
ness of available sanitation solutions, to enhance health
impacts, social and cultural acceptance, technological and
institutional appropriateness, and the protection of the
environment and natural resources.
8. Promote and capture learning to enhance the evidence
base and knowledge on sanitation which will greatly con-
tribute to the advocacy and increase investments in the sec-
tor.
Focal Point of IYS Implementation
UNO declaration on IYS clearly states that the focal point of
IYS implementation is the Department of Economic and Social
Affairs of UNO secretariat General office (UNDESA). Its task,
beside acting as focal point, also covers proposal development at
all levels, including possible financial resources. In delivering its
tasks, UNDESA works closely with other stakeholders including
UNICEF, WHO, UN-Habitat, The Water Supply & Sanitation
Collaborative Council (WSSCC), the UN Development Program,
UNSGAB, NGOs, private sector, and universities.
IYS launching was held by UNDESA in collaboration with
UN Water Task Force on Sanitation. Complete information re-
garding IYS can be obtained from www.sanitationyear2008.org
or http: //esa.un.org/iys.
The Need of Sanitation Investment
Globally, around 10 billion USD or around 9.5 trillion
Rupiah per year is needed to achieve MDGs sanitation target by
2015. The same amount of investment is needed to provide sa-nitation for all of the world population in 1 or 2 decades after
2105.
The need of sanitation investment is equal to only 1% of glo-
bal military expenses in 2005, or equal to one-third of the total
expenses for bottled water of the world population, or equal to
the total expense of European population for ice cream each
year. Actually, the amount of investment needed for sanitation is
not a big number, but it has big impact for the welfare of the
world population. OM
MAIN FE ATURE
Source: Bowo Leksono
1. Increase awareness and commitment2. Mobilization of local government
3. Ensure Commitment
4. Encourage demand driven, sustainability,
and traditional solutions
5. Ensure increased budget allocation
6. Develop and strengthen the institution and
human capacity
7. Strengthen sustainability
8. Promote and document lesson learned
INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF
SANITATIONS 2008 TARGETS:
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Challenges for Sanitation Develop-
ment
In Indonesia, as well as other coun-
tries, sanitation is included within
the infrastructure domain. Unfortu-
nately, it makes sanitation the step son.
As the step son, sanitation suffers from
insufficient attention. Meanwhile, poor
sanitation management could cause eco-
nomic loss up to 40% and financial loss
up to 2% from the Gross Domestic Pro-
duct (Head of Bappenas, National Sanita-
tion Conference speech), where the total
amount could reach 45 trillion per year.
Ironically, the pendulum of of develop-
ment has not shifted to sanitation.
Looking at the last 30 years, govern-
ments investment for sanitation per year
only reaches up to Rp. 200,- per person
per year. Its just not working. Meanwhile
around 30% of Indonesian population
still do not have access to basic sanitati-
on, which means worse condition com-
pare to other neighbouring countries.
Sanitation Development Impact
As has been noted by WHO, 1 dollar
investment for the improvement of sani-
tation will create economic profit up to 7
dollar (Guy Hutton, WSP-EAP 2007).
Other WSP study noted that investment
as musch as Rp. 47.000,- per person per
year could increase productivity up to
79% and saving on sanitation cost up to19% (Statictic of Sanitation in Indonesia,
WSP 2006).
So, if the awareness of sanitation is
build up, it is possible to have the Indone-
sia Human Development Index (HDI)
improved. No longer in the 41st of 102 de-
veloping countries in 2004, or the 110th
of 117 developing countries (2005), or
108th (2006 & 2007).
IYS Momentum for Indonesia
As the most important initial step in
welcoming United Nations Organizati-
ons (UNO) program, on 19-21 November
2007, a National Sanitation Conference
was held by Bappenas in collaboration
with other stakeholders (government,
NGOs, universities, donors, and pro-
jects). On the occasion, a joint agreementregarding commintment to cooperate to
improve the quality of sanitation was
signed by Head of Bappenas, Minister of
Public Works, Minister of Health, Minis-
ter of Industry, State Minister of Popula-
tion and Environment, and Minister of
Home Affairs.
The main focus of the joint agreement
is to manage waste water, water supply
and to encourage hygiene & health beha-
MAIN FE ATURE
10PercikDecember 2007
INTERNATIONAL YEAR SANITATION
2008 MOMENTUM FOR SANITATION
DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA
Source: Bowo Leksono
As has been noted by
WHO, 1 dollar investment
for the improvement of
sanitation will createeconomic profit up
to 7 dollar
(Guy Hutton,
WSP-EAP 2007).
