Interaction17 Feb. 8, 2017
Designing to Combat Misinformation
Chelsey Delaney Director of Digital User Experience, Planned Parenthood Federation of America
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Digital Product Lab
DISCLAIMER
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Designing to Combat Misinformation | Interaction17
Misinformation The action of misinforming or condition of being misinformed; false or incorrect information with neutral intent
Disinformation The action of disseminating deliberately false information; intentionally false or misleading information
Propaganda Biased information used to promote a political cause or point of view; information can be false or true
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Designing to Combat Misinformation | Interaction17
Misinformation The action of misinforming or condition of being misinformed; false or incorrect information with neutral intent
Disinformation The action of disseminating deliberately false information; intentionally false or misleading information
Propaganda Biased information used to promote a political cause or point of view; information can be false or true
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Designing to Combat Misinformation | Interaction17
Misinformation The action of misinforming or condition of being misinformed; false or incorrect information with neutral intent
Disinformation The action of disseminating deliberately false information; intentionally false or misleading information
Propaganda Biased information used to promote a political cause or point of view; information can be false or true
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1920 x 1020
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Misinformation is nothing new.
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The state of digital data and information.
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Typical users. • Weak search and research skills. • Lack of focus. • Lack of patience. • Only refine search strategy 1% of the time. • Insufficient judgment around relevant vs.
irrelevant results and information.
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Ironically, the better search gets, the more dangerous it gets as people increasingly assume that whatever the search engine coughs up must be the answer … It’s sad to think of the vast number of patients who get misleading medical guidance from the Internet because the main search engines currently prioritize popular sites instead of useful ones … We must design for the way the world is, not the way we wish it were.
- Jakob Nielsen
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GOOB Getting out of the building is now getting out of the bubble.
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1 2 3Components of Misinformation
How Misinformation Happens
General Tips for Debunking Myths by Design
1 2 3Components of Misinformation
How Misinformation Happens
General Tips for Debunking Myths by Design
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Piece of Digital Information orMisinformation
Components of misinformation
Homogenous cluster
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Components of misinformation
Homogenous cluster
Echo chamber
Piece of Digital Information orMisinformation
Piece of Digital Information orMisinformation
Piece of Digital Information orMisinformation
Piece of Digital Information orMisinformation
Piece of Digital Information orMisinformation
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Components of misinformation
Homogenous cluster
Echo chamber
PolarizationPiece of Digital Information orMisinformation
Piece of Digital Information orMisinformation
Piece of Digital Information orMisinformation
Piece of Digital Information orMisinformation
Piece of Digital Information orMisinformation
Piece of Digital Information orMisinformation
Piece of Digital Information orMisinformation
Piece of Digital Information orMisinformation
1 2 3Components of Misinformation
How Misinformation Happens
General Tips for Debunking Myths by Design
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1. Exposure 2. Oversimplification 3. Worldview
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How Misinformation Happens
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Mere-exposure effect Effect by which people develop a preference for things because they become familiar with them.
Familiarity backfire effect Effect by which familiarity increases the chances of people accepting information as true.
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Exposure
HOW MISINFORMATION HAPPENS
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Occam’s razor Philosophic principle that asserts the simplest argument or hypothesis is what is preferred.
Overkill backfire effect Effect by which less information and information that is easier to process is more likely to be accepted as true.
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HOW MISINFORMATION HAPPENS
Oversimplification
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Confirmation bias Tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs.
Worldview backfire effect Effect by which facts and counter-arguments to a person’s strongly held beliefs only serve to reinforce those beliefs.
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HOW MISINFORMATION HAPPENS
Worldview
Case Study: Spot On.
Spot On is a birth control and period tracking mobile app for Android and iOS that empowers users to understand and manage their birth control method, period and cycle.