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viour to all the society. Furthermore, asi-
de from the 6 ministers, 9 governors, 11
mayors, and 5 bupati also signed the joint
agreement. The next step is how to imple-
ment the joint agreement in a clear meas-
ured action plan.The IYS momentum needs to be opti-
mized. Water supply and Environmental
Sanitation (WSES) stakeholders have to
take roles to influence as well as incre-
asing the support for the decision makers
at all levels for sanitation development.
The role of private sector also needs to be
considered. Through Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR), private sector has
become one of the key players.
Equally important is the budget opti-
mization. The increase of grants to sup-
port the sanitation development shouldbe utilized towards the improvement of
community-based services, particularly
for the poor, not the other way around, to
seek profit.
The sound of global partnership must
be heard until the sub district, where the
sanitation services improvement of
MDGs target could be achieved. Now it all
depends on how all stakeholders joint
hands to make it happen, so that maxi-
mum benefit from the sanitation
improvement can be obtained and the
loss caused by poor sanitation can bereduced. If needed, the celebration of
World Water Day (WWD) in this coming
March 2008 could be enriched with sani-
tation themes and even to be the launch-
ing momentum of sanitation day by the
President of Republic Indonesia.
Hopefully.
MAIN FE ATURE
11Percik
December 2007
World MDG 2006 reports show thatsanitation building is making aprogress (on track), especially in devel-
oping countries. But with the current
condition, that still half of developing
countries citizens still haven't have
access to proper sanitation, it is feared
that the target will not be achieved in
time. (The MDGs Report 2006. Page 18-
19, www.un.org/milleniumgoals).
Fortunately the MDGs Report 2007recorded more promising facts, that
the global results are very positive. In
his speech, Secretary General Ban Ki-
Moon stated that "MDGs target are still
achievable as long as we can still coop-
erates, through good governance,
increase in public investment,
strengthened production capacity, and
job demand creation." Slightly auto-
cratic Ki-Moon, which originally from
South Korea, sees the important corre-
lation between achieving MDGs and job
demand creation, an aspect that until
now lays on rhetorical lines. "The
world wants no new promises" says Ki-
Moon. A report released by UN
(www.un.org/milleniumgoals) stated
that 7th goal achievement will need
extraordinary efforts.
MDGs Asia Pacific 2006 report,
released by ADB, UNDP, and UNESCAP
(www.mdgasiapacific.org) places
Indonesia in the red position (means
falling behind, see page 7), as well as
Bangladesh, Laos, Mongolia, PNG,
Myanmar, and Pakistan. Especially for
7th goal, Indonesia is marked with yel-
low boxes for sanitation (urban and vil-
lage) and village water supply, while
urban water supply is marked with anupside down red triangle which mean
off track slow. We were estimated to
achieve our target in 2015, while a
normal triangle means off track-
regressing. In 2007, Indonesia has
improved its position above the
achievement rate for Asia Pacific. But
we are still in the same condition for
the 7th goal.
Slightly different, the MDGs 2007
reports, published in November 2007
by UNDP and Bappenass, sees the
Indonesian MDG achievement positive-
ly (MDGs Indonesia 2007 Report, page
89-93). Shown there that sanitation for
household in urban and villages arealready achieved, but with improper
quality. The target is 65%, with the
base data 1990, but now, we are
exceeding the target with 68% achieve-
ment. (see graphic).
SANITATION AND MDGS
Graphic Legends:------- Proportions of household to proper sanitation facility access (village and urban) (%)------- Proportions of household to proper sanitation facility access (village) (%)------- Proportions of household to proper sanitation facility access (urban) (%)
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The recent flood in Jakarta has
given the picture of the environ-
mental quality change. The
sharp increase rate of rain fall (up to 215-
340 mm), accompanied with unpre-
paredness of proper infrastructure anddecreasing environmental support capa-
city have made the nature phenomenon
seem to be uncontrollable. Even on that
time, 75% of the capital of Indonesia,
Jakarta, was flooded, in several locations
even flooded by 30 cm to 300 cm height.
One of the consistent topic in Jakarta
flood issue is the mounting of solid waste,
which clogs the rivers in Jakarta. As if the
rivers are meant to be the "long garbage".
Accordingly, the planning of solid waste
management system, which is supposedly
a part of city planning, needs to be re-
vised.
The fact that the volume of solid waste
can be controlled, and it is not an abso-
lute value that Jakarta population pro-
duce 2-3 litre of solid waste per person
per day has become an interesting lesson
for urban planner, that the aspect of en-
vironmental support capacity is being
used as the foundation in preparing the
urban infrastructure.
Improving Environmental Support
Capacity
Environmental support capacity is the
capacity of nature or environment to han-
dle and to normalize the impact of given
environmental burden, whether because
of nature activities or human activities.
The environmental support capacity sho-
uld be the benchmark of the city capacity
in absorbing the positive and negative im-
pacts due to ongoing activities.
When the environmental support ca-
pacity can no longer withhold the burden,
the potential damage caused by natural
disaster will increase. This must be over-
come by improving the environmental
support capacity itself, producing fewer
burdens for the environment, or doing
both at the same time. This concept has to
be the foundation of urban development,
which can minimize the loss caused by
nature activities or human. By using this
approach, it is expected that the urban
development can be more structured, dy-
namic, and even controllable when certa-
in changes, both positive and negative,
regarding environmental support capaci-
ty occurs.
Environmental support capacity with-
in the urban development must be trans-
lated to how far the city should be deve-
loped based on the environmental sup-
port capacity it owns. If it is limited, no
INSIGHT
12PercikDecember 2007
SOLID WASTE & FLOOD:Correlation of Environmentally Supported Urban
Management Development
Northern Jakarta (from above view) is potentially deluged. Source: Bowo leksono.
By: Sandhi Eko Bramono, S.T., MEnvEngSc
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more burdens allowed to be added to the environment. Regar-
ding solid waste management, the maximum limit of solid was-
te to be handled in each city based on the current condition
(technology, human resources, and existing organization) is A
m3 per day.
If the volume of solid waste exceeds the maximum limit, it
would be difficult to handle it properly. All of this is because the
environmental support capacity and the current condition can
no longer withhold the burden of solid waste. This, in turn, has
resulted in the form of the piling up of solid waste at the settle-
ment, purposively left-over garbage, and the environmental po-
llution caused by overload capacity of solid waste processing
installation. The piling up of solid waste in river is also caused by
exceeded capacity of environmental support and unavailability
of supportive condition, which can solve the problem. This is the
real picture, the main casue of flood in Jakarta is the bulk of
solid waste that clogs the river flow.
This problem can be overcome by improving the environ-
mental support capacity. In addition, supportive conditions,
such as technology, human resources, management and organi-
zations are needed. Those combinations can be improved to sus-
tain the environmental burden produced by the society.
To achieve it, enormous hard work is needed, where not only
technology could improve environmental support capacity, such
as the utilization of safe and environmentally friendly techno-logy of solid waste processing. Rather, financial resources, ma-
nagement and organization also need to be adjusted to the
recent development. By applying all these efforts, the city's envi-
ronmental support capacity can be improved, which will have
impact on the improvement of city's tolerance rate against the
population growth. The impact, then, is that the local govern-
ment can tolerate the population growth mainly caused by
urbanization.
Environmental Burden Reduction
Beside, improving the environmental support capacity, other
means can be done by decreasing the environmental burden. It
can be decreased by slowing down the population of the city
(which makes the producer of environmental burden become
less) or by decreasing environmental burden of each person
(which makes the rate of environmental degradation slowing
down as the population activities is decreasing). Based on the
approach, the government can determine the volume of solid
waste produce by the population.
The society has to be governed properly to be able to mini-
mize the volume of produced solid waste, or the government has
to support with all infrastructure needed to prevent the over
produced solid waste (such as the recycle program policy). Even
with this approach, it is possible for the government to compare
the rate of produced solid waste. Regarding this issue, the term
"pull and generate", which describe one activity caused by otheractivity is the best example to describe the above statement.
Even though the number of population has been increasing,
the volume of produced solid waste can be decreased. This ap-
proach can cause new formulation towards the limitation of po-
tential solid waste generation infrastructure development. For
example, formulation to generate solid waste generation per m3
in commercial area. By having this number, the government can
limit the allowed mall within the city because it can generate so-
lid waste up to B litre/person/day.
Another example is the limitation of industrial area development
based on the coefficient that shows that each m2 of industrial area
can generate solid waste up to C litre/person/day. These numbers
will confirm the decision of the local government, for example, in
determining the amount of green space to be developed within the
city, the number of parking infrastructure to be provided, the maxi-
mum number of gas station to be built within the city, etc.
The approach will help the local government to identify how
far the city still can be developed and when it has to be slowed
INSIGHT
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December 2007
Source: Bowo Leksono.
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down or even stopped temporarily. All of
these will help to maintain the generation
of waste on the street & rivers, which are
the main cause of flood up to the rejection
of local community on the existence of
solid waste processing installation.
Furthermore, the local government
can also identify the need of investment.
How many investment has to be delivered
each year for the infrastructure of water
supply, waste water, solid waste, road,
commercial, industrial, and etc. The
investment of local government will be
more focus, efficient and the city manage-
ment can be directed and controlled as
expected by the local government.
The Combination of Environmental
Support Capacity & Environmental
Burden
The increase of environmental sup-
port capacity and the decrease of environ-
mental burden are likely to generate a
controlled and sustained urban manage-
ment. The implementation of this willalso increase the comfortability and secu-
rity of the society living within the city.