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41% of unintended pregnancies are
a result of inconsistent or incorrect birth control use
5% of unintended pregnancies occur
for those who use birth control consistently
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Design principles and vision
Medically accurate
Educational and informative
Gender neutral and inclusive
Genuine and fun
Supportive and non-judgmental
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DAY 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 181 2219 20 21 23
1. First priority message
2. Second priority message
3. Third priority message
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DISPLAY
1. Input
your info
1. Input
your info
2. Get your
ovulation
test ready!
Fertile
window is
starting
soon
1. Fertile
day!
2. Input
your info 1. Your
fertile is
closing!
Until next
time...
2. Input
your info
1. Input
your info
1. Input
your info
2. Unless
your
pregnant,
your period
is on its way!
1. Input
your info
1. Input
your info
1. Fertile
window!
2. Ovulation
test?
3. Input
your info
1. Fertile
day!
2. Ovulation
test?
3. Input
your info
1. Fertile
day!
2. Ovulation
test?
3. Input
your info
1. Fertile
day!
2. Ovulation
test?
3. Input
your info
1. Fertile
day!
2. Ovulation
test?
3. Input
your info
1. Fertile
day!
2. Ovulation
test?
3. Input
your info
1. Peak
fertile day!
2. Ovulation
test?
3. Input
your info
1. Peak
fertile day!
2. Ovulation
test?
3. Input
your info
1. Fertile
day!
2. Ovulation
test?
3. Input
your info
1. Fertile
day!
2. Ovulation
test?
3. Input
your info
1. Fertile
day!
2. Ovulation
test?
3. Input
your info
1. Input
your info
1. Input
your info
1. Input
your info
1. Input
your info
2. (Period)
1. Input
your info
2. (Period)
PREGNANCY CYCLE EXAMPLE (NO CALENDAR METHOD APPLIED)
COMMENTS
Period / Start of cycle Could be fertile Fertile window All clear
Ovulation
Period / Start of cycle
CM data not available during menstruation. BBT
will drop slowly / remain relatively stable during
menstruation. Majority of the time, women’s
temperatures will be 97.0-97.7 in the follicular
phase.
For BBT-only
users, these
days
(pre-ovulatory)
would also be
considered
fertile.
BBT signals the start of ovulation with a temperature rise
of at least .4 degrees.
Sometimes, this temperature rise can be predicted by a
temperature fall of at least .2 degrees the day prior
(shown here).
Fertile period ends three days after the start of ovulation.
CM
STANDARD DAYS
OVULATION TEST
BBT
CM (TWO-DAY METHOD)
• Dry, scarce
• Cloudy, sticky
• Wet, stretchy, slippery
• Thick, sticky
Circles represent beads.
Red = Start of period
Blue = Pregnancy unlikely
Orange = Fertile days
• Negative (-)
• Positive (+)
• Unclear
Did I notice secretions today?
98.3
98.2
98.1
98.0
97.9
97.8
97.7
97.6
97.5
97.4
97.3
97.2
97.1
97.0
(Period)
(Period)
(Period)
(-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-)(+) (+)
(Period)
Did I notice secretions yesterday? NO
`
97.8
97.7 97.7
97.6
97.5
97.4
97.5
97.7
97.6 97.6
97.5
97.4
97.5
97.2
97.8 97.8 97.8 97.8
97.9 97.9 97.9
98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0
98.1 98.1
(Period) (Period) (Period) (Period) (Period)
DRY THICK, STICKY
DRYDRYDRYDRYDRYDRYDRYDRYDRYDRY
NO NO NOYES
YESNONO
YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NONO
YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO
WET, STRETCHY,SLIPPERY
CLOUDY, STICKY
(Period)
(Period)
FERTILE WINDOW
Temperatures are typically higher in the luteal phase:
97.8 - 98.3
Upon further investigation …
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Designing to Combat Misinformation | Interaction17
Cook, J., Lewandowsky, S. (2011), The Debunking Handbook. https://www.skepticalscience.com/docs/Debunking_Handbook.pdf
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/Users/friedjen/Downloads/Comps/
Spot On_9.png /Users/friedjen/Downloa/Users/
friedjen/Downloads/Comps/Spot On_10.png
ds/Comps/Spot On_9.png
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1. Exposure to medically inaccurate information about fertility, ovulation and the menstrual cycle.