Furthermore, the city can provide more
space for more population.
Of course this is too idealistic to be
happened. City can be more tolerant in
receiving new urbanization without fear
of problems with feasible water supply,
unprocessed wastewater or pollution,
which affect the health of respiratory sys-
tem. City can be grown to become a
decent city.
When this limit is exceeded, the gov-
ernment has to slow down the ongoing
development to decrease the environ-
mental burden or to provide new techno-
logical input, which support the citys
environmental support or to do both.
After the city reaches a new equilibrium,
the activity can continue to carry on. One
of many efforts to slow down the rate of
urbanization is by encouraging the role of
central government to provide economic
pull factor in other cities that they cangenerate urbanization to other cities,
which, in turn, provide distribution of
population in other cities.
Within this approach, it can be seen
that the growth of city can be controlled
better. The local government will know
for sure when the development has to be
implemented with high acceleration,
slowed down or stopped temporarily. The
general picture of investment cost, which
needed by the government, can be pre-
dicted accurately with the efficiency and
efficacy of budget allocation as the conse-
quence. The issue of flood, limited access
of water supply, communitys rejection on
final waste disposal facility. Will no
longer happen, because all infrastructure
have been planned according to the
capacity & operated according to its
capacity.
The flood that threatens Jakarta is
expected to be handled properly in years
to come. Many times the nature factor is
difficult to be handled, such as rain inten-sity. However, supportive infrastructure
factors, such as feasible drainage system,
proper solid waste facility, that makes
Jakartas rivers free from the solid waste
are important to minimize the potential
flood in the coming years.
Beside that, the aspect of social, econ-
omy, security, politic, and cultural of the
city can be designed accurately, so that
the government can control their own
city. Probably Jakarta will be the first city
in the world to implement this approach.
God Speed!
The writer is staff of sub directorate of
policy & strategy, directorate of program,
Department of Public Works. Currently regis-
tered as doctorate candidate in the
Environmental Science & Engineering,
National University of Singapore (NUS),
Singapore. [email protected]
INSIGHT
14PercikDecember 2007
Source: Bowo Leksono.
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The emergence of various diseases such as muntaber,
diarrhoea, malaria, TBC and even lepra cannot be sepa-
rated from the condition of environment it self. Espe-
cially in Indonesia that has two seasons, dry and wet season, the
risk is getting higher unless sanitation issue are handled serious-
ly. In wet season, the unavailability of proper drainage has cau-
sed many small ponds where mosquitoes breed. Mosquitoes
existence have made malaria disease to emerge resulting in
deaths. More over, the problem of water supply which never
ends. The flood, which has haunted Jakarta every year has deep
impact to the city's population. The flood has not only brought
mosquitoes embryos which are ready to hatch, but also create
worse problem, starting from refuge and facility which do not
ensure the health.
The same happens in rainy season. For a city as big as Jakar-
ta, without preparation it will suffer from difficulty of water, and
the increase of solid waste clogging the river.
Small ponds in the river and drainage are potential place for
the mosquitoes to breed. Sometimes in a very large number. The
problem is mosquito will live anywhere and its brings bacteria
and virus, which cause contamination.
The environmental degradation caused by poor sanitation is
worsened by the shortage of healthy septic tank.
Based on data of year 2000, there were 31% household with-
out septic tank facility, 26% without access to sanitation facility,
19% using public facility. Meanwhile only 23% own private sep-
tic tank, and 1% with qualify average system. This is not to mention
the shortage of basic sanitation needs in from water supply, waste
water handling drainage and solid waste processing in Indonesia, as
stated by Director of settlement and housing, Basah Hernowo, (Kom-
pas, Aug, 2007 ), there is no waste water facility, septic tank are being
pumped out to be dumped else where. In addition, most of the septic
tank are not qualified. The environmental condition of Jakarta as well
as other cities in Indonesia faces similar problem. Poor urban mana-
gement, particularly sanitation, is influenced by the unavailability of
clear and sustainable concept from the government and the low awa-
reness of clean and healthy living behaviour among the community.
Real Impact
In Indonesia, environmental basis diseases are still the main
cause of deaths. This is reflected through a research in 1995 as
done by Slamet Riyadi M.S. who revealed the rank and contribu-
tion of the diseases on the cause of deaths. Acute respiratory
infection disease is on the second place and contribute 15,7% of
total deaths. Diarrhoea, on the 3rd place, contribute 9,6% of
total deaths. TBC, on 4th places, contribute 7,4% of total deaths.
In total, environmental basis disease contribute 33% or one
third of total deaths of all ages category.
In under-five category, the cause of deaths pattern is even
higher. The first rank is occupied by ISPA, which contribute to33% of deaths. The second rank occupied by diarrhoea, which
contribute to 15,3% of deaths. Meanwhile, parasite infection
occupies the third rank, by contribute 6,3% death. In total, envi-
ronmental based diseases contribute up to 52,4% or more than
half of under five mortality.
The environmental based diseases still become the main pa-
ttern of illness of Indonesia population. The result of research in
1995 shows that the ISPA, skin, diarrhoea and TBC contribute
cumulatively up to 44% on the infant and under five category,
environmental based diseases contribute to more than 80%
INSIGHT
15Percik
December 2007
Sanitation, Health and
HandlingBy Imam Muhtarom
Dirty rivers are often found in big cities.
Source: Bowo Leksono.
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from diseases suffer by infant and under
five in Indonesia.
Prevention
Healthy environmental maintenance
can be initiated with conventional con-cept, starting from prevention, including
primary preventative efforts, which
emphasizes on early prevention of dis-
ease, aimed mainly to delay the multiply-
ing and contamination and human con-
tact with agent vector or risk factories
related to disease (such as pathogens bac-
teria, vector and pollutant). For example,
the provision of sanitary toilets is very
effective to break the contamination cycle
and the multiplicity of diarrhoea bacteria
against the water or food source. Hand
washing using clean water and soap also
quite effective to break the bacterial
infection cycle. The same thing applies
for the water chlorination; it reduces the
regeneration of pathogen bacteria. These
three efforts can be the simple method to
reduce the risk of the emergence of "peo-
ple" disease.
Several studies by Esrey and friends
(1985-1991), reports that water supply
intervention can reduce the incident of
diarrhoea disease around 17-27%.
Meanwhile, several studies by Esrey and
Daniel (1990) on the impact of toilet pro-
vision towards the reduction of diarrhoea
prevalence produces consistent result 22-
24%. The same result is also shown from
the study by Esrey and friends (1985-
1991) on the intervention of hand wash-
ing habit. It can reduce the the diarrhoea
prevalence up to 33%. If these three
efforts are being implemented simultane-
ously, it is possible to prevent the diar-
rhoea disease cause by microbe.
The government as the policy makershould take basic, responsive, progressive
and comprehensive intervention steps,
which consist of promotive, preventive,
curative, and rehabilitative efforts
regarding the environmental health.
However, the concept should not exclude
community as its basis. For that, commu-
nity participation needs to be encouraged
based on these principles:
1. Develop sense of belonging as the
foundation of community participa-
tion;
2. Delegation of management and
responsibility of program to the
community
3. Based on community needs
Environmental health, which is one of
the primary prevention efforts should be
prioritized on cheap environmental
health activities, which give large scale
impact; and become the internationalcommitment for the achievement of uni-
versal access. Based on the above studies
and discussions, several environmental
health activities can be incorporated
within the environmental health program
activities, such as:
1. Breaking the contamination cycle of
environmental-based diseases:
a. The availability of cheap and easy to
understand information on environ-
mental health for households/fa-
mily/patient in every sanitation clin-
ic/Puskesmas;
b. Outreach proactive activities
House visits in term of sanitation
inspection to the victim family.
Sample obtainment of polluted
water for laboratorial test. Provision
of chorine for the polluted water.
2. Community empowerment, so that
they can be involved in the environ-mental health activities
a. Mini workshop at puskesmas or sub
district office on environmental
health/sanitation weekend;
b. Workshop at the village level on the
formulation of the community
action plan.
*Geology expert, lives in Jakarta
INSIGHT
16PercikDecember 2007
Diarrheal victim which mastly are children under five during diarrheal epidemic
in Tangerang district. Source: Bowo Leksono.
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In facing the challenges of the 21st
century, education must be able to
change its paradigm from the frag-
mented approach to ecological approach,
which puts education within an interre-
lated ecological context. The occurrenceof recent natural disasters, which caused
by irresponsible hands, thoughts and
minds, have made us realize that educa-
tion should be able to facilitate the bal-
ance between human lives in the world.
It is an obligation to motivate aware-
ness of students on the 21st century's way
of life, which consist of heterogenic com-
munity lifestyles and enormous problems
related to polluted environmental, con-
flict, wars and poverty. In approaching
holistically the various aspect of social,
environmental and economy the concept,
of education for sustainable development
is introduced. This concept transforms
the potential of students to be able to solve
the problems of life related to environmen-
tal, partnership, respect and global un-derstanding issues, which rests on three pil-
lars, society, environment, and economy.