2. Oversimplification of the menstrual cycle + birth control.
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Case Study: Spot On Challenges
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Case Study: Spot On Solutions
1. Commit to accuracy and clarity.
2. Learn the source of the misinformation.
3. Address the truth — not the myth.
4. Engage users in contextual education.
Case Study: Global Mobile.
Global Mobile is an effort to bring reliable, sexual and reproductive health information to young people around the world via mobile responsive sites, beginning with a pilot called Da Subject Matter in Nigeria.
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62% of young Nigerian women lacked
knowledge of any sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
18% of young Nigerian women correctly identified how to
avoid getting HIV/AIDS
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Sampson, Melodi. "Youth Reproductive and Sexual Health in Nigeria." Advocates for Youth: http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/publications-a-z/1450-youth-reproductive-and-sexual-health-in-nigeria
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Toilet infections
Lagos, Nigeria SERP NYC, U.S. SERP
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The information-seeking process How users search
Example: Berry-Picking Behavior Model
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A lesson from Blue Waffle Disease
Strategies
Isolated intervention point
“The Truth About …”
Clear paths to alternate, detailed explanations
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1. Exposure to misinformation that’s culturally reinforced outside the digital space.
2. Oversimplification of the nuances of infections and diseases due to lack of sexual health information.
3. Worldview and confirmation bias reinforce “don’t know what you don’t know.”
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Case Study: Global Mobile Challenges
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Case Study: Global Mobile Solutions
1. Understand the full scope of the users’ “bubble.”
2. Offer interactions as interventions.
3. Introduce subtle misinformation “warning” words.
4. Guide users to a better path.
1 2 3Components of Misinformation
How Misinformation Happens
General Tips for Debunking Myths by Design
Some final advice.
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GOOB Get out of the bubble.
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Thank you!Designing to Combat Misinformation Interaction17 Chelsey Delaney, Director of Digital User Experience Planned Parenthood Federation of America
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References
Sampson, Melodi. "Youth Reproductive and Sexual Health in Nigeria." Advocates for Youth: http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/publications-a-z/1450-youth-reproductive-and-sexual-health-in-nigeria
"Guides: Evaluating Information: Propaganda vs. Misinformation." John Hopkins University, 28 Nov. 2016. http://guides.library.jhu.edu/c.php?g=202581&p=1334961
Nielsen, Jakob. "Incompetent Research Skills Curb Users' Problem Solving." Nielsen Norman Group, 11 Apr. 2011. https://www.nngroup.com/articles/incompetent-search-skills/
Vicarioa, Michela Del, Alessandro Bessi, Fabiana Zollo, Fabio Petroni, Antonio Scala, Guido Caldarelli, and H. Eugene Stanley. "The Spreading of Misinformation Online." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 19 Jan. 2016. http://www.pnas.org/content/113/3/554.full.
Bessi, Alessandro, Mauro Coletto, George Alexandru Davidescu, Antonio Scala, Guido Caldarelli, and Walter Quattrociocchi. "Science vs Conspiracy: Collective Narratives in the Age of Misinformation." PLOS, 23 Feb. 2015. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0118093.
Stafford, Tom. "Future - How to Debunk Falsehoods." BBC News. BBC, 18 Nov. 2014. http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20141113-the-best-way-to-debunk-myths.
Boskey, Elizabeth, PhD. "Is Blue Waffle Really an STD?" VeryWell. 7 Oct. 2016. https://www.verywell.com/is-blue-waffle-really-an-std-3132644.
Cook, J., Lewandowsky, S. (2011), The Debunking Handbook. https://www.skepticalscience.com/docs/Debunking_Handbook.pdf