In line with it, the issue of millennium
development goals emerges. It aims to
tackle the problems faced by the develop-
ing countries, which are related to inade-
quate education, and poverty, illiteracy,
and environmental degradation. Edu-
cation turns out to be the "hope", which
gives a major contribution towards the
ecological awareness, as the solution of
the current humanity problems.
Kecil Menanam Dewasa memanen
(KMDM) and the Role Education
According to hyland (1994), the cur-
riculum needed for the 21st century is the
curriculum, which incorporates existingvalue and adopted by its society, such as
transparency, futurist, democratic, and
provides life opportunity in every aspects.
Of course these conditions are already
incorporated into the official document of
curriculum, which was socialized in
2006. Education unit level curriculum, as
it called, have given the authority to the
school head master to manage the pro-
cess of learning according to their local
context, which aims at educating the stu-dent to become a complete human.
The national education goals is to cre-
ate spiritually, academically, physically,
emotionally, socially and creative stu-
dents. "National education aims to devel-
op and shape the character and dignified
civilization towards intelligence nation;
responsible of the development of the
student's potential towards a faithfull,
kind, healthy, knowledgeable, smart, cre-
ative, independent person and becoming
responsible and democratic citizen" (Bill
of Education System No. 20/2003, chap-
ter II article 3).
PYHM is an education program
regarding virtues, which must be applied
through our education system. The role of
education, ideally, should be able to
address the various problems, which
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December 2007
"PLAN WHEN YOUNG, HARVEST WHEN MATURE"
AND THE ROLE OF TEACHER IN MOTIVATING
STUDENTS SINCE EARLY STAGEBy Dewi Utama Faizah* *
Raberas National Elementary School, Sumbawa Besar located in a coarse area. Through the school
citizens green fingers, this school has turned intogreen school. Source: Bowo Leksono.
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exists among the society. Environmental
& conservation problems have become an
extraordinary problem in relation to the
need to apply the educational virtues.
We must seek solution from the com-
bination between system approach andindividual approach, which focuses on
how KMDM as a system focusing on envi-
ronmental and conservation education
can be integrated into all learning aspects
in school. Let's not treat KMDM as an
attachment program, which is often dis-
appear along the social phenomenon
rush.
Role of Teachers
Learning from Japan, where its edu-
cation system succeeds in motivating allstudents from kindergarten and elemen-
tary level to behave friendly to the envi-
ronment; its success is closely related to
the local genius (wisdom), which they
adopt in their everyday life tradition since
the kindergarten level. Students have sunk
their feet into the paddy field near their
school. Their hands race to plant seeds
from their mother's kitchen. There are pad-
dy, various peanuts seeds, cassava, which
of they plant since early age. Their small
feets also run on the riverside to sow fishes.
"Mori wa umi no koibito" (the forest
is the sea's lover). That is the title of a
non-fiction novel, which is compulsory
for the elementary student. They are
being encouraged to think "meta cogni-
tively" to be able to capture the essence of
their own efforts they have done since
they were in kindergarten.
It means that how far a curriculum
able to contribute positive impact within
each student and beyond curriculum is
the goal of the education itself.
Bronfenbrenner says that the growth
of children is influenced by micro system
context (family, school, & friends),
mesosystem context (the relation of
school and family, school and friends,
friends and individual), ecosystem con-
text (parents' social background and gov-
ernment policy), and macro system(influence of cultural, norm, religion and
social environment, where the child is
grown). It means that the KMDM activi-
ties should be done holistically.
KMDM Must be integrated into the
Learning Process
The integration term is used to
emphasize three important aspects in
learning process, which are to think, to
feel and to act; these is known as the threepillars pf taxonomy bloom (cognitive,
affective, and psychomotor). To think
means what we are learning; to feel
means what we learn; and to act means
experience of acting and not only through
discussion about what has been learned.
To integrate the values of PYHM with-
in learning activity is a process where the
students with the nature, where the stu-
dents are forced to do real practices with
their environment. The concept of envi-ronmentally based education had been
applied long before the independency of
Indonesia. The local context, which was
adopted by multi ethnic in Indonesia, had
given significant contribution in the edu-
cation development in the past.
The philosophy of "nature are meant
to be the teacher", which was adopted by
the community of Minangkabau, or the
irrigation system, Subak, in bali, or Bduy
tribe, who have survived their unique tra-dition in conserving the nature, have
made us realize, that the local genius is
something worthy to be our lessons
learned.
KMDM is not a subject, rather, it is a
part of every subject. KMDM is a part that
fill the academic life and social life of
every student/child. KMDM can be
brought forward in concrete action, such
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18PercikDecember 2007
Sumbawa Garden a la Raberas National Elementary School. Evergrew bt trees, dills and fish pond.
Source: Dewi Utama Faizah.
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as green school, which involves responsibil-
ity, respect, and cooperation. (iii) KMDM is
an education to act. KMDM can take place
in discussion forums and simulations.
However, we must remember our nation-
al education objective: "to develop thepotential of our students in becoming
faithful, thoughtful, healthy, knowledge-
able, creative, independent being and to
be democratic & responsible citizen".
Positive school environment will
develop KMDM program. Again, the
needed teachers are teachers who are
aware of their roles as the good example
and leader to their students. It means that
the needed teachers are teachers who
concern about the environment; Willingto encourage their students to do garden-
ing while studying math, language and
science; Ask their students to go to the
school garden to maintain and observe it
as a part of source of learning inspiration.
This is the model of teacher who can cre-
ate positive atmosphere and condition in
teaching.
KMDM must be supported by school
policies and concrete practices. School
administration posses significant influ-
ence in determining the school environ-ment. If teachers as expected model can
encourage and create character of their
students, then the school policies will
strengthen the school community as
social miniature of socializing, if the
school succeed in developing school com-
munity with strong character, then it
would be the benchmarks, which can be
the indicator to evaluate the regional
progress.
Empowering teachers to Promote
KMDM
Teachers as the decision maker can
establish partnership with parents and
community in the neighbourhood. This is
a part of the autonomous and wise
teacher's function. Therefore, knowledge
and understanding of KMDM program
will be developed within the student
internally since early stage.
Meanwhile, the role of community is
an important partner in developingKMDMin the future. Indonesia as a multi
ethnic nation needs a comprehensive
approach to be able to contribute to the
success of the KMDMprogram. To plant
the environmental values as the norm of
Indonesian culture is the basis of our
efforts.
Developing collective moral in educa-
tion world so that the children care about
the world they are living in is a struggle to
maintain the existence of nation civiliza-tion. The success of school in creating
students is the social capital of nation in
developing its civilization.
The integrated KMDMis not a tricky
education, which can be tested on a piece
of paper. It needs a continuous process. It
needs a space to be implemented, a socie-
ty. For that, the role of community must
be involved in assisting the school to
develop its students' character. This is
what will develop the human resources
quality as the product of school and soci-
ety.
"Hi wa manako, koku wa kokero,
kaze wa iki, umi yama kakete, wajani
narikeri". The sun is our vision, the blue
sky is our heart, the wind is our breath of
life, the sea and the mountain are our
body. It is a magnificent inspiration about
the universe with highly spiritually values
in the essence of their education as
Japanese.
* staff of directirate of kindergarten and ele-
mentary school, department of national education,
Member of Pokja AMPL
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19Percik
December 2007
Green school inspires all the school citizens. Source: Dewi Utama Faizah.
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One of the comprehensive book to
explain the Islamic perspective
on the management of water
supply and environmental sanitation is
Water Management is Islam, edited by
Naser Faruqui, Asit Diswas and Murad
Bino published by the International
Development Research (IDRC) and the
United Nations University Press.The book explains the Islamic per-
spective towards several water manage-
ment policies, such as tariff, water con-
servation, wastewater utilization, com-
munity-based water management and so
forth. Even though later on it was realized
that one of the weakness is the fact that
the workshop only attended by intellec-
tual and stakeholders without involving
the Ulama- based on the discussion's
results and interpretation of participants
of water supply management in Islamic
countries, which held in Amman, Yor-
dania, in December 1998.
This article tries to summarize impor-
tant conclusion from the book with sever-
al additional information from othersources. There are still controversies on
several issue within the book; However,
based on the spirit of "diversity is a bless-
ing", we presents this article. May the
moment of Islamic new years 1429
Hijriah and the International Year of
Sanitation make this article become
meaningful.
Water as a Basic Need
It is realized that in Islam, the relation
of human and water is very close. Human
responsible of the welfare of other crea-
tures and it is believed that water is the
most precious resource that is needed by
all living creatures. This is clearly states
in Al-Qur'an and Hadits.
Ma' as the translation of water inArabic language is mentioned for 63
times and revealed for hundreds of time
in the Hadits (a document that summa-
rizes the spoken word and behaviour of
prophet Muhammad SAW). The relation
between life and water is clearly
explained in several verses, such as "We
made from water every living thing"
(Qur'an 21:30), and "And Allah has sent
down the water from the sky and there-
with gave life to the earth after its death"
(Qur'an 16:65).
Water is the main public good and the
basic right according to Islam, and
prophet Muhammad SAW also en-
courages conservation of water. Islam has
determined the priority of water alloca-
tion for (i) the basic need of human; (ii)
the "ternak"; and (iii) irrigation. Islam
emphasizes the importance of full filling
the human basic need of water. Islamic
law clearly applies the consequences of
those who destroy the water condition.
Social Justice
Every Muslim believes that to guaran-
tee social justice or equality within the
society is the main pillar in Islam. One of
the famous Hadits is "None of you will
have faith till he wishes for his (Muslim)
brother what he likes for himself" (Al-
Bukhari). Trully, this is related to, among
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20PercikDecember 2007
WATER SUPPLY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
FROM ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
Source: Bowo Leksono.
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other, the availability of water as a basic
need. A Muslim should not save up the
excess of water; rather, a Muslim should
let the community to use it as the fulfil-
ment of basic need. Muhammad SAW
emphasizes, that there are the kind of
people who will be avoided by Allah on
the resurrection day, that is "a man [who]
possessed superfluous water on a way
and he withheld it from the travellers"
(Al-Bukhari).
Water as a basic need has made every
person has the right to obtain it according
to each portion is emphasized in the
Hadits, which makes the water as the
resources that belongs to everyone,
whether rich or poor, "Muslims have
common share in three things: grass(pasture), water and fire (fuel)" (Abu
Dawood). One of the example commonly
discussed is when prophet Muhammad
SAW advices to Usman (later on known
as the third Khafilah) to buy a well and
permits everyone to freely take the water
from it.
The Principle of Clean and Healthy
Living
The principle of clean and healthy li-
ving behaviour also receives attention
from prophet Muhammad SAW. He
reminds us not to let food and water
served without cover. Aisha, prophet's
wife, said "I always prepare for the
prophet at night three covered container
filled with water. One for Wudhu, one for
brushing teeth, and one for drinking".
Further, hand washing before and after a
meal is always done by the prophet.
Management of Water NeedsThe management of water needs is
discussed in two approaches, non-eco-
nomic aand economic approach. Non-
economic approach covers issues of water
conservation and reuse of wastewater. As
for the economic approach, it covers the
issues of rights and water ownership, and
also cost recovery.
Water and Environmental Conser-
vation
In daily life, I is compulsory for the
Muslims to be in clean state, spiritually
and physically. Body cleansing is donethrough bathing and wudhu using water.
This makes the purity and cleanliness of
water as the main concern in Islam.
Muslims are advised to not pollute the
water. Prophet Muhammad SAW states
that "Let no one of you urinate in stag-
nant water" (Ibn Majah).
The responsibility to safeguarding the
purity and the availability of water makes
conservation a clear and determined con-
cept in Islamic education. Not being over
reacting is a concrete wisdom. This must
be applied towards all aspects of life. The
balance between the individual's needs
and the community's should become col-
lective concerns. It is clearly stated in Al-
Qur'an that (i) the availability of water is
not changing, thus, it should be managed
well, "And we send down water from the
sky in fixed measure" (Qur'an 23:18); and
(ii) not to be wasted, "O Children of
Adam! . . . Eat and drink: But waste not
by excess, for God loveth not the wasters"
(Qur'an 7:31), "the squanders were even
brothers of the devils, and the devil was
even ungrateful to his God" (Qur'an17:27).
Prhophet Muhammad SAW himself
always emphasized not to waste water for
nothing. Muslims are warned to use
water respectively, even when it is avail-
able in large quantity. This already set as
an example by prophet Muhammad by
using only 2/3 litre of water for wudhu,
and 2 to 3.5 litre of water for bathing.
In general, it can be concluded that it
is forbidden to urinate or defect straight
into the waters sources, pond/lake, or
water used for bathing. This restriction,
beside considering the purity of water, is
also aimed to the prevention of diseases.
The concept of restriction to urinate,
defect into water sources, pond/lake and
water for bathing purposes can be
extended into to all dirty water that pol-
lute the environment and provide nega-
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December 2007
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tive impact on human health, including
animal and plants. God has spoken in the
Qur'an "Do not corrupt the earth after it
has been set in order" (Qur'an 7:56).
Regarding the environmental conser-
vation, there are several famous Hadits,
"When the judgement day has come, and
you hand is still holding Korma seed, plan
it" (HR Ahmad). It shows that the aware-
ness of environment is still going to be
our concern, even though the end of the
world is near.
Reutilization of Wastewater
Islam does not prohibit the use of
wastewater, as long as it has been
processed, so that it is safe to be used. Theimplication is the management of water
needs, which indicate that, the govern-
ment should focus on the management of
water needs, rather than increasing sup-
ply that is already difficult and expensive.
Islam support this , as prophet
Muhammad SAW had stated the impor-
tance of using water wisely.
Rights and Ownership of Water
In Islam, water is considered as a gift
from God. Consequently, no individual
literary owns water. Human is the
guardian of water and other resources,
which in overall owned by the communi-
ty. However, almost all Muslims intellec-
tuals argue that individual or group
reserve the rights to sell and to take back
the cost of management